795986Amblyrhynchus cristatusVulnerable (VU)<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus</i> Bell, 1825afSeelikkewaancaIguana marinadeMeerechseenGalapagos marine iguanaenMarine IguanaenSea iguanaesIguana marinafiMerileguaanifrAmblyrhynche à crêtefrAmblyrhynchus cristatusfrIguane marinheאיגואנה ימיתhuTengeri leguánjaウミイグアナkaზღვის ხვლიკიnlZeeleguaannoHaviguanplLegwan morskiptIguana-marinharuИгуана морскаяruМорская игуанаsvHavsödlaukМорська ігуанаCogger, H., R. Zweifel. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.6611661324078false1Indiviglio, F. 1997. Newts and Salamanders. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series.6621662324078false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Phopulation Biology of Marine Iguanas III. Factors Affecting Survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 545-568.6631663324078false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas II. Changes in Annual Survival Rates and the Effects of Size, Sex, Age, and Fecundity in a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 529-544.6641664324078false1Laurie, W. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas I. Changes in Fecundity Related to a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 515-528.6651665324078false1Rassmann, K., F. Trillmich, D. Tautz. 1997. Hybridization between the Galapagos land and marine iguana on Plaza Sur. Journal of Zoology London, 242: 729-739.6661666324078false1Cogger, H., R. Zweifel. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.66116611073655false1Indiviglio, F. 1997. Newts and Salamanders. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series.66216621073655false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Phopulation Biology of Marine Iguanas III. Factors Affecting Survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 545-568.66316631073655false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas II. Changes in Annual Survival Rates and the Effects of Size, Sex, Age, and Fecundity in a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 529-544.66416641073655false1Laurie, W. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas I. Changes in Fecundity Related to a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 515-528.66516651073655false1Rassmann, K., F. Trillmich, D. Tautz. 1997. Hybridization between the Galapagos land and marine iguana on Plaza Sur. Journal of Zoology London, 242: 729-739.66616661073655false1Cogger, H., R. Zweifel. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.66116611137493false1Indiviglio, F. 1997. Newts and Salamanders. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series.66216621137493false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Phopulation Biology of Marine Iguanas III. Factors Affecting Survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 545-568.66316631137493false1Laurie, W., D. Brown. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas II. Changes in Annual Survival Rates and the Effects of Size, Sex, Age, and Fecundity in a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 529-544.66416641137493false1Laurie, W. 1990. Population Biology of Marine Iguanas I. Changes in Fecundity Related to a Population Crash. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59: 515-528.66516651137493false1Rassmann, K., F. Trillmich, D. Tautz. 1997. Hybridization between the Galapagos land and marine iguana on Plaza Sur. Journal of Zoology London, 242: 729-739.66616661137493false1Uetz, P. (2009). <i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus</i> Bell, 1825. Accessed through: Van der Land, J. (Ed) (2009). UNESCO IOC Register of Marine Organisms at http://www.marinespecies.org/urmo/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=344019 on 2010-01-111493998114939984002389false13. CITES (November, 2003) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68613116861311421054false11. IUCN Red List (May, 2009) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68615716861571421054false17. Halliday, T. and Adler, K. (2002) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.68632816863281421054false12. UNEP-WCMC species page (April, 2008) <a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/iguana.htm">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/iguana.htm</a>69489716948971421054false14. Byatt, A., Fothergill, A. and Holmes, M. (2001) <i>The Blue Planet</i>. BBC Worldwide Limited, London.69489816948981421054false15. Bright, M. (2000) <i>Andes to Amazon</i>. BBC Worldwide Limited, London.69489916948991421054false16. MarineBio.org (April, 2008) <a href="http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=165">http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=165</a>69490016949001421054false19. Wikelski, M. (2005) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69490216949021421054false110. Hecht, J. (2002) Galapagos oil spill devastated marine iguanas. <i>Nature</i>, <b>417</b>: 607. Available at <a href="http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn2372-galapagos-oil-spill-devastated-marine-iguanas.html">http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn2372-galapagos-oil-spill-devastated-marine-iguanas.html</a>69490316949031421054false111. Charles Darwin Foundation (April, 2008) <a href="http://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/galapagos/marine">http://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/galapagos/marine</a>69490416949041421054false112. Galapagos Conservation Trust (November, 2003) <a href="http://www.gct.org/">http://www.gct.org/</a>69490516949051421054false13. CITES (November, 2003) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68613116861314023967false11. IUCN Red List (May, 2009) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68615716861574023967false17. Halliday, T. and Adler, K. (2002) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.68632816863284023967false12. UNEP-WCMC species page (April, 2008) <a href="http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/iguana.htm">http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/data/species_sheets/iguana.htm</a>69489716948974023967false14. Byatt, A., Fothergill, A. and Holmes, M. (2001) <i>The Blue Planet</i>. BBC Worldwide Limited, London.69489816948984023967false15. Bright, M. (2000) <i>Andes to Amazon</i>. BBC Worldwide Limited, London.69489916948994023967false16. MarineBio.org (April, 2008) <a href="http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=165">http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=165</a>69490016949004023967false19. Wikelski, M. (2005) <i>Pers. Comm.</i>69490216949024023967false110. Hecht, J. (2002) Galapagos oil spill devastated marine iguanas. <i>Nature</i>, <b>417</b>: 607. Available at <a href="http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn2372-galapagos-oil-spill-devastated-marine-iguanas.html">http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn2372-galapagos-oil-spill-devastated-marine-iguanas.html</a>69490316949034023967false111. Charles Darwin Foundation (April, 2008) <a href="http://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/galapagos/marine">http://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/galapagos/marine</a>69490416949044023967false112. Galapagos Conservation Trust (November, 2003) <a href="http://www.gct.org/">http://www.gct.org/</a>69490516949054023967false1Andrew Snider and J. Bowler (1992) Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections, Second Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles .73083917308392392548false1Galapagos marine iguanas are active during the day and spend the first few hours after sunrise basking in the sun in preparation for activity. The vast majority of individuals in each colony feed almost exclusively on marine algae in the intertidal zones during low tide. Only the largest five percent of individuals dive into the water for food, mostly during the hot midday hours (9). The waters are extremely cold, and cause the iguana to lose heat rapidly when feeding. This forces them to return to the rocks and warm up in the sun again. In fact, an iguana's size and the way it retains or loses heat determines its method of feeding. Small individuals, which lose heat quickly, forage on rocks at low tide, scraping algae off the surface, and rarely dive into the sea. Larger individuals, however, do not lose as much heat and so they can be active for longer. They graze seaweeds in the shallow water around two to five metres in depth but can dive up to 25 metres down to rocks where there is an abundance of algae, and no competition from other iguanas (5). While feeding they also consume a great deal of salt solution which, in excess, can be toxic. They therefore excrete concentrated salt crystals from a nasal gland by sneezing (4). Activity slows between noon and late evening, and before sunset the iguana retreats into crevices or beneath boulders for the night (2).</p><p>This species breeds every year over a three month period, during which the males defend mating territories (4). Individuals breed normally just once every two years (9). Careful not to waste energy, they rely on less energetically expensive bluffs or bites to protect their territory. The nesting months are January through to April depending on the island (5). Females lay between one and six eggs up to 300 meters inland, in sand or volcanic ash burrows that are 30 to 80 centimetres deep. Females often guard the burrows for several days then leave the eggs to finish incubation, which takes approximately 95 days. When the young hatch they look like and act like miniature adults, and have no parental care (7)12dcbb39801c53bedeea850a3a1f11132613292WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/galapagos-marine-iguana/amblyrhynchus-cristatus/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content6.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content7.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content8.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290302267232704204129783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1703ReptiliaNOT EVALUATEDReptilia1704SquamataNOT EVALUATEDSquamata1709IguanidaeNOT EVALUATEDIguanidae35626AmblyrhynchusNOT EVALUATEDAmblyrhynchus795986Amblyrhynchus cristatusVulnerable (VU)<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus</i> Bell, 18251270684Amblyrhynchus cristatus albemarlensisNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus albemarlensis</i> EIBL-EIBESFELDT 19621276355Amblyrhynchus cristatus sielmanniNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus sielmanni</i> EIBL-EIBESFELDT 19621280564Amblyrhynchus cristatus venustissimusNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus venustissimus</i> EIBL-EIBESFELDT 19561280566Amblyrhynchus cristatus nanusNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus nanus</i> GARMAN 18921280567Amblyrhynchus cristatus hassiNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus hassi</i> EIBL-EIBESFELDT 19621280568Amblyrhynchus cristatus mertensiNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus mertensi</i> EIBL-EIBESFELDT 19621280571Amblyrhynchus cristatus cristatusNOT EVALUATED<i>Amblyrhynchus <i>cristatus</i> cristatus</i> BELLPortland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddyAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 200520470jhammockUniversity of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.25567csparr33422mstuderPostdoctoral Research Associate
Biodiversity Synthesis Center34318parhamCurator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History34360mwestneatEOL Species Pages Coordinator, Ph. D. in Entomology, University of Arizona 1999, Diploma in Biology, Freie Universität Berlin 198935200KatjaWilliam Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas
66006-0065
35243WMillerUniversity of California Berkeley
35508tucoProfessor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University. CV: http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/greene/GreeneCV.html35534HarryGreene36197MarthaTestuserActive Member of Wildlife society of Africa, herpetological society of southern Africa and general manager and curator of reptile research and information center (Zebra Country lodge, Cullinan district Pretoria)37046VaughanWorking as a Senior Resident(Faculty) in Department of General Surgery at B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital & T.N. Medical College, Mumbai, INDIA, PIN-400008. 38013balharshfaculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124
AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi
http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html38707ksealeyStaff Curator and Researcher of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley. Member of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Herpetologists' League, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Society for the Study of Evolution, and Society of Systematic Biologists.
Published articles on rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) and Coast Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma coronatum): Quantifying ecological, morphological, and genetic
variation to delimit species in the coast horned lizard species complex (Phrynosoma), Adam D. Leache´,Michelle S. Koo, Carol L. Spencer, Theodore J. Papenfuss, Robert N. Fisher, and Jimmy A. McGuire, PNAS v. 106 (30): 12418–12423.
Carol Spencer, Pp. 55-78 in W. K. Hayes, K. R. Beaman, M. D. Cardwell, and S. P. Bush (eds.), The Biology of Rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, Loma Linda, California. Geographic Variation in Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake
(Crotalus atrox) Morphology.39428atrox10Emeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin
Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroCurator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton1180