328569Eschrichtius robustusLeast Concern (LC)<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> (Lilljeborg, 1861)angtuchhaqangtuchhaq (Alaska)AntokhakAntokhakantokhak (Chukhotski Peninsula)California Gray WhaleChikakhlukChikakhlukgray whalegrey whaleGrijze walvisKelleluak uiiutkentaenKentaen uiiutLagyiia-aubrBalum griscaBalena grisacsplejtvák šedýcsPlejtvákovec cedycsplejtvákovec šedýcsplejvákovec cedýcsvelryba šedádaGråhvaldaGrijze walvischdaKnabbelvischdaKnobbelvischdeGrauwaldeKnotenfischenCalifornia Gray WhaleenCalifornia grey whaleenDevil fishendevilfishendevilfish (historical)enGray backengray whaleengrey whaleenHard headenKorean Gray WhaleenMussel Diggerenmussel digger (historical)enPacific gray whaleenPacific grey whaleenRip sackenrip sack (historical)enScrag whaleenscrag whale (Atlantic, controversial)enSummer whaleensummer whale (Arctic only)esBallena grisesBallena gris de CaliforniaesEschrichtius robustusfaنهنگ خاکستریfrbaleine frBaleine à six bossesfrBaleine á six bossesfrBaleine grisfrBaleine grisefrBaleine grise de CalifornieidPaus kelabuisGrähvalisSandlægjaitBalenottera griglia della CalifroniajaKoku kujirako귀신고래ltPilkieji banginiainlGrayze walvisnlGrijze walvisnlGrijze walvischnlKnabbelvischnoGråhvalnoKaliforniske GraahvalnvŁóóʼtsoh łibáhígííplPływacz szaryptbaleia cinzentaptBaleia cinzenta do PacificoruKaliforniiskii kitruServi kitruseryy kitruКит серыйruСерый китskVeľrybovec sivýsvGräso whalesvGrävalsvGråvalPerrin, W. (2009). <i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> (Lilljeborg, 1861). In: Perrin, W.F. World Cetacea Database. Accessed through: Perrin, W.F. World Cetacea Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/cetacea/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137112 on 2010-01-091416913114169133925261false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861751420112false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900531420112false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902681420112false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910391420112false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910401420112false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910411420112false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861752375381false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900532375381false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902682375381false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910392375381false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910402375381false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910412375381false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861752453434false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900532453434false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902682453434false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910392453434false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910402453434false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910412453434false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861752749986false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900532749986false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902682749986false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910392749986false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910402749986false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910412749986false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861752890770false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900532890770false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902682890770false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910392890770false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910402890770false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910412890770false11. IUCN Red List (June, 2008) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68617516861753240434false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900533240434false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902683240434false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910393240434false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910403240434false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910413240434false11. 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Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900534023742false14. Carwardine, M., Hoyt, E., Fordyce, R.E. and Gill, P. (1998) <i>Whales and Dolphins</i>. Harper Collins Publishers, London.69026816902684023742false13. CITES (February, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>69103916910394023742false15. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. Eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. Academic Press, London.69104016910404023742false16. WDCS. (October, 2002) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69104116910414023742false1David Macdonald (1985) The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File: New York.73093417309342391389false1The gray whale makes the longest migration of any mammal known, each autumn and spring they pass between their Arctic summer feeding grounds and the warm lagoons near the equator where females give birth (5). This yearly round-trip may entail individuals travelling up to 20,400 kilometres (2). Sexual activity can occur at any time of the year, but tends to be concentrated on the migration south (5). Little is known about the mating strategies of this species, but various numbers of individuals can be involved (5). The breeding cycle last two years: gestation takes about 13 months and the single calf is then suckled for a further seven months (5). At birth the calf is smooth compared to the encrusted adults and lacks sufficient blubber that would allow it to survive in Arctic waters (2). The mother may have to hold the calf near the surface to help it to breathe during the first few hours after birth (2).</p><p>This species is the only cetacean to feed by straining the sediment on the sea floor (5). Individuals roll onto their sides after diving to the bottom and take large amounts of sediment into their mouth. As the whale rises to the surface it strains the contents of the mouth through the baleen, leaving a trail of mud and sand behind it. The invertebrate prey consisting of bottom-dwelling crustaceans, worms and molluscs is isolated in this way and swallowed (5). A number of seabirds are attracted to feeding gray whales, and take advantage of invertebrates that escape the filtering process (2). Sufficient fat reserves are stored in the feeding grounds to allow individuals to go without food during the breeding season; on return to the feeding grounds about a third of the body weight may have been lost (5).</p><p>Killer whales are the only non-human predator of the gray whale. Attacks directed towards calves have been observed; adult gray whales often try to position themselves between the killer whales and the calf in order to protect it, and they may also head for shallow waters and kelp beds to take refuge from the attackers (2).1342e854e3f36a5d4823a9427049c5392606700WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/gray-whale/eschrichtius-robustus/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content6.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content7.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content8.eol.org/content_small.jpg132901943013022324204183328662212953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7649CetaceaNOT EVALUATEDCetacea7658EschrichtiidaeNOT EVALUATEDEschrichtiidae42377EschrichtiusNOT EVALUATEDEschrichtius328569Eschrichtius robustusLeast Concern (LC)<i>Eschrichtius robustus</i> (Lilljeborg, 1861)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.25567csparr33422mstuderCurator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History34360mwestneatEOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 198935200KatjaWilliam Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas
66006-0065
35243WMillerUniversity of California Berkeley
35508tuco36197MarthaTestuserB.A. Zoology, M.S. Embryology/physiology
college faculty for 44 years
member HAPS (Human Anatomy and Physiology Society)36558judyjunkyardActive Member of Wildlife society of Africa, herpetological society of southern Africa and general manager and curator of reptile research and information center (Zebra Country lodge, Cullinan district Pretoria)37046Vaughan!. Faculty at George Mason University.
2. Uhen, M.D., 2004. Form, Function, and Anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): An Archaeocete from the Middle to Late Eocene of Egypt. The University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology Papers on Paleontology 34 1-222.
3. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Marine Mammal Society37096MarkUhenScientist National Institutes of Health38259saimirifaculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124
AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi
http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html38707ksealeyAssociate Professor of Biology, Curator of Mammals and Birds, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
American Society of Mammalogists
National Association of Biology Teachers
Sigma XI
39446cyahnkeEmeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
Member of a professional society (SECEM)39803eliadelomCurator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton0160