997407Elephas maximusEndangered (EN)<i>Elephas maximus</i> Linnaeus, 1758Asian elephantAfrican bush elephantAfrican forest elephantAfrican savanna elephantAfrican savannah elephantAsian elephantAsiatic elephantIndian elephantarFelazAsiya filicaElefant asiàticcyEliffant AsiaidddaAsiatisk elefantdeAsiatischer ElefantdeElefantenAsian elephantenAsiatic elephantenElephantenIndian elephanteoAzia elefantoesElefante asiáticoetIndia elevantfrEléphant d'asiefrÉléphant d'AsiefrEléphant d'indeglElefante asiáticoheפיל אסייתיhiGajhiHathihrAzijski slonhuÁzsiai elefánthyPiughidGajahitElephantejaアジアゾウkmDomreyko아시아코끼리ltAzijinis dramblysmsGajah AsianlAziatische olifantnoAsiatisk elefantplSlonplSłoń indyjskiptElefante-asiáticoruИндийский слонruСлон индийскийsiAliyasiAthasiHasthiyaskSlon ázijskýsrАзијски слонsvAsiatisk elefanttaஆசிய யானைtrAsya filiurHaathiviVoi châu ÁNowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.602116021325067false1Shoshani, J. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1982. Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species No. 182, The American Society of Mammalogists.602216022325067false1Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.6021160211074821false1Shoshani, J. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1982. Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species No. 182, The American Society of Mammalogists.6022160221074821false1Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.6021160211138659false1Shoshani, J. and J.F. Eisenberg. 1982. Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species No. 182, The American Society of Mammalogists.6022160221138659false14. Burnie, D. (2001) <i>Animal</i>. Dorling Kindersley, London.68646816864681420100false11. IUCN Red List (April, 2007) <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org">http://www.iucnredlist.org</a>68763516876351420100false18. CITES (October, 2002) <a href="http://www.cites.org">http://www.cites.org</a>68891216889121420100false12. Macdonald, D. (2001) <i>The New Encyclopedia of Mammals</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford.69005316900531420100false13. WWF Threatened Species Accounts (July, 2002) <a href="http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/index.cfm">http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/index.cfm</a>69097216909721420100false15. Animal Diversity Web (July, 2002) <a href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/elephas/e._maximus$narrative.html">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/elephas/e._maximus$narrative.html</a>69097316909731420100false16. Fauna and Flora International (September, 2002) <a href="http://www.fauna-flora.org/asia_pacific/elephant.html">http://www.fauna-flora.org/asia_pacific/elephant.html</a>69097416909741420100false17. WWF Asian Rhino and Elephant Action Strategy (AREAS) (September, 2002) <a href="http://www.worldwildlife.org/areas/areas_color.pdf">http://www.worldwildlife.org/areas/areas_color.pdf</a>69097516909751420100false1Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.73092417309242391898false1Ronald Nowak (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.73092617309262391898false1Wiese and Willis (2004) Calculation of longevity and life expectancy in captive elephants. Zoo Biol, 23:365-373.73100617310062391898false1Elephants are highly intelligent and long-lived animals; Asian elephants may live as long as 70 years (5). They are extremely sociable and occur in groups of related females, led by the oldest female known as the 'matriarch'. Groups of Asian elephants average six to seven individuals, and will occasionally join with other groups to form herds; although these are more transient than those of African savanna elephants (2). Males leave their natal group when then reach sexual maturity at around six to seven years of age, after which time they are predominantly solitary (2). When males reach 20 years old they start coming into 'musth', an extreme state of arousal when levels of testosterone in the blood may increase 20 times (2). This state lasts about three weeks and during this time the individual will become aggressive and wander widely in search of females (2). Musth may cause males to fight for access to females and also increases their attractiveness to females. Cows only reach sexual maturity at ten years of age (6), and the interval between births may be as long as four years owing to the long gestation time and infant dependency (4). The single calf may suckle from other females in the group as well as their own mother (4).</p><p>Elephants use their dextrous trunk to pluck at grasses and pass them into their mouths; the average daily intake of food is 150 kilograms of vegetation a day (5). Grasses make up the mainstay of the Asian elephant's diet but scrub and bark are also eaten, and calves may eat their mothers dung to obtain nutrients (2). Where elephants occur near plantations they will readily feed on banana or rice crops. Asian elephants have had a close relationship with man over the centuries; they are still used to clear timber particularly in some of the more inaccessible forests of the continent, and play an important role in the religious and cultural history of the region (2).48f736c1435c77f01c886f15b865a1e02606616WildscreenCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008ARKiveCopyrightCopyright Wildscreen 2003-2008. Some rights reