<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<taxon-page>
  <id type="integer">492162</id>
  <canonical-form>Mercenaria mercenaria</canonical-form>
  <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
  <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Mercenaria mercenaria&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758)</scientific-name>
  <common-names>
    <item>
      <language_label></language_label>
      <string>northern quahog</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label></language_label>
      <string>Quahog</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>da</language_label>
      <string>En art venusmusling</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>N&#246;rdliche Venusmuschel</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Quahog-Muschel</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Venusmuschel</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>American hard-shell clam, little-neck clam, cherry stone clam</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Hard clam</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>northern quahog</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Quahaug</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Quahog</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Round clam</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>es</language_label>
      <string>Merceneria</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>Clam</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>Praire</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>Quahog</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>it</language_label>
      <string>Cappa dura</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>it</language_label>
      <string>Mercenaria mercenaria</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Amerikaanse Venusschelp</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>Clame</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>Clame redonda</string>
    </item>
  </common-names>
  <taxa>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>December 2000. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Mercenariamercenaria .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10374</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10374</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>1974. Scaphopods and Bivalves. Pp. 179 in Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia; Volume 3: Mollusks and Echinoderms. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10375</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10375</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Basu, S., S. Dastgheib-Hosseini, G. Hoover, Z. Li, S. Basu. 1994. Analysis of Glycosphinolipids by Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis using Ceramide Glycanase from Mercenaria Mercenaria. Analytical Biochemistry, 222: 270-274.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10376</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10376</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Brown, D., R. Van Beneden, G. Clark. May 10, 1995. Identification of Two Binding Proteins for Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Hard-Shell Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol 319: 217-224.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10377</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10377</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Cool, R. June 1998. Hard times for hard clams. The Bay Journal, Vol 8(4).</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10378</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10378</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Devlin, C. 1993. An analysis of control of the ventricle of the mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 179(1): 47-61.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10379</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10379</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 1994-2001. &quot;clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=24535&amp;sctn=1 .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10380</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10380</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Fawcett, L., M. Tripp. 1994. Chemotaxis of Mercenaria mercenaria Hemocytes to Bacteria in Vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 63: 275-284.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10381</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10381</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>International Seafood Distributors, &quot;The Hard Clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.internationalseafood.com/products/hard_clam.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10382</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10382</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Mitchell, R. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.jncc.gov.uk/marine/dns/d2_2_6_7.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10383</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10383</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Newell, G. 1964. Physiological Aspects of the Ecology of Intertidal Molluscs. Pp. 59-81 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume I. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10384</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10384</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Owen, G. 1966. Feeding. Pp. 1-52 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume II. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10385</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10385</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Plourde, K. &quot;The Quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed April 19, 2001 at http://oz.plymouth.edu/~k_plourd/mercenaria.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10386</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10386</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Stewart, V. March 21, 1996. &quot;Sea-Stats No. 7 - Clams&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.epa.gov/gumpo/seast07.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10387</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10387</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>deMenocal, P. December 3, 2000. &quot;The Paleotemperature Archive: Mercenaria mercenaria -- the common quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://doherty.ldgo.columbia.edu/~peter/Resources/Mercenaria.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10388</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10388</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">325891</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
    </refs>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>December 2000. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Mercenariamercenaria .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10374</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10374</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>1974. Scaphopods and Bivalves. Pp. 179 in Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia; Volume 3: Mollusks and Echinoderms. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10375</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10375</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Basu, S., S. Dastgheib-Hosseini, G. Hoover, Z. Li, S. Basu. 1994. Analysis of Glycosphinolipids by Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis using Ceramide Glycanase from Mercenaria Mercenaria. Analytical Biochemistry, 222: 270-274.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10376</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10376</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Brown, D., R. Van Beneden, G. Clark. May 10, 1995. Identification of Two Binding Proteins for Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Hard-Shell Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol 319: 217-224.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10377</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10377</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Cool, R. June 1998. Hard times for hard clams. The Bay Journal, Vol 8(4).</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10378</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10378</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Devlin, C. 1993. An analysis of control of the ventricle of the mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 179(1): 47-61.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10379</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10379</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 1994-2001. &quot;clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=24535&amp;sctn=1 .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10380</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10380</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Fawcett, L., M. Tripp. 1994. Chemotaxis of Mercenaria mercenaria Hemocytes to Bacteria in Vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 63: 275-284.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10381</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10381</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>International Seafood Distributors, &quot;The Hard Clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.internationalseafood.com/products/hard_clam.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10382</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10382</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Mitchell, R. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.jncc.gov.uk/marine/dns/d2_2_6_7.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10383</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10383</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Newell, G. 1964. Physiological Aspects of the Ecology of Intertidal Molluscs. Pp. 59-81 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume I. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10384</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10384</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Owen, G. 1966. Feeding. Pp. 1-52 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume II. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10385</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10385</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Plourde, K. &quot;The Quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed April 19, 2001 at http://oz.plymouth.edu/~k_plourd/mercenaria.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10386</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10386</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Stewart, V. March 21, 1996. &quot;Sea-Stats No. 7 - Clams&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.epa.gov/gumpo/seast07.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10387</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10387</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>deMenocal, P. December 3, 2000. &quot;The Paleotemperature Archive: Mercenaria mercenaria -- the common quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://doherty.ldgo.columbia.edu/~peter/Resources/Mercenaria.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10388</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10388</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1075764</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
