309016Vicugna vicugnaLeast Concern (LC)<i>Vicugna vicugna</i> (Molina, 1782)VicugnaarفيكونياbgВикуняcsVikuňaenVicugnaenVicugna Lesson, 1842envicuñaenvicunaesVicugna vicugnaesvicuñaeuBikuinafiVikunjafrVigogneidVikunaitVicugna vicugnakaვიკუნიაltVikunijanlVicuña (zoogdier)noVikunjaplWigońrovicuñaruВикуньяskLama vikuňatrVikunyaNowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.589415894327304false1Grizmek, 1990. Grizmek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume V. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company18127118127327304false1MacDonald, 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, NY.18128118128327304false1Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.5894158941077419false1Grizmek, 1990. Grizmek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume V. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company181271181271077419false1MacDonald, 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, NY.181281181281077419false1Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.5894158941141257false1Grizmek, 1990. Grizmek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Volume V. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company181271181271141257false1MacDonald, 1984. Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, NY.181281181281141257false11. IUCN Red List (September, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68653416865341420509false14. CITES (September, 2008) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69138916913891420509false12. Animal Diversity Web (March, 2005) <a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vicugna_vicugna.html">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vicugna_vicugna.html</a>69307116930711420509false13. Yacobaccio, H. (2006) Variables morfometricas de vicunias (<i>Vicugna vicugna</i>) en Cieneguillas, Jujuy. In: Vila, B. Ed. <i>Investigación, Conservacion y Manejo de Vicuñas</i>. Proyecto MACS, Universidad Nacional de Lujan.69307216930721420509false15. CMS (April, 2008) <a href="http://www.cms.int">http://www.cms.int</a>69307316930731420509false16. US Fish and Wildlife Service (March, 2005) <a href="http://www.fws.gov">http://www.fws.gov</a>69307416930741420509false17. McNeill, D. and Lichtenstein, G. (2003) Local conflicts and international compromises: The sustainable use of vicuña in Argentina. <i>Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy</i>, <b>6</b>: 233 - 253.69307516930751420509false18. Kadwell, M., Fernandez, M., Stanley, H.F., Baldi, R., Wheeler, J.C., Rosadio, R. and Bruford, M.W. (2001) Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and alpaca. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society London B</i>, <b>268</b> (1485): 2575 - 2584.69307616930761420509false19. Lichtenstein, G. (April, 2008) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69307716930771420509false110. South American Specialist Camelid Group (May, 2008) <a href="http://data.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/gecs/">http://data.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/gecs/</a>69307816930781420509false111. CITES. (2000) <i>Proposals for the Amendment of Appendices I and II</i>. Proposal 27. Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Gigiri, Kenya. Available at <a href="http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/index.shtml">http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/index.shtml</a>69307916930791420509false112. Lichtenstein, G. and Vila, B.M. (2003) Vicuna use by Andean communities: an overview. <i>Mountain Research and Development</i>, <b>23</b> (2): 198 - 202.69308016930801420509false113. Wheeler, J.C. (2006) Historia natural de la vicuña. In: Vila, B. Ed. <i>Investigación, conservacion y manejo de vicuñas</i>. Proyecto MACS, Universidad Nacional de Lujan.69308116930811420509false114. Renaudeau d'Arc, N., Cassini, M. and Vila, B. (2000) Habitat use of vicunas in Laguna Blanca Reserve (Catamarca, Argentina). <i>Journal of Arid Environments</i>, <b>46</b>: 107 - 115.69308216930821420509false115. Cueto, L., Ponce, C., Cardich, E. and Rios, M. (1985) <i>Management of Vicuña: Its Contribution to Rural Development in the High Andes of Peru</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.69308316930831420509false116. Lichtenstein, G. and Renaudeau d'Arc, N. (2004) <i>Vicuna use by Andean communities, a risk or an opportunity?</i>. Actas del Décimo Congreso Bienal de la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio de la Propiedad Colectiva (IASCP), Oaxaca, México.69308416930841420509false117. Laker, J., Baldo, J., Arzamendia, Y. and Yacobaccio, H.D. (2006) La vicuña en los Andes. In: Vila, B. Ed. <i>Investigación, Conservacion y Manejo de Vicuñas</i>. Proyecto MACS, Universidad Nacional de Lujan.69308516930851420509false118. Lichtenstein, G. (2006) Manejo de vicuñas en cautiverio: El modelo del CEA INTA Abrapampa. In: Vila, V. Ed. <i>Investigación, Conservacion y Manejo de Vicuñas</i>. Proyecto MACS, Universidad Nacional de Lujan.69308616930861420509false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391097false1Social organization in vicuna is characterized by the existence of family groups, bachelor groups and solitary males (13). In family groups a single dominant male leads a group of females and juveniles numbering up to ten individuals. He marks out two territories from which he drives other males away. The feeding territory is the larger of the two, with the separate sleeping territory found at a higher altitude. Vicuna undergo daily migrations, spending the night and early morning on dry slopes and then descending to the grassland and marshes to graze before returning to the slopes in the late afternoon (14). Vicuna feed on short grasses, tearing at them with teeth that grow continuously, as in rodents (2). Steep slopes are used by the vicuna in order to escape from some predators (13). When threatened, the dominant male gives a whistling alarm call and places himself between the herd and the danger. Vicuna can run at up to 50 kilometres an hour and their movement is surprisingly graceful (2).</p><p>During the breeding season, which varies depending on the region (9), the dominant male mates with all the mature females in his herd. Gestation lasts from 330 to 350 days, resulting in the birth of a single calf. The calf is on its feet just 15 minutes after birth, but remains with its mother for four to nine months if male and eight to ten months if female. Non-dominant males become either solitary or join large bachelor herds (2). They are sexually mature by two years (2).5c24802cac01bbcb99bc9c97fd1dcd7c2609479WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/vicuna/vicugna-vicugna/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content4.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content5.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content6.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290301302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7678ArtiodactylaNOT EVALUATEDArtiodactyla7686CamelidaeNOT EVALUATEDCamelidae38901VicugnaNOT EVALUATEDVicugna309016Vicugna vicugnaLeast Concern (LC)<i>Vicugna vicugna</i> (Molina, 1782)Portland State University, MA Education
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Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
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Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
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Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
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Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
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