3014072

Nepenthes bicalcarata

Vulnerable (VU)

Nepenthes bicalcarata

de Nepenthes bicalcarata en Fanged pitcher plant it Nepenthes bicalcarata

1. IUCN Red List (June, 2006) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>

686860 1

686860

1420854

false

2. Nepenthes from Borneo (July, 2006) <a href="http://nepenthes.merbach.net">http://nepenthes.merbach.net</a>

694264 1

694264

1420854

false

3. CITES (February, 2006) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>

694265 1

694265

1420854

false

4. Ant Plants (July, 2006) <a href="http://home.nc.rr.com/myrmecophyte/Nepenthes.html">http://home.nc.rr.com/myrmecophyte/Nepenthes.html</a>

694266 1

694266

1420854

false

5. Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle (July, 2006) <a href="http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/pitcher/ptchr_plt.htm">http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/pitcher/ptchr_plt.htm</a>

694267 1

694267

1420854

false

6. Hortus Botanicus (July, 2006) <a href="http://www.hortusb.com/nebi.html">http://www.hortusb.com/nebi.html</a>

694268 1

694268

1420854

false

7. Borneo Exotics: The Pitcher Plant Specialist (July, 2006) <a href="http://www.borneoexotics.com/Species%20Data/bical.htm">http://www.borneoexotics.com/Species%20Data/bical.htm</a>

694269 1

694269

1420854

false

Nepenthes pitcher plants have evolved carnivorous habits as the answer to growing in extremely nutrient-poor habitats (2) (5). The plants are able to break down and absorb nitrogen and other nutrients from animals, usually invertebrates such as insects, that fall into the pitchers. This supplements any nutrition gained from the soils and therefore allows these plants to survive where others may not. Nepenthes plants attract their prey with nectar, aromas and visual signals such as colour (5). The brim of the pitcher, the peristome, produces the highest amount of nectar, and animals stepping on the slippery, waxy surface of the peristome often fall in. There, unable to escape, they drown in the pitcher fluid and their bodies are broken down by digestive enzymes (2).Like many Nepenthes species, the fanged pitcher plant has also developed a mutualistic relationship with insects. The ant Camponotus schmitzi nests in the hollow tendrils of the plant, and is able to run up and down the walls of the pitchers without falling in, enabling it to hunt in the pitcher fluid (2) (4). In an unusual twist, these ants help the fanged pitcher plant not by feeding it, but by removing some of its larger prey. When pitcher plants catch large insects or other large prey, the animal can begin to decay before being digested, and this putrefaction can spread to the pitcher and shorten its lifespan. The ants specifically haul out these larger items from the pitcher, breaking them into smaller pieces to feed upon, and thereby also benefit from this strange relationship (4).Nepenthes are dioecious, meaning that there are separate male and female plants. Likely pollinators include flies, moths, beetles, bugs and ants, which have all been observed visiting the flowers. The fruit takes around three months to develop, and can contain 500 or more seeds, which are very light and have long wings, and are carried by the wind to aid dispersal (2). 31cb044c4e4b4d80d19220b58c91084f 2611892

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1 Overview 3 Description 290 General Description 302 Nucleotide Sequences 4 Ecology and Distribution 20 Distribution 41 Habitat 8 Conservation 33 Trends and Threats 286 Conservation Status 6 Relevance 295 Procedures 300 Wikipedia 9 Biodiversity Heritage Library 7 References and More Information 17 Literature References 226 Specialist Projects 298 Biomedical Terms 227 Search the Web 13 Common Names

3014072

Nepenthes bicalcarata

Vulnerable (VU)

Nepenthes bicalcarata

Clade: Plantae Credentials: Encyclopedia of Life Staff 30041 tbarbaro Associate Curator of Flowering Plants, Field Museum of Natural History 34666 rree 1. Staff at University of the SOuth Pacific 2. Author: Skelton, P.A. & South, G.R. 2007. Marine benthic algae of the Samoan Archipelago, South Pacific with emphasis on the Apia District. Nova Hedwigia. Beiheft 132. 1-350. 38125 paskelton J. Mark Porter, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Botany, CGU Research Scientist, RSABG Porter, J. M., L. A. Johnson, and D. Wilken. 2009. Phylogenetics and evolution of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae): inferences from chloroplast trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Systematic Botany, in press. <ms. preprint> Porter, J. M., and V. W. Steinmann. 2009. Two new Loeselia (Polemoniaceae) species from Michoacán, Mexico. Systematic Botany, in press. <ms. preprint> Griffith, M. P., and J. M. Porter. 2009. Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 170: 107–116. (pdf) Porter, J. M., and L. A. Prather. 2008. Cantua dendritica (Polemoniaceae) a new species from Peru, and two new Cantua names. Aliso 24: 31–35. (pdf) Columbus, J. T., E. A. Friar, J. M. Porter, L. M. Prince, and M. G. Simpson (eds.). 2007. Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution—Poales. Aliso 23: 1–682. 2006. Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution—Excluding Poales. Aliso 22: 1–735. Friar, E. A., L. M. Prince, E. H. Roalson, M. E. McGlaughlin, J. M. Cruse-Sanders, S. J. De Groot and J. M. Porter. 2006. Ecological speciation in the east Maui-endemic Dubautia (Asteraceae) species. Evolution, 60: 1777–1792. (pdf) Johnson, L. A., K. H. Huish, and J. M. Porter. 2004. Seed surface sculpturing and its systematic significance in Gilia (Polemoniaceae) and segregate genera. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: 153-172. (pdf) Heil, K. D. and J. M. Porter. 2004 Sclerocactus. pp. 197-206, and Pediocactus. pp. 211-216, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. vol. 4. New York and Oxford. Porter, J. M. and L. A. Johnson. 2000. A phylogenetic classification of Polemoniaceae. Aliso 19: 55-91. (pdf) Porter, J. M., M. Kinney, and K. D. Heil. 2000. Relationships between Sclerocactus and Toumeya (Cactaceae) based in chloroplast trnL-F sequences. Haseltonia 7: 8–23. (pdf) Morrell, P. L., J. M. Porter and E. A. Friar. 2000. Intercontinental dispersal: the origin of the widespread South American plant species Gilia laciniata (Polemoniaceae) from a rare California and Oregon coastal endemic. Plant Syst. Evol. 13–32. (pdf) Porter, J. M. and L. A. Johnson 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of Polemoniaceae: inferences from mitochondrial nad1b intron sequences. Aliso 17: 159–190. Porter, J. M. 1998. Aliciella, a recircumscribed genus of Polemoniaceae. Aliso 17: 23–46. (pdf) Porter, J. M. 1998. Nomenclatural changes in Polemoniaceae. Aliso 17: 83–85. (pdf) Heil, K. D. and J. M. Porter. 1994. Sclerocactus: A revision. Haseltonia 2: 20–46. 38286 JMarkPorter Associate Professor of Botany, Washington State University 38710 eroalson 1. currently Senior Scholar (retired Prof. & Head, Dept Botany), Dept Biol. Sci., Univ. of Manitoba 2. Punter, D., & Gilbert, J. 1991. Explosive discharge of jack pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) seed in Manitoba. Can.J.For.Res. 21: 434-438. 3. Can. Botanical Assoc.; Can. Phytopathological Society 38955 punterd Project associate at National Institute of Pharmaceutical education and research, Mohali, Punjab, India 39391 alok12j77 Associate Curator, Informatics Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida 39917 rbeaman 1. Professor of genetics and plant breeding; ex-genebank curator for wheat landraces 2. KCHOUK ME, S THAMINY AND H ZEMNI (1997) Cytogenetic Structures in durum Cultivars from Tunisia: Hybrids with cv. Senatore Capelli. Agricoltura Mediterranea. 1997 ; 127 (138-147). 3. Regional Coordinator of BioNET-NAFRINET; Founder-President of Tunisian Association for Taxonomy. 40217 kchouk Clade: Plantae Credentials: Encyclopedia of Life Staff 30041 tbarbaro Associate Curator of Flowering Plants, Field Museum of Natural History 34666 rree 1. Staff at University of the SOuth Pacific 2. Author: Skelton, P.A. & South, G.R. 2007. Marine benthic algae of the Samoan Archipelago, South Pacific with emphasis on the Apia District. Nova Hedwigia. Beiheft 132. 1-350. 38125 paskelton J. Mark Porter, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Botany, CGU Research Scientist, RSABG Porter, J. M., L. A. Johnson, and D. Wilken. 2009. Phylogenetics and evolution of Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae): inferences from chloroplast trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Systematic Botany, in press. <ms. preprint> Porter, J. M., and V. W. Steinmann. 2009. Two new Loeselia (Polemoniaceae) species from Michoacán, Mexico. Systematic Botany, in press. <ms. preprint> Griffith, M. P., and J. M. Porter. 2009. Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 170: 107–116. (pdf) Porter, J. M., and L. A. Prather. 2008. Cantua dendritica (Polemoniaceae) a new species from Peru, and two new Cantua names. Aliso 24: 31–35. (pdf) Columbus, J. T., E. A. Friar, J. M. Porter, L. M. Prince, and M. G. Simpson (eds.). 2007. Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution—Poales. Aliso 23: 1–682. 2006. Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution—Excluding Poales. Aliso 22: 1–735. Friar, E. A., L. M. Prince, E. H. Roalson, M. E. McGlaughlin, J. M. Cruse-Sanders, S. J. De Groot and J. M. Porter. 2006. Ecological speciation in the east Maui-endemic Dubautia (Asteraceae) species. Evolution, 60: 1777–1792. (pdf) Johnson, L. A., K. H. Huish, and J. M. Porter. 2004. Seed surface sculpturing and its systematic significance in Gilia (Polemoniaceae) and segregate genera. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: 153-172. (pdf) Heil, K. D. and J. M. Porter. 2004 Sclerocactus. pp. 197-206, and Pediocactus. pp. 211-216, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. Flora of North America North of Mexico. vol. 4. New York and Oxford. Porter, J. M. and L. A. Johnson. 2000. A phylogenetic classification of Polemoniaceae. Aliso 19: 55-91. (pdf) Porter, J. M., M. Kinney, and K. D. Heil. 2000. Relationships between Sclerocactus and Toumeya (Cactaceae) based in chloroplast trnL-F sequences. Haseltonia 7: 8–23. (pdf) Morrell, P. L., J. M. Porter and E. A. Friar. 2000. Intercontinental dispersal: the origin of the widespread South American plant species Gilia laciniata (Polemoniaceae) from a rare California and Oregon coastal endemic. Plant Syst. Evol. 13–32. (pdf) Porter, J. M. and L. A. Johnson 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of Polemoniaceae: inferences from mitochondrial nad1b intron sequences. Aliso 17: 159–190. Porter, J. M. 1998. Aliciella, a recircumscribed genus of Polemoniaceae. Aliso 17: 23–46. (pdf) Porter, J. M. 1998. Nomenclatural changes in Polemoniaceae. Aliso 17: 83–85. (pdf) Heil, K. D. and J. M. Porter. 1994. Sclerocactus: A revision. Haseltonia 2: 20–46. 38286 JMarkPorter Associate Professor of Botany, Washington State University 38710 eroalson 1. currently Senior Scholar (retired Prof. & Head, Dept Botany), Dept Biol. Sci., Univ. of Manitoba 2. Punter, D., & Gilbert, J. 1991. Explosive discharge of jack pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) seed in Manitoba. Can.J.For.Res. 21: 434-438. 3. Can. Botanical Assoc.; Can. Phytopathological Society 38955 punterd Project associate at National Institute of Pharmaceutical education and research, Mohali, Punjab, India 39391 alok12j77 Associate Curator, Informatics Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida 39917 rbeaman 1. Professor of genetics and plant breeding; ex-genebank curator for wheat landraces 2. KCHOUK ME, S THAMINY AND H ZEMNI (1997) Cytogenetic Structures in durum Cultivars from Tunisia: Hybrids with cv. Senatore Capelli. Agricoltura Mediterranea. 1997 ; 127 (138-147). 3. Regional Coordinator of BioNET-NAFRINET; Founder-President of Tunisian Association for Taxonomy. 40217 kchouk 0 1 0