    </refs>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>December 2000. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Mercenariamercenaria .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10374</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10374</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>1974. Scaphopods and Bivalves. Pp. 179 in Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia; Volume 3: Mollusks and Echinoderms. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10375</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10375</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Basu, S., S. Dastgheib-Hosseini, G. Hoover, Z. Li, S. Basu. 1994. Analysis of Glycosphinolipids by Fluorophore-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis using Ceramide Glycanase from Mercenaria Mercenaria. Analytical Biochemistry, 222: 270-274.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10376</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10376</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Brown, D., R. Van Beneden, G. Clark. May 10, 1995. Identification of Two Binding Proteins for Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Hard-Shell Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol 319: 217-224.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10377</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10377</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Cool, R. June 1998. Hard times for hard clams. The Bay Journal, Vol 8(4).</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10378</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10378</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Devlin, C. 1993. An analysis of control of the ventricle of the mollusc Mercenaria mercenaria. The Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 179(1): 47-61.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10379</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10379</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 1994-2001. &quot;clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=24535&amp;sctn=1 .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10380</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10380</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Fawcett, L., M. Tripp. 1994. Chemotaxis of Mercenaria mercenaria Hemocytes to Bacteria in Vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 63: 275-284.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10381</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10381</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>International Seafood Distributors, &quot;The Hard Clam&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.internationalseafood.com/products/hard_clam.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10382</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10382</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Mitchell, R. &quot;Mercenaria mercenaria&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://www.jncc.gov.uk/marine/dns/d2_2_6_7.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10383</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Newell, G. 1964. Physiological Aspects of the Ecology of Intertidal Molluscs. Pp. 59-81 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume I. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10384</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">10384</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1139602</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Owen, G. 1966. Feeding. Pp. 1-52 in K. Wilbur, C. Yonge, eds. Physiology of Mollusca: Volume II. New York: Academic Press Inc..</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10385</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Plourde, K. &quot;The Quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed April 19, 2001 at http://oz.plymouth.edu/~k_plourd/mercenaria.htm .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10386</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Stewart, V. March 21, 1996. &quot;Sea-Stats No. 7 - Clams&quot; (On-line). Accessed May 1, 2001 at http://www.epa.gov/gumpo/seast07.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">10387</id>
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        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>deMenocal, P. December 3, 2000. &quot;The Paleotemperature Archive: Mercenaria mercenaria -- the common quahog&quot; (On-line). Accessed March 19, 2001 at http://doherty.ldgo.columbia.edu/~peter/Resources/Mercenaria.html .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Gofas, S. (2010). &lt;i&gt;Mercenaria mercenaria&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database at http://www.marinespecies.org/mollusca/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=141919 on 2010-01-08</full-reference>
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  <table-of-contents>
    <item>
      <id>3</id>
      <label>Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>302</id>
      <label>Nucleotide Sequences</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>267</id>
      <label>Morphology</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>232</id>
      <label>Reproduction and Life History</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>70</id>
      <label>Behavior</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>4</id>
      <label>Ecology and Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>20</id>
      <label>Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>41</id>
      <label>Habitat</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>218</id>
      <label>Movement and Dispersal</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>297</id>
      <label>Trophic Strategy</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>8</id>
      <label>Conservation</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>286</id>
      <label>Conservation Status</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>6</id>
      <label>Relevance</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>251</id>
      <label>Uses</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>300</id>
      <label>Wikipedia</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>9</id>
      <label>Biodiversity Heritage Library</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>7</id>
      <label>References and More Information</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>17</id>
      <label>Literature References</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>226</id>
      <label>Specialist Projects</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>298</id>
      <label>Biomedical Terms</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>227</id>
      <label>Search the Web</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>13</id>
      <label>Common Names</label>
    </item>
  </table-of-contents>
  <ancestors>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1</id>
      <canonical-form>Animalia</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Animalia</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">2195</id>
      <canonical-form>Mollusca</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Mollusca</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">2215</id>
      <canonical-form>Bivalvia</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Bivalvia</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">2275</id>
      <canonical-form>Veneroida</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Veneroida</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">2310</id>
      <canonical-form>Veneridae</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Veneridae</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">57544</id>
      <canonical-form>Mercenaria</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Mercenaria</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">492162</id>
      <canonical-form>Mercenaria mercenaria</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Mercenaria mercenaria&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus, 1758)</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
  </ancestors>
  <children>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1265508</id>
      <canonical-form>Mercenaria mercenaria texana</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Mercenaria mercenaria texana&lt;/i&gt; (Dall, 1902)</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
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      <credentials>Ph.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
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      <credentials>Asst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere.  Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 2005</credentials>
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      <credentials>University of Michigan, PhD 1997
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Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.</credentials>
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      <credentials>EOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universit&#228;t Berlin 1989</credentials>
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      <username>Katja</username>
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    <user>
      <credentials>William Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas 
66006-0065



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      <username>WMiller</username>
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      <credentials>faculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124

AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi

http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html</credentials>
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      <credentials>Emeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin

Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.

Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.

Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.

Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D.  (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway.  Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.

Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse  Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles.  Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.</credentials>
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      <username>lshapiro</username>
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      <credentials>Curator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. &amp; Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow &amp; Rob van Soest. PDf and website</credentials>
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      <username>BernardPicton</username>
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