1052722Pusa sibiricaLeast Concern (LC)<i>Pusa sibirica</i> (Gmelin, 1788)Baikal sealbgНерпаbrReunig BaikalcsTuleň bajkalskýdaBajkalsældeBaikalrobbeenBaikal sealesPhoca sibiricafiBaikalinhyljefrPhoque de SibériehrBajkalski tuljanhuBajkáli fókaitPusa sibiricajaバイカルアザラシko바이칼물범ltBaikalinis ruonislvBaikāla ronisnlBaikalrobptNerpaKing, J. 1983. Seals of the World. British Museum of Natural History and Cornell University Press.14941114941326662false1Nowak, R. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World: Fifth Edition Volume 2. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.14942114942326662false1Ridgway, S. 1972. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.14943114943326662false1Science and Conservation of Ice Loving Seals, "Baikal Seal: Pusa sibirica" (On-line). Accessed April 5, 2001 at www.pagophilus.org/baikal.html .14944114944326662false1Seal Conservation Society, "Seal Conservation Society: Baikal Seal" (On-line). Accessed 4/5/2001 at www.greenchannel.com/tec/species/baikal.htm .14945114945326662false1King, J. 1983. Seals of the World. British Museum of Natural History and Cornell University Press.149411149411076669false1Nowak, R. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World: Fifth Edition Volume 2. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.149421149421076669false1Ridgway, S. 1972. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.149431149431076669false1Science and Conservation of Ice Loving Seals, "Baikal Seal: Pusa sibirica" (On-line). Accessed April 5, 2001 at www.pagophilus.org/baikal.html .149441149441076669false1Seal Conservation Society, "Seal Conservation Society: Baikal Seal" (On-line). Accessed 4/5/2001 at www.greenchannel.com/tec/species/baikal.htm .149451149451076669false1King, J. 1983. Seals of the World. British Museum of Natural History and Cornell University Press.149411149411140507false1Nowak, R. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World: Fifth Edition Volume 2. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.149421149421140507false1Ridgway, S. 1972. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.149431149431140507false1Science and Conservation of Ice Loving Seals, "Baikal Seal: Pusa sibirica" (On-line). Accessed April 5, 2001 at www.pagophilus.org/baikal.html .149441149441140507false1Seal Conservation Society, "Seal Conservation Society: Baikal Seal" (On-line). Accessed 4/5/2001 at www.greenchannel.com/tec/species/baikal.htm .149451149451140507false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861751420417false13. Burnie, D. (2001) <i>Animal</i>. Dorling Kindersley, London.68622216862221420417false14. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69111016911101420417false12. Nowak, R.M. (1999) <i>Walkers Mammals of the World</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.69262316926231420417false15. Miyazaki, N. (2003) Ringed, Caspian and Baikal Seals. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69262416926241420417false16. Reijnders, P., Brasseur, S., van der Toorn, J., van der Wolf, P., Boyd, I., Harwood, J., Lavigne, D. and Lowry, L. (1993) <i>Seals, Fur Seals, Sea Lions and Walrus. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.69262516926251420417false17. Stewart, J.M. (1991) <i>Lake Baikal: On the Brink?</i>. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.69262616926261420417false18. UNESCO World Heritage Centre (October, 2008) <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754</a>69262716926271420417false19. UNEP-WCMC: Protected Areas and World Heritage (October, 2008) <a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Lake%20Baikal.pdf">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Lake%20Baikal.pdf</a>69262816926281420417false110. Greenpeace (October, 2008) <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/campaigns/lake-baikal">http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/en/campaigns/lake-baikal</a>69262916926291420417false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391324false1Ronald Nowak (2003) Walker's Marine Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.73094717309472391324false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309243077562false1Ronald Nowak (2003) Walker's Marine Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.73094717309473077562false1Thomas et al. (1982) Phoca sibirica. Mamm Species, 188:1–6.90651419065143077562false1A year in the life of the Baikal seal is heavily driven by the unique habitat in which it is found (1). During winter, when the lake is largely covered with ice, seals can be found throughout the lake, particularly in the deep water in the centre (1), utilizing holes in the ice to breathe (2). The Baikal seal uses its strong foreclaws, as well as its head, teeth and rear flippers, to keep these vital access holes open (2). Although the Baikal seal is a largely solitary animal, several individuals may share access holes, and at certain times of the year, large groups may gather in areas of favourable habitat, such as around April, when the ice begins to break up and the seals start to congregate at new openings in the ice to feed (2).</p><p>The month of May marks the peak of the breeding season. Male Baikal seals are believed to be polygynous, meaning that they mate with more than one female (2). Mating is thought to take place underwater, and it is suspected that there is delayed implantation (2). In late winter and early spring, following a gestation period of nine months (2), pregnant females move onto the ice, where they build an ice den in which the pup is born (1). The home range of each female on the ice, which incorporates the den and breathing holes, does not overlap with other females (1).</p><p>Baikal seals typically give birth to just one pup, although twins, whilst uncommon, are more frequent than in other pinnipeds (2). The newborn seals, camouflaged on the ice with their white, woolly coats, do not enter the water until two or three weeks old (1). At six weeks of age, the pup's white coat begins to be replaced with the darker, adult fur, and they are fed milk by their mother until up until 2.5 months. Male Baikal seals become sexually mature at seven years of age, while females reach sexual maturity about a year earlier (2). They can continue to reproduce until 43 to 45 years of age (1), and with a maximum recorded life span of 56 years (2), this species may have the greatest longevity of any pinniped (1).</p><p>As the ice breaks up further in May and June, the Baikal seal undergoes its annual molt (1) (2), while summer sees the seals concentrating in the southeastern part of the lake, where they haul themselves onto the shore and rocky islands between feeding trips (1). The Baikal seal feeds primarily on fish species which have no commercial value to humans (2), and juvenile seals may also consume amphipods (1). It feeds mainly at twilight and during the night, diving down to typical depths of 10 to 50 metres for 2 to 4 minutes to hunt its prey (1).4fce6ec5a730d5f65aa273c0b0aeb5682608835WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/baikal-seal/pusa-sibirica/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content2.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content3.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content4.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7662CarnivoraNOT EVALUATEDCarnivora7666PhocidaeNOT EVALUATEDPhocidae78252PusaNOT EVALUATEDPusa1052722Pusa sibiricaLeast Concern (LC)<i>Pusa sibirica</i> (Gmelin, 1788)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
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10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
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11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
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Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
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Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
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Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
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Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
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Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton010