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  <canonical-form>Gymnothorax mordax</canonical-form>
  <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
  <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Gymnothorax mordax&lt;/i&gt; (Ayres, 1859)</scientific-name>
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    <item>
      <language_label></language_label>
      <string>&#34731;&#35064;&#33016;&#40020;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label></language_label>
      <string>&#34731;&#35064;&#33016;&#40157;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ca</language_label>
      <string>Gymnothorax mordax</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>cs</language_label>
      <string>Mur&#233;na kalifornsk&#225;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>da</language_label>
      <string>Californisk mur&#230;ne</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>California moray</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>es</language_label>
      <string>Morena de California</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fi</language_label>
      <string>Kalifornianmureena</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>Mur&#232;ne de Cal&#236;fornie</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pl</language_label>
      <string>Moringa cetkowana</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>sv</language_label>
      <string>Californisk mur&#228;na</string>
    </item>
  </common-names>
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        <full-reference>Bushing, W., July 16, 2000. &quot;Catalina Island Conservancy&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 21, 2000 at http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/ccd/eeindspp/gymnmor.htm .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Eschmeyer, W., H., Hammann, H.. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>PBS, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.pbs.org/oceanrealm/seadwellers/cathedraldwellers/moray.html .</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Reef Environmental Education Foundation, April 4, 2000. &quot;Distribution report of Califonia Moray (Gymnothorax mordax) for California Moray (Gymnothorax mordax )&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.reef.org/archive/pacific/species/7.htm .</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>UCLA, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.odc.ucla.edu/html/body_califmoray.html .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Bushing, W., July 16, 2000. &quot;Catalina Island Conservancy&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 21, 2000 at http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/ccd/eeindspp/gymnmor.htm .</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Eschmeyer, W., H., Hammann, H.. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">7374</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>PBS, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.pbs.org/oceanrealm/seadwellers/cathedraldwellers/moray.html .</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">7375</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Reef Environmental Education Foundation, April 4, 2000. &quot;Distribution report of Califonia Moray (Gymnothorax mordax) for California Moray (Gymnothorax mordax )&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.reef.org/archive/pacific/species/7.htm .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>UCLA, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.odc.ucla.edu/html/body_califmoray.html .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Bushing, W., July 16, 2000. &quot;Catalina Island Conservancy&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 21, 2000 at http://www.catalinaconservancy.org/ccd/eeindspp/gymnmor.htm .</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Eschmeyer, W., H., Hammann, H.. 1983. A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>PBS, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.pbs.org/oceanrealm/seadwellers/cathedraldwellers/moray.html .</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Reef Environmental Education Foundation, April 4, 2000. &quot;Distribution report of Califonia Moray (Gymnothorax mordax) for California Moray (Gymnothorax mordax )&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.reef.org/archive/pacific/species/7.htm .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>UCLA, &quot;California Moray&quot; (On-line). Accessed October 24, 2000 at http://www.odc.ucla.edu/html/body_califmoray.html .</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Bailly, N. (2010). Gymnothorax mordax. In: Nicolas Bailly (2010). World Database of Marine Pisces. Accessed through: Nicolas Bailly (2010). World Database of Marine Pisces at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=271856 on 2010-01-10</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-P&#233;rez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Nigrelli, R.F.0 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O&amp;#39;Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-P&#233;rez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Nigrelli, R.F.0 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O&amp;#39;Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.</full-reference>
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  <overview>
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  <table-of-contents>
    <item>
      <id>3</id>
      <label>Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>290</id>
      <label>General Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>194</id>
      <label>Physical Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>267</id>
      <label>Morphology</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>141</id>
      <label>Life Cycle and Ecology</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>232</id>
      <label>Reproduction and Life History</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>70</id>
      <label>Behavior</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>4</id>
      <label>Ecology and Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>20</id>
      <label>Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>41</id>
      <label>Habitat</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>297</id>
      <label>Trophic Strategy</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>8</id>
      <label>Conservation</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>33</id>
      <label>Trends and Threats</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>286</id>
      <label>Conservation Status</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>6</id>
      <label>Relevance</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>251</id>
      <label>Uses</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>300</id>
      <label>Wikipedia</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>9</id>
      <label>Biodiversity Heritage Library</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>7</id>
      <label>References and More Information</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>17</id>
      <label>Literature References</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>226</id>
      <label>Specialist Projects</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>227</id>
      <label>Search the Web</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>13</id>
      <label>Common Names</label>
    </item>
  </table-of-contents>
  <ancestors>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1</id>
      <canonical-form>Animalia</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Animalia</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">694</id>
      <canonical-form>Chordata</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Chordata</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1905</id>
      <canonical-form>Actinopterygii</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Actinopterygii</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">8280</id>
      <canonical-form>Anguilliformes</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Anguilliformes</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">8287</id>
      <canonical-form>Muraenidae</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Muraenidae</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">17810</id>
      <canonical-form>Gymnothorax</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Gymnothorax</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">994812</id>
      <canonical-form>Gymnothorax mordax</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Gymnothorax mordax&lt;/i&gt; (Ayres, 1859)</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
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  <curators>
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      <credentials>Portland State University, MA Education

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      <credentials>BA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia


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      <credentials>Ph.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
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    <user>
      <credentials>Asst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere.  Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 2005</credentials>
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      <credentials>University of Michigan, PhD 1997
Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.</credentials>
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      <credentials>Curator of Zoology (Fishes), Field Museum of Natural History</credentials>
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      <credentials>Research Associate, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Curatorial Affiliate, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates
member, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
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    <user>
      <credentials>William Miller, PhD
Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas 
66006-0065



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      <credentials>faculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124

AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi

http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html</credentials>
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    <user>
      <credentials>Emeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin

Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.

Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.

Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.

Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D.  (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway.  Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.

Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse  Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles.  Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.</credentials>
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      <credentials>Curator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. &amp; Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow &amp; Rob van Soest. PDf and website</credentials>
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