<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<taxon-page>
  <id type="integer">7662</id>
  <canonical-form>Carnivora</canonical-form>
  <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
  <scientific-name>Carnivora</scientific-name>
  <common-names>
    <item>
      <language_label>ar</language_label>
      <string>&#1570;&#1603;&#1604;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1581;&#1608;&#1605;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ar</language_label>
      <string>&#1604;&#1608;&#1575;&#1581;&#1605;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>bg</language_label>
      <string>&#1061;&#1080;&#1097;&#1085;&#1080;&#1094;&#1080;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>bs</language_label>
      <string>Meso&#382;deri</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>bs</language_label>
      <string>Zvijeri</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ca</language_label>
      <string>Carn&#237;vor</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>cs</language_label>
      <string>&#352;elmy</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>da</language_label>
      <string>Rovdyr</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>da</language_label>
      <string>Rovdyr (orden)</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Landraubtiere</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Raubtiere</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>el</language_label>
      <string>&#931;&#945;&#961;&#954;&#959;&#966;&#940;&#947;&#945;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>carnivores</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>eo</language_label>
      <string>Karnoman&#285;uloj</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>es</language_label>
      <string>Carn&#237;voros</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>et</language_label>
      <string>Kiskjalised</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fi</language_label>
      <string>Petoel&#228;imet</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fo</language_label>
      <string>R&#225;nsd&#253;r</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>carnivores</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>gl</language_label>
      <string>Carnivora</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>he</language_label>
      <string>&#1496;&#1493;&#1512;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>hr</language_label>
      <string>Zvijeri</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>hu</language_label>
      <string>Ragadoz&#243;k</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ia</language_label>
      <string>Carnivoro</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>it</language_label>
      <string>Carnivora</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>it</language_label>
      <string>Carnivori</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ja</language_label>
      <string>&#12493;&#12467;&#30446;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ja</language_label>
      <string>&#12493;&#12467;&#30446; (&#39135;&#32905;&#30446;)</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ka</language_label>
      <string>&#4315;&#4322;&#4304;&#4330;&#4308;&#4305;&#4314;&#4308;&#4305;&#4312;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ko</language_label>
      <string>&#50676;&#44033;&#47448;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>li</language_label>
      <string>Carnivore (orde)</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>lv</language_label>
      <string>Pl&#275;s&#275;ji</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>mk</language_label>
      <string>&#1029;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Landroofdieren</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Roofdieren</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nn</language_label>
      <string>Rovdyr</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>no</language_label>
      <string>Rovdyr</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>oc</language_label>
      <string>Carnivora</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>oc</language_label>
      <string>Fissipedia</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pl</language_label>
      <string>Drapie&#380;ne</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>cachorro do mato</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>carn&#204;voro</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>carn&#237;voro</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>gato do mato</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>lontra</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ro</language_label>
      <string>Carnivore</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ru</language_label>
      <string>&#1061;&#1080;&#1097;&#1085;&#1099;&#1077;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>sk</language_label>
      <string>M&#228;so&#382;ravce (cicavce)</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>sr</language_label>
      <string>&#1047;&#1074;&#1077;&#1088;&#1080;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>sv</language_label>
      <string>Rovdjur</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>te</language_label>
      <string>&#3118;&#3134;&#3074;&#3128;&#3134;&#3129;&#3134;&#3120;&#3137;&#3122;&#3137;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>tr</language_label>
      <string>Et&#231;iller</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>vi</language_label>
      <string>(B&#7897;) Th&#250; &#259;n th&#7883;t</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>vi</language_label>
      <string>B&#7897; &#258;n th&#7883;t</string>
    </item>
  </common-names>
  <taxa>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ewer, R. 1973. The carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">7049</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">7049</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Stains, H. 1984. Carnivores. Pp. 491-521 in S. . Anderson, J. K. Jones Jr., eds. Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. New York: John Wiley and Sons.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516132</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516132</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Flynn, J., J. Finarelli, S. Zehr, J. Hsu, M. Nedbal. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology, 54(2): 317-337.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516133</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516133</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy, 4th Edition. Toronto: Brooks Cole.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516134</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516134</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Sandell, M. 1989. The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores. Pp. 164-182 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516135</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516135</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Gittleman, J. 1989. Carnivore group living: Comparative trends. Pp. 183-207 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516136</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516136</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Frank, L. 1996. Female masculinization in the spotted hyena: Endocrinology, behavioral ecology, and evolution. Pp. 78-131 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 2. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516137</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516137</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Moehlman, P. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143-163 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516138</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516138</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Reeves, R., B. Stewart, P. Clapham, J. Powell. 2002. The National Audobon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516139</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516139</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>King, C. 1989. The advantages and disadvantages of small size to weasels, Mustela species. Pp. 302-334 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516140</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516140</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Carey, J., D. Judge. 2002. &quot;Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish&quot; (On-line). Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Accessed December 05, 2005 at http://www.demogr.mpg.de/ .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516141</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516141</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Mead, R. 1989. The physiology and evolution of delayed implantation in carnivores. Pp. 437-464 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516142</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516142</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Peters, G., W. Wozencraft. 1989. Acoustic communication by fissiped carnivores. Pp. 14-56 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516143</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516143</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Gorman, M., B. Trowbridge. 1989. The role of odor in the social lives of carnivores. Pp. 57-88 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516144</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516144</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Korpimaki, E., K. Norrdahl. 1989. Avian predation on mustelids in Europe 1. Occurrence and effects on body size variation and life traits. Oikos, 55(2): 205-215.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516145</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516145</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ortolani, A., T. Caro. 1996. The adaptive significance of color patterns in carnivores: Phylogenetic tests of classic hypotheses. Pp. 132-188 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 2. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516146</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516146</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Eaton, R. 1976. A possible case of mimicry in larger mammals. Evolution, 30(4): 853-856.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516147</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516147</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ripple, W., R. Beschta. 2003. Wolf reintroduction, predation risk, and cottonwood recovery in Yellowstone National Park. Forest Ecology and Management, 184: 299-313.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516148</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516148</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Roberts, L., J. Janovy Jr.. 2000. Foundations of Parasitology. New York: McGraw-Hill.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516149</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516149</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Schaller, G. 1996. Introduction: Carnivores and conservation biology. Pp. 1-10 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 2. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516150</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516150</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>IUCN, 2004. &quot;2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species&quot; (On-line). Accessed December 06, 2005 at www.redlist.org .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516151</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516151</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1074177</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
    </refs>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ewer, R. 1973. The carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">7049</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">7049</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1077563</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
    </refs>
    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ewer, R. 1973. The carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">7049</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">7049</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Stains, H. 1984. Carnivores. Pp. 491-521 in S. . Anderson, J. K. Jones Jr., eds. Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. New York: John Wiley and Sons.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516132</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516132</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Flynn, J., J. Finarelli, S. Zehr, J. Hsu, M. Nedbal. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology, 54(2): 317-337.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516133</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516133</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy, 4th Edition. Toronto: Brooks Cole.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516134</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516134</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Sandell, M. 1989. The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores. Pp. 164-182 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516135</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516135</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Gittleman, J. 1989. Carnivore group living: Comparative trends. Pp. 183-207 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516136</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516136</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Frank, L. 1996. Female masculinization in the spotted hyena: Endocrinology, behavioral ecology, and evolution. Pp. 78-131 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 2. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516137</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">516137</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Moehlman, P. 1989. Intraspecific variation in canid social systems. Pp. 143-163 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, vol. 1. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516138</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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        <taxon-id type="NilClass">1087647</taxon-id>
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        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
      </ref>
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Reeves, R., B. Stewart, P. Clapham, J. Powell. 2002. The National Audobon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">516139</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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