327954Tadarida brasiliensisLeast Concern (LC)<i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1824)brazilian free-tailed batcaTadarida brasiliensiscstadarida guánováenbrazilian free-tailed batenGuano BatenMexican Free-tailed BatesMurciélago-cola suelta brasileñoesTadarida brasiliensisitTadarida brasiliensisptTadarida brasiliensisHermanson, J., K. Wilkins. 1986. Pre-weaning mortality in a Florida maternity roost of Myotis austroriparius and Tadarida brasiliensis. Journal of Mammalogy, 67: 751-754.11231111231327087false1Anonymous, 1998. Bats can pack a punch in pest control. California Agriculture, 52: 6-7.17085117085327087false1Davis, W., D. Schmidly. 1994. The Mammals of Texas. Austin, Tx: Texas Parks and Wildlife Press.17086117086327087false1Dine, L. 1997. "Once-feared bats are now hailed as friends to farmers and homeowners" (On-line). Accessed October 8, 1999 at http://www.detnews.com/1997/homepage/9712/01/index.htm .17087117087327087false1Jones, C. 1976. Economics and Conservation. Biology of Bats of the New World Family, 10: 133-145.17088117088327087false1Kunz, T., J. Whitaker, M. Wadanoli. 1995. Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican Free-tailed bat during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia, 101: 407-415.17089117089327087false1Long, R., T. Simpson, T. Ding, S. Heydon, W. Reil. 1998. Bats feed on crop pests in Sacramento Valley. California Agriculture, 52: 8-11.17090117090327087false1McCracken, G. 1996. Bats Aloft: a study of high-altitude feeding. BATS, 14: 7-10.17091117091327087false1Neuweiler, G. 1984. Foraging, Echolocation and Audition in bats. Naturwissenschaften, 71: 446-455.17092117092327087false1Tuttle, M. 1994. The lives of Mexican Free-tailed bats. BATS, 12: 6-14.17093117093327087false1Hermanson, J., K. Wilkins. 1986. Pre-weaning mortality in a Florida maternity roost of Myotis austroriparius and Tadarida brasiliensis. Journal of Mammalogy, 67: 751-754.112311112311077162false1Anonymous, 1998. Bats can pack a punch in pest control. California Agriculture, 52: 6-7.170851170851077162false1Davis, W., D. Schmidly. 1994. The Mammals of Texas. Austin, Tx: Texas Parks and Wildlife Press.170861170861077162false1Dine, L. 1997. "Once-feared bats are now hailed as friends to farmers and homeowners" (On-line). Accessed October 8, 1999 at http://www.detnews.com/1997/homepage/9712/01/index.htm .170871170871077162false1Jones, C. 1976. Economics and Conservation. Biology of Bats of the New World Family, 10: 133-145.170881170881077162false1Kunz, T., J. Whitaker, M. Wadanoli. 1995. Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican Free-tailed bat during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia, 101: 407-415.170891170891077162false1Long, R., T. Simpson, T. Ding, S. Heydon, W. Reil. 1998. Bats feed on crop pests in Sacramento Valley. California Agriculture, 52: 8-11.170901170901077162false1McCracken, G. 1996. Bats Aloft: a study of high-altitude feeding. BATS, 14: 7-10.170911170911077162false1Neuweiler, G. 1984. Foraging, Echolocation and Audition in bats. Naturwissenschaften, 71: 446-455.170921170921077162false1Tuttle, M. 1994. The lives of Mexican Free-tailed bats. BATS, 12: 6-14.170931170931077162false1Hermanson, J., K. Wilkins. 1986. Pre-weaning mortality in a Florida maternity roost of Myotis austroriparius and Tadarida brasiliensis. Journal of Mammalogy, 67: 751-754.112311112311141000false1Anonymous, 1998. Bats can pack a punch in pest control. California Agriculture, 52: 6-7.170851170851141000false1Davis, W., D. Schmidly. 1994. The Mammals of Texas. Austin, Tx: Texas Parks and Wildlife Press.170861170861141000false1Dine, L. 1997. "Once-feared bats are now hailed as friends to farmers and homeowners" (On-line). Accessed October 8, 1999 at http://www.detnews.com/1997/homepage/9712/01/index.htm .170871170871141000false1Jones, C. 1976. Economics and Conservation. Biology of Bats of the New World Family, 10: 133-145.170881170881141000false1Kunz, T., J. Whitaker, M. Wadanoli. 1995. Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican Free-tailed bat during pregnancy and lactation. Oecologia, 101: 407-415.170891170891141000false1Long, R., T. Simpson, T. Ding, S. Heydon, W. Reil. 1998. Bats feed on crop pests in Sacramento Valley. California Agriculture, 52: 8-11.170901170901141000false1McCracken, G. 1996. Bats Aloft: a study of high-altitude feeding. BATS, 14: 7-10.170911170911141000false1Neuweiler, G. 1984. Foraging, Echolocation and Audition in bats. Naturwissenschaften, 71: 446-455.170921170921141000false1Tuttle, M. 1994. The lives of Mexican Free-tailed bats. BATS, 12: 6-14.170931170931141000false11. IUCN Red List (April, 2009) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68614416861441420472false14. CMS (April, 2005) <a href="http://www.cms.int">http://www.cms.int</a>68922316892231420472false12. The Mammals of Texas (April, 2009) <a href="http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/tadabras.htm">http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/tadabras.htm</a>69286916928691420472false13. Bathead (April, 2005) <a href="http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/pederses/guidetbra.html">http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/pederses/guidetbra.html</a>69287016928701420472false15. Bat Conservation International (April, 2009) <a href="http://www.batcon.org/index.php/education/article-and-information/species-profiles.html?task=detail&species=1738&country=43&state=all&family=all&start=25">http://www.batcon.org/index.php/education/article-and-information/species-profiles.html?task=detail&species=1738&country=43&state=all&family=all&start=25</a>69287116928711420472false16. Texas Parks and Wildlife (April, 2009) <a href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/wild/vertebrate/mammals/bats/species/mex_freetail.htm">http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/wild/vertebrate/mammals/bats/species/mex_freetail.htm</a>69287216928721420472false17. Tuttle, M.D. (1994) The Lives of Mexican free-tailed