328110Bison bonasusVulnerable (VU)<i>Bison bonasus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)European BisonbeЗубрbrBizon EuropacaBisó europeudaEuropæisk bisonenEuropean BisonenwisenteoEŭropa bizonoesBison bonasusesBisonte europeofiVisenttifrBison d'Europeheביזון אירופיhuEurópai bölényiaBisonte europeeidBison Eropajaヨーロッパバイソンjvwisentkaდომბაko유럽들소ltStumbrasnlwisentnnVisentnoVisentnvBéésh Bichʼahníí Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ ayáníosДомбайplŻubrptBisonte-europeuroZimbruruЗубрruЗубр европейскийskZubor lesnýsvVisenttrAvrupa bizonuukЗубрAnonymous. 1981. Bison, wolves, and seals in Poland. Oryx, 16: 138.206012060324329false1Borowski, S., Krasinski, Z., and Milkowski, L. 1967. Food and role of the European bison in forest ecosystems. Acta Theriologica, 25: 367-376.206112061324329false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1983. Behavior and daily activity rhythm of European bison in winter. Acta Theriologica, 28: 273-299.206212062324329false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., Krasinski, Z.A., and Wojcik, J.M. 1987. Rhythm of daily activity and behavior of European bison in the Bialowieza Forest in the period without snow cover. Acta Theriologica, 22: 335-372.206312063324329false1Gebczynska, Z., Gebczynski, M., and Martynowicz, E. 1991. Food eaten by the free-living European bison in Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 36: 307-313.206412064324329false1Gebczynski, M. and Tomaszewska-Guszkiewicz, K. 1987. Genetic variability in the European bison. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 15: 285-288.206512065324329false1Gill, J. 1990. Seasonal cyclicity in carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the European bison, Bison bonasus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 96A: 435-439.206612066324329false1Hartl, G.C. and Pucek, Z. 1994. Genetic depletion in the European bison (Bison bonasus) and the significance of electrophoretic heterozygosity for conservation. Conservation Biology, 8: 167-174.206712067324329false1Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Okarma, H., and Ruprecht, A.L. 1992. Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. Oecologia, 90: 27-36.206812068324329false1Kobrynczuk, F. and Roskosz, T. 1980. Correlation of skull dimensions in the European bison. Acta Theriologica, 25: 349-363.206912069324329false1Korwin-Kossakowski, J. and Suminski, E. 1984. Development of gonads and spermatogenesis in hybrids of European bison and domestic cattle. Acta Theriologica, 29: 413-424.207012070324329false1Krasinska, M., Cabon-Raczynski, K., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1987. Strategy of habitat utilization by European bison in the Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 32: 147-202.207112071324329false1Krasinski, Z. and Raczynski, J. 1967. The reproduction biology of European bison living in reserves and in freedom. Acta Theriologica, 12: 407-444.207212072324329false1Okarma, H., Jedjrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Krasinski, Z.A. and Milkowski, L. 1995. The role of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Bialowieza primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 40: 197-217.207312073324329false1Olech, W. 1987. Analysis of inbreeding in European bison. Acta Theriologica, 32: 373-387.207412074324329false1Pucek, Z. 1984. What to do with the European bison, now saved from extinction? Acta Zoologica Fennica, 172: 187-190.207512075324329false1Sokolowski, A.W. 1983. restoring the bison's habitat in Bialowieza. Ambio, 12: 197-202.207612076324329false1Anonymous. 1981. Bison, wolves, and seals in Poland. Oryx, 16: 138.2060120601073959false1Borowski, S., Krasinski, Z., and Milkowski, L. 1967. Food and role of the European bison in forest ecosystems. Acta Theriologica, 25: 367-376.2061120611073959false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1983. Behavior and daily activity rhythm of European bison in winter. Acta Theriologica, 28: 273-299.2062120621073959false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., Krasinski, Z.A., and Wojcik, J.M. 1987. Rhythm of daily activity and behavior of European bison in the Bialowieza Forest in the period without snow cover. Acta Theriologica, 22: 335-372.2063120631073959false1Gebczynska, Z., Gebczynski, M., and Martynowicz, E. 1991. Food eaten by the free-living European bison in Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 36: 307-313.2064120641073959false1Gebczynski, M. and Tomaszewska-Guszkiewicz, K. 1987. Genetic variability in the European bison. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 15: 285-288.2065120651073959false1Gill, J. 1990. Seasonal cyclicity in carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the European bison, Bison bonasus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 96A: 435-439.2066120661073959false1Hartl, G.C. and Pucek, Z. 1994. Genetic depletion in the European bison (Bison bonasus) and the significance of electrophoretic heterozygosity for conservation. Conservation Biology, 8: 167-174.2067120671073959false1Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Okarma, H., and Ruprecht, A.L. 1992. Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. Oecologia, 90: 27-36.2068120681073959false1Kobrynczuk, F. and Roskosz, T. 1980. Correlation of skull dimensions in the European bison. Acta Theriologica, 25: 349-363.2069120691073959false1Korwin-Kossakowski, J. and Suminski, E. 1984. Development of gonads and spermatogenesis in hybrids of European bison and domestic cattle. Acta Theriologica, 29: 413-424.2070120701073959false1Krasinska, M., Cabon-Raczynski, K., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1987. Strategy of habitat utilization by European bison in the Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 32: 147-202.2071120711073959false1Krasinski, Z. and Raczynski, J. 1967. The reproduction biology of European bison living in reserves and in freedom. Acta Theriologica, 12: 407-444.2072120721073959false1Okarma, H., Jedjrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Krasinski, Z.A. and Milkowski, L. 1995. The role of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Bialowieza primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 40: 197-217.2073120731073959false1Olech, W. 1987. Analysis of inbreeding in European bison. Acta Theriologica, 32: 373-387.2074120741073959false1Pucek, Z. 1984. What to do with the European bison, now saved from extinction? Acta Zoologica Fennica, 172: 187-190.2075120751073959false1Sokolowski, A.W. 1983. restoring the bison's habitat in Bialowieza. Ambio, 12: 197-202.2076120761073959false1Anonymous. 1981. Bison, wolves, and seals in Poland. Oryx, 16: 138.2060120601137797false1Borowski, S., Krasinski, Z., and Milkowski, L. 1967. Food and role of the European bison in forest ecosystems. Acta Theriologica, 25: 367-376.2061120611137797false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1983. Behavior and daily activity rhythm of European bison in winter. Acta Theriologica, 28: 273-299.2062120621137797false1Cabon-Raczynski, K., Krasinska, M., Krasinski, Z.A., and Wojcik, J.M. 1987. Rhythm of daily activity and behavior of European bison in the Bialowieza Forest in the period without snow cover. Acta Theriologica, 22: 335-372.2063120631137797false1Gebczynska, Z., Gebczynski, M., and Martynowicz, E. 1991. Food eaten by the free-living European bison in Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 36: 307-313.2064120641137797false1Gebczynski, M. and Tomaszewska-Guszkiewicz, K. 1987. Genetic variability in the European bison. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 15: 285-288.2065120651137797false1Gill, J. 1990. Seasonal cyclicity in carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the European bison, Bison bonasus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 96A: 435-439.2066120661137797false1Hartl, G.C. and Pucek, Z. 1994. Genetic depletion in the European bison (Bison bonasus) and the significance of electrophoretic heterozygosity for conservation. Conservation Biology, 8: 167-174.2067120671137797false1Jedrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Okarma, H., and Ruprecht, A.L. 1992. Wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the Bialowieza National Park, Poland. Oecologia, 90: 27-36.2068120681137797false1Kobrynczuk, F. and Roskosz, T. 1980. Correlation of skull dimensions in the European bison. Acta Theriologica, 25: 349-363.2069120691137797false1Korwin-Kossakowski, J. and Suminski, E. 1984. Development of gonads and spermatogenesis in hybrids of European bison and domestic cattle. Acta Theriologica, 29: 413-424.2070120701137797false1Krasinska, M., Cabon-Raczynski, K., and Krasinski, Z.A. 1987. Strategy of habitat utilization by European bison in the Bialowieza Forest. Acta Theriologica, 32: 147-202.2071120711137797false1Krasinski, Z. and Raczynski, J. 1967. The reproduction biology of European bison living in reserves and in freedom. Acta Theriologica, 12: 407-444.2072120721137797false1Okarma, H., Jedjrzejewski, W., Jedrzejewska, B., Krasinski, Z.A. and Milkowski, L. 1995. The role of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Bialowieza primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica, 40: 197-217.2073120731137797false1Olech, W. 1987. Analysis of inbreeding in European bison. Acta Theriologica, 32: 373-387.2074120741137797false1Pucek, Z. 1984. What to do with the European bison, now saved from extinction? Acta Zoologica Fennica, 172: 187-190.2075120751137797false1Sokolowski, A.W. 1983. restoring the bison's habitat in Bialowieza. Ambio, 12: 197-202.2076120761137797false11. IUCN Red List (January, 2009) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68614016861401419977false17. Burnie, D. (2001) <i>Animal</i>. Dorling Kindersley, London.68866816886681419977false16. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69025816902581419977false12. Ultimate Ungulate (November, 2002) <a href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bonasus.html">http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bonasus.html</a>69031116903111419977false13. Animal Diversity Web (November, 2002) <a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/bison/b._bonasus.html">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/bison/b._bonasus.html</a>69031216903121419977false14. Pucek, Z., Udina, I., Seal, U.S. and Miller, P. (1996) <i>Population and habitat viability assessment for the European bison (Bison bonasus)</i>. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota.69031316903131419977false15. Pucek, Z., Belousova, I.P., Krasiñska, M., Krasiñski, Z.A. and Olech, W. (2004) <i>European Bison Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i>. IUCN/SSC Bison Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.69031416903141419977false18. Bison Specialist Group (November, 2002) <a href="http://www.notitia.com/bison/index.htm">http://www.notitia.com/bison/index.htm</a>69031516903151419977false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242390991false1Bernhard Grzimek (1990) Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. McGraw-Hill: New York.73092717309272390991false1European bison have an extremely similar social system to their American relatives, and are believed by some to represent the same species (7). Outside of the mating season the males form bachelor herds, whilst females are found in maternal groups of around 20 individuals and their young (2). These female groups occupy vast home ranges of up to 100 km2 and are led by a dominant cow (5). The 'rutting' season takes place between August and October and during this time males join up with the female herds and compete for access to receptive females (5). Once he has found an appropriate cow the bull will attempt to separate her from the remaining herd and particularly from the advances of other males in the group (3). He will attend to her in this way for around a day before mating (3). Aggressive clashes between rival males may occur at this time. Cows give birth after a gestation period of about 264 days, typically in May and July, usually leaving their herd to do so; young calves are able to run after only a few hours of being born and are fully weaned at around one year old (5).</p><p>Bison feed predominantly on grasses although they will also browse on shoots and leaves; in summer months, an adult male can consume 32 kilograms of food in a day (5). Bison in the Bialowieza Forest in Poland have traditionally been fed hay in the winter for centuries, and vast herds may gather around this diet supplement (5). Bison need to drink every day and in winter can be seen breaking ice with their heavy hooves (2). Despite their usual slow movements, bison are surprisingly agile and can clear three metre wide streams from a standing start (2).16ba1d10e76a124f7b1c0a00032838d72605755WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/european-bison/bison-bonasus/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content4.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content5.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content6.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290301302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7678ArtiodactylaNOT EVALUATEDArtiodactyla7687BovidaeNOT EVALUATEDBovidae42293BisonNOT EVALUATEDBison328110Bison bonasusVulnerable (VU)<i>Bison bonasus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.25567csparr33422mstuderCurator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History34360mwestneatEOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 198935200KatjaWilliam Miller, PhD
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http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html38707ksealeyAssociate Professor of Biology, Curator of Mammals and Birds, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
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Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
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Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton1540