328707Syncerus cafferLeast Concern (LC)<i>Syncerus caffer</i> (Sparrman, 1779)cape buffaloafrican buffalocape buffaloafBuffelbrBual AfrikacsBuvol africkýcyByfflo AffricanaidddeAfrikanischer Büffelenafrican buffaloenBushcowencape buffaloesSyncerus cafferfrBuffle d'AfriquehuKafferbivalyjaアフリカスイギュウkaაფრიკული კამეჩიlnNzaleltAfrikinis buivolasnlAfrikaanse buffelnlKafferbuffelplBawół afrykańskiptBúfalo-africanoruАфриканский буйволsrАфрички бивоsvAfrikansk buffelEstes, R. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angles, and London.17029117029327075false1Mloszewski, M. 1983. The Behaviour and Ecology of the African Buffalo. Cambridge University Press. U.S.A.17030117030327075false1Nowak, R.; Paradiso, J. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th Edition. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.17031117031327075false1Estes, R. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angles, and London.170291170291077148false1Mloszewski, M. 1983. The Behaviour and Ecology of the African Buffalo. Cambridge University Press. U.S.A.170301170301077148false1Nowak, R.; Paradiso, J. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th Edition. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.170311170311077148false1Estes, R. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angles, and London.170291170291140986false1Mloszewski, M. 1983. The Behaviour and Ecology of the African Buffalo. Cambridge University Press. U.S.A.170301170301140986false1Nowak, R.; Paradiso, J. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th Edition. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore and London.170311170311140986false11. IUCN Red List (March, 2009) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68776916877691420470false16. Macdonald, D.W. (2006) <i>The Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69004916900491420470false13. Stuart, C. and Stuart, T. (1997) <i>Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa</i>. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.69007516900751420470false12. Kingdon, J. (1997) <i>The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals</i>. Academic Press, San Diego.69051216905121420470false15. Mills, G. and Hes, L. (1997) <i>The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals</i>. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.69085216908521420470false14. African Wildlife Foundation (September, 2007) <a href="http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/buffalo">http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/buffalo</a>69285816928581420470false17. Rodwell, T.C., Kriek, N.P., Bengis, R.G., Whyte, I.J., Viljoen, P.C., Vos, V. and Boyce, W.M. (2001) Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo at Kruger National Park. <i>Journal of Wildlife Diseases</i>, <b>37</b> (2): 258 - 264.69285916928591420470false18. UNEP-WCMC: Serengeti National Park, Tanzania (March, 2009) <a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Serengeti.pdf">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Serengeti.pdf</a>69286016928601420470false19. UNEP-WCMC: Kilimanjaro National Park, Tanzania (March, 2009) <a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Kilimanjaro.pdf">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Kilimanjaro.pdf</a>69286116928611420470false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391082false1Ronald Nowak (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.73092617309262391082false1The African buffalo is a gregarious animal, the savanna subspecies forming large, imposing herds consisting of over one thousand individuals (3). The forest buffalo, due to its more restricted habitat, forms small groups of up to 12 animals, consisting of related females and their offspring and one or more males (2). Males not belonging to a herd are solitary, or form bachelor herds (2). Living in a herd has its advantages; information can be shared regarding the best places to feed, and it offers increased protection against predators (6). Bonds between females in a herd are strong (2), and if one is attacked by a predator such as a lion, the rest of the herd will respond to its bellowing distress calls and rush to its defence. A herd of buffalo are easily capable of driving away a whole pride of lions to protect a herd member (5). Living in large herds is not as important for the forest buffalo as they live in a habitat that does not suit carnivores, such as the lion, and they can easily retreat into cover if required (2).</p><p>African buffalos spend most of their day lying in the shade to escape the heat. They can often be found drinking water in the early morning and late afternoon, and most feeding takes place during the cooler night (3). The African buffalo grazes extensively on fresh grass, turning only to herbs, shrubs and trees when there is a deficiency of grass (5). Their dietary habits are responsible for opening up areas of long grassland for other species with more selective feeding habits, and thus they play an important ecological role in the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa (5).</p><p>March to May is the primary period of mating in the African buffalo, resulting in a pregnancy of about 11 months (2), with calves born from January to April (5). The bond between the mother and calf is very strong (2), and within just a few hours, the newborn calf is capable of keeping up with its herd (3). African buffalo are known to live for 26 years (2).6d5099bcd95a28cc5f18f4c3035be34f2609206WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/african-buffalo/syncerus-caffer/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content5.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content6.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content7.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia7678ArtiodactylaNOT EVALUATEDArtiodactyla7687BovidaeNOT EVALUATEDBovidae42412SyncerusNOT EVALUATEDSyncerus328707Syncerus cafferLeast Concern (LC)<i>Syncerus caffer</i> (Sparrman, 1779)Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
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ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
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Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
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Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
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Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton0230