bats. <i>Bats</i>, <b>12</b> (3): 6 - 14.69287316928731420472false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391410false1Brunet-Rossinni and Austad (2004) Ageing studies on bats: a review. Biogerontology, 5:211-222.73096417309642391410false1A particularly well-studied species, the Brazilian free-tailed bat exhibits some spectacular behaviour. It forms the largest warm-blooded colonies in the world, emerging to feed at dusk in huge columns of several million individuals. Their flapping wings create a sound equivalent to a white-water river and their numbers are great enough to be detected by airport and weather radars (7). Feeding for longer each night than any other bat species, it travels as far as 31 miles from the roost to the feeding grounds and uses echolocation to find its prey. The Brazilian free-tailed bat flies at up to 47 mile per hour in open spaces, foraging with fast, straight flight (6). Each bat consumes between 200 and 600 insects a night, selecting mainly moths, but also eating beetles, flying ants and leafhoppers (3). The Brazilian free-tailed bats of Texas are estimated to consume from 6,000 to 18,000 metric tons of insects each year, many of which are agricultural pests (2). At dawn, they return to their roosts where they swarm before re-entering. Thought to be a predator-avoidance tactic, the bats gather into groups at a great height above the cave, before closing their wings and dropping rapidly in one continuous stream. Predators waiting at the mouth of the cave to catch emerging bats include red-tailed hawks, owls, raccoons, opossums, skunks and snakes (7).</p><p>Mating takes place in March and shortly afterwards the females migrate to female-only maternity roosts. Most adult males do not leave the tropical and subtropical part of the range and therefore contribute nothing to rearing the young. Gestation lasts for 90 days (2) and females give birth within around 15 days of each other to a single young, known as a pup (7). The female clings to the roost with both thumbs and one or both feet to give birth, and remains attached to the pup via the umbilical cord for up to an hour while she cleans and nurses her offspring. In the first hour the young bat learns to cling to the roost wall and other bats with its hands, feet and teeth. Once stable, the female pulls away from the pup, dislodging the placenta, which hangs from the pup until it dries out and falls off several days later. During this time the number of bats in the roost doubles, and a female must locate her own pup by listening for its calls. She may land several times, eventually finding her pup by scent. Once reunited she touches the top of its head with her muzzle to confirm the bond (7).</p><p>A consequence of the enormous number of bats in a single cave is the build up of guano, or bat droppings. This nutrient-rich mixture was once commercially extracted from caves on a large scale, to be sold as fertiliser. In the early 1900s it was the largest mineral export from Texas after oil, and it continues to be sold commercially although to a lesser degree. Bat caves are widely known to contain noxious gases, but this is actually a result of carpet beetles (Dermestidae) that feed on guano and fallen bats. These beetles multiply so rapidly as a result of such a constant food supply that the whole floor of a cave may be 'carpeted' with them, hence their common name. They produce waste that combines with water vapour to make ammonium hydroxide which is poisonous to most animals. Bats have adapted to this potent atmosphere by lowering their metabolic rate, which causes the level of carbon dioxide dissolved in their blood to rise, thus neutralising the ammonia. Their fur, however, may become bleached to a reddish-brown colour. The first flight of the five-week-old bats is fraught with danger as they become used to their wings and echolocation system. Collisions, failed flights, and unsteady landings can result in bats falling to the cave floor, where they are stripped to the bone in minutes by the beetles (7).47d46b8d46b680fd0101561b8e136c9b2609220WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/brazilian-free-tailed-bat/tadarida-brasiliensis/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content9.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content10.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content1.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290194302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7631ChiropteraNOT EVALUATEDChiroptera7644MolossidaeNOT EVALUATEDMolossidae42267TadaridaNOT EVALUATEDTadarida327954Tadarida brasiliensisLeast Concern (LC)<i>Tadarida brasiliensis</i> (I. Geoffroy, 1824)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.25567csparr33422mstuderCurator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History34360mwestneatEOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 198935200KatjaWilliam Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas
66006-0065
35243WMillerUniversity of California Berkeley
35508tuco36197MarthaTestuserB.A. Zoology, M.S. Embryology/physiology
college faculty for 44 years
member HAPS (Human Anatomy and Physiology Society)36558judyjunkyardActive Member of Wildlife society of Africa, herpetological society of southern Africa and general manager and curator of reptile research and information center (Zebra Country lodge, Cullinan district Pretoria)37046VaughanScientist National Institutes of Health38259saimirifaculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124
AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi
http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html38707ksealeyAssociate Professor of Biology, Curator of Mammals and Birds, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
American Society of Mammalogists
National Association of Biology Teachers
Sigma XI
39446cyahnkeEmeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
Member of a professional society (SECEM)39803eliadelomCurator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton040