212862

Thunnus obesus

Vulnerable (VU)

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)

Ahi Ahi po'onui Albacora Albacora Atu igu mera Atum Atum Atum fogo Atum fogo Atum obeso Atum obeso atún Bangkulis Bantala-an Baragsikol Bariles Bariles Bariles Bariles Bariles Bariles Barilis Bronsehan Bugok Buldog Bulis Bulis Bwebwe Cala Cala Chefarote Chefarote Gro ton Gro ton Hakua Kahikahi Kakahi Karaw Lalavalu Matana bwabwatana Nkaba Panit Panit Panit Panit Panit pakulan patudo patudo Po'o-nui Sobad Taguw Taguw Taguw peras Taguw peras Taguw tangir Taguw tangir Tambakol Tambakol Tambakol Tambakul Te takua Te takua Thon gros yeux Thon gros yeux To'uo Ton bondoc Ton noir Ton noir Ton obez Tulingan Tulingan Tulingan tuna tuna tuna 大目仔大眼副金枪鱼大眼副金槍魚大眼金枪鱼大眼金槍魚大眼鮪大眼鲔短鮪短鲔黑鰭金槍魚黑鳍金枪鱼 af Grootoog-tuna af tuna ar Jaydher az İrigözlü tunes da Sortfinnet tun da Storøjet tun de Dickleibiger thun de grossaugen-Thunfisch de Grossaugenthun de Großaugen-Thun de Großaugen-Thunfisch de Großaugenthun de Großaugenthun großaugiger de Großaugiger Thun de Schwarzflossen-Thun de Thun de Thunfisch en Albacore en Atlantic blackfin tuna en atún en Big eye en Big eye tuna en Big eye tunny en Big-eye tuna en Big-eye tunny en Bigeye en bigeye tuna en Bigeye tuna fish en Bigeye tunny en Bigeye-tuna en Bigeyed tuna en blackfin tuna en bonito of Martinique en Coffrey en Deep-bodied tunny en tuna es Albacora es atún es atún aleta negra es Atun aleta negra es Atún Atlántico es Atún de ojo grande es Atún des aletas negras es Atún ojo gordo es Atún ojo grande es Atún ojos grandes es Atuncito es Bonito es Falsa albacora es Ojigrande es Ojo gordo es Ojo grande es Ojos grandes es patudo fi Isosilmätonnikala fr Bonite fr Bonite noire fr Giromon fr patudo fr Petit thon fr thon à nageoires noires fr Thon aux grands yeux fr Thon aux gros yeux fr Thon gros yeux fr Thon noir fr Thon nuit fr thon obëse fr Thon obèse fr Thon ventru fr Thunnus obesus it Tonno obeso ja Mebachi ja Mebuto ja Mini maguro ja Monte maguro ja Taiseiyo maguro ja メバチ ko 눈다랑어 mh Bwebwe ml Valiya-choora ml വലിയ ചൂര ms Aya hitam ms Bakulan ms Tongkol nl Grootoogtonijn nl Storje pl Opastun pt Albacora pt Albacora bandolim pt Albacora-bandolim pt Albacora-cachorra pt Albacora-olhão pt Albacora-ôlho-grande pt Albacora-olho-grande pt Albacora-preta pt Albacorinha pt Alvacor pt Alvacora pt Atum pt Atum fogo pt Atum patudo pt Atum-barbatana-negra pt Atum-cachorra pt Atum-cachorro pt Atum-de-olhos-grandes pt Atum-negro pt Atum-patudo pt Atum-preto pt Binta pt Bonito-cachorro pt Cala pt Chefarote pt patudo ru Atlanticheskyj tunets ru Bolsheglazyj tunets ru Chernij tunets ru тунец большеглазый ru тунец черноперый sl Velikooki tun sm Asiasi sm Ta'uo sm To'uo so Yajdar-baal-cagaar sr Zutoperajni tunj sv Karibisk tonfisk sv Storögd tonfisk sv Svart tonfisk sw Jodari tl Barilis tl Bulis tl Kilyaong tl Panit tl Sobad tl Tambakol tl Tulingan tl Yellowfin tr İrigözorkinoz balığı tr Irigözorkinoz baligi tr İrigözton balığı tr Irigözton baligi ty A'ahi o'opa ty A'ahi tatumu vi Cá Ng? m?t to vi Cá Ngừ mắt to

Bailly, N. (2010). Thunnus obesus. In: Nicolas Bailly (2010). World Database of Marine Pisces. Accessed through: Nicolas Bailly (2010). World Database of Marine Pisces at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127028 on 2010-01-10

1462138 1

1462138

3970309

false

Lopez, M. I. and Bussing, W. A. 1982. Lista provisional de los peces marinos de la Costa Rica. , Source: Revista de Biologia Tropical, Vol. 30, issue 1, Page: 5-26

233419 1

233419

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false

Eschmeyer, W. N., Herald, E. S. and Hamman, H. 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. Peterson Field Guide Ser. 28. , Vol. 0, Page: 336pp

233420 1

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233421 1

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233436 1

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233469 1

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233475 1

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233509 1

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233532 1

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Molina, L., Danulat, E., Oviedo, M. and González, J.A. 2004. Guía de especies de interés pesquero en la Reserva Marina de Galápagos. , Vol. 0, Page: 115pp

233576 1

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233631 1

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233840 1

233840

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233842 1

233842

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233843 1

233843

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233844 1

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false

Collette, B.B. 1999. Mackerels, molecular, and morphology. In Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish. Conf. Nouméa, 1977. Séret B. & J. Sire. Eds. , Vol. 0, Page: 149-164

233850 1

233850

1188853

false

Schaefer, K. M. 1999. Comparative study of some morphological features of yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye (Thunnus obesus) tunas. , Source: Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Vol. 21, issue 7, Page: 491-516

234331 1

234331

1188853

false

Lowe, R.T. 1839. A supplement to a synopsis of the fishes of Madeira. , Source: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Vol. 1839, Page: 76-92

234332 1

234332

1188853

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

1421751

false

2. Collette, B.B. and Nauen, C.E. (1983) FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2: Scombrids of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

697681 1

697681

1421751

false

3. South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.safmc.net/FishIDandRegs/FishGallery/BigeyeTuna/tabid/266/Default.aspx">http://www.safmc.net/FishIDandRegs/FishGallery/BigeyeTuna/tabid/266/Default.aspx</a>

697700 1

697700

1421751

false

4. NSW Department of Primary Industries (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater-fishing/sw-species/bigeye-tuna">http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater-fishing/sw-species/bigeye-tuna</a>

697701 1

697701

1421751

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

1421751

false

6. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Biological Characteristics of Tunas and Tuna-like Species (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082">http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16082</a>

697703 1

697703

1421751

false

7. WWF Newsroom: Turning a blind eye to bigeye tuna (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=117600">http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=117600</a>

697704 1

697704

1421751

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

2375723

false

697681 1

697681

2375723

false

697700 1

697700

2375723

false

697701 1

697701

2375723

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

2375723

false

697703 1

697703

2375723

false

697704 1

697704

2375723

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

2453776

false

697681 1

697681

2453776

false

697700 1

697700

2453776

false

697701 1

697701

2453776

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

2453776

false

697703 1

697703

2453776

false

697704 1

697704

2453776

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

2750328

false

697681 1

697681

2750328

false

697700 1

697700

2750328

false

697701 1

697701

2750328

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

2750328

false

697703 1

697703

2750328

false

697704 1

697704

2750328

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

2891112

false

697681 1

697681

2891112

false

697700 1

697700

2891112

false

697701 1

697701

2891112

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

2891112

false

697703 1

697703

2891112

false

697704 1

697704

2891112

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

3240776

false

697681 1

697681

3240776

false

697700 1

697700

3240776

false

697701 1

697701

3240776

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

3240776

false

697703 1

697703

3240776

false

697704 1

697704

3240776

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

3653593

false

697681 1

697681

3653593

false

697700 1

697700

3653593

false

697701 1

697701

3653593

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

3653593

false

697703 1

697703

3653593

false

697704 1

697704

3653593

false

1. IUCN Red List (January, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">http://www.iucnredlist.org/</a>

686204 1

686204

4024097

false

697681 1

697681

4024097

false

697700 1

697700

4024097

false

697701 1

697701

4024097

false

5. Lack, M. (2007) With an Eye to the Future: Addressing Failures in the Global Management of Bigeye Tuna. TRAFFIC International and WWF Australia, Australia.

697702 1

697702

4024097

false

697703 1

697703

4024097

false

697704 1

697704

4024097

false

Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

526818 1

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Myers, R.F.0 Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia, 3rd revised and expanded edition. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 330 p.

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Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.

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Mohsin, A.K.M. and M.A. Ambak0 Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia. 744 p.

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Claro, R. and L.R. Parenti0 The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. In: Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman and L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Wahsington and London. 253p.

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Okiyama, M.0 An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 1157 p. (in Japanese)

526920 1

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false

Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan0 New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. xiv+279 p.

526961 1

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Nion, H., C. Rios and P. Meneses0 Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. Montevideo, DINARA, Infopesca.

526997 1

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false

Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM)

527040 1

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Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer0 Field guide to the living marine resources of Namibia. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome, FAO. 265 p., 11 colour plates.

527207 1

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Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter0 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p.

527518 1

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Hunnam, P.A. Jenkins, N. Kile and P. Shearman0 Bismarck-Solomon Seas Ecoregion: Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands. p. 86. In: Mangubhai, S., B. Masianini, D. Gorman and A. Jenkins (eds). Marine Resource Management and Conservation Planning.

529099 1

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Collette, B.B.0 Scombridae. Tunas (also, albacore, bonitos, mackerels, seerfishes, and wahoo). p. 3721-3756. In: K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome.

539474 1

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false

Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

526818 1

526818

3282598

false

Myers, R.F.0 Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia, 3rd revised and expanded edition. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 330 p.

526840 1

526840

3282598

false

526841 1

526841

3282598

false

Mohsin, A.K.M. and M.A. Ambak0 Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia. 744 p.

526852 1

526852

3282598

false

526865 1

526865

3282598

false

Okiyama, M.0 An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 1157 p. (in Japanese)

526920 1

526920

3282598

false

Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan0 New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. xiv+279 p.

526961 1

526961

3282598

false

Nion, H., C. Rios and P. Meneses0 Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. Montevideo, DINARA, Infopesca.

526997 1

526997

3282598

false

Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM)

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false

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false

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3282598

false

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529099

3282598

false

539474 1

539474

3282598

false

Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

526818 1

526818

4817993

false

Myers, R.F.0 Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia, 3rd revised and expanded edition. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 330 p.

526840 1

526840

4817993

false

526841 1

526841

4817993

false

Mohsin, A.K.M. and M.A. Ambak0 Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia. 744 p.

526852 1

526852

4817993

false

526865 1

526865

4817993

false

Okiyama, M.0 An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 1157 p. (in Japanese)

526920 1

526920

4817993

false

Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan0 New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. xiv+279 p.

526961 1

526961

4817993

false

Nion, H., C. Rios and P. Meneses0 Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. Montevideo, DINARA, Infopesca.

526997 1

526997

4817993

false

Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM)

527040 1

527040

4817993

false

527207 1

527207

4817993

false

527518 1

527518

4817993

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529099 1

529099

4817993

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539474 1

539474

4817993

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Bigeye tunas are excellent swimmers, with a number of remarkable adaptations which make them efficient predators of the ocean. Unlike many other fish, they cannot pump water over their gills, but instead, swim with their mouth open which forces water over their gills. While this is an efficient way of getting water over their gills, it means that if they stop swimming, they will suffocate. The gills of tuna cover a surface area up to 30 times larger than other fish, giving a large surface over which water can flow, enabling about half the oxygen present in the water to be absorbed. The hearts of tuna are also much larger than those of other fish; about ten times as large, relative to the size of the body. This, along with a high blood pressure, creates perfect conditions to rapidly transfer oxygen from the gills to other tissues (6).As well as adaptations to enhance the amount of oxygen reaching the muscles, a unique system to regulate their body temperature enables tuna to maintain their body temperature above that of the ocean. This system is called the rete mirabile; a counter-current heat exchange system which prevents heat from being lost to the surroundings. This maximises the efficiency of the muscles and maintains good brain and eye function, allowing the bigeye tuna to forage in cold water (6).Juvenile and small adult bigeye tunas school at the ocean's surface, sometimes together with yellowfin or skipjack tuna, and often associated with floating objects (2), while adult bigeye tunas are found in deeper water (5). The bigeye tunas migrate between feeding grounds in temperate waters and their spawning grounds in tropical waters; however, they are on the move almost all the time as they search for areas of plentiful food (6). Bigeye tunas feed on a variety of fish, cephalopods and crustaceans; which it searches for in the daytime and nighttime. Bigeye tunas become prey themselves for larger billfish and toothed whales (2).Mature bigeye tuna spawn at least twice a year; releasing between an incredible 2.9 million and 6.3 million eggs each time. In the eastern Pacific, spawning has been recorded between 10°N and l0° S throughout the year, peaking between April and September in the northern hemisphere and between January and March in the southern hemisphere (2). 3b9aa8ae09290df360fd1c31ddfe03dc 2618171

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http://www.arkive.org/bigeye-tuna/thunnus-obesus/ Citation

English cc-by-nc-sa 3.0 Text http://content2.eol.org/content_large.jpg http://content3.eol.org/content_medium.jpg http://content4.eol.org/content_small.jpg

1 Overview 3 Description 290 General Description 194 Physical Description 301 Barcode 302 Nucleotide Sequences 267 Morphology 141 Life Cycle and Ecology 232 Reproduction and Life History 288 Diseases 293 Diagnostic Description 4 Ecology and Distribution 20 Distribution 41 Habitat 218 Movement and Dispersal 297 Trophic Strategy 8 Conservation 33 Trends and Threats 286 Conservation Status 6 Relevance 251 Uses 295 Procedures 300 Wikipedia 9 Biodiversity Heritage Library 7 References and More Information 17 Literature References 226 Specialist Projects 298 Biomedical Terms 227 Search the Web 13 Common Names

Animalia

NOT EVALUATED

Animalia

694

Chordata

NOT EVALUATED

Chordata

1905

Actinopterygii

NOT EVALUATED

Actinopterygii

5184

Perciformes

NOT EVALUATED

Perciformes

5210

Scombridae

NOT EVALUATED

Scombridae

25172

Thunnus

NOT EVALUATED

Thunnus

212862

Thunnus obesus

Vulnerable (VU)

Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)

Portland State University, MA Education 7 klans BA Physics - Johns Hopkins University MS Education - Johns Hopkins University ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia 10 peter Ph.D., University of Bristol (1976) D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990) 11 paddy Asst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006 Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35 PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 2005 20470 jhammock University of Michigan, PhD 1997 Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America. 25567 csparr 33422 mstuder Curator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History 34360 mwestneat Research Associate, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Curatorial Affiliate, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates member, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists 35071 jpsullivan EOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 1989 35200 Katja William Miller, PhD Assistant Professor Baker University Dept. of Biology PO Box 65 Baldwin city, Kansas 66006-0065 35243 WMiller University of California Berkeley 35508 tuco 36197 MarthaTestuser Active Member of Wildlife society of Africa, herpetological society of southern Africa and general manager and curator of reptile research and information center (Zebra Country lodge, Cullinan district Pretoria) 37046 Vaughan faculty, Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables, Fl 33124 AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html 38707 ksealey 1. Conservation Officer for Emirates Wildlife Society - WWF 2. PhD Student in Conservation Ecology, University of Plymouth, UK 39202 emmasmart Emeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64. Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76. Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366. Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68. Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63. 39544 jrynolds Affiliated with EOL Species Pages Group 39552 lshapiro Curator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum) Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website 40160 BernardPicton 0 5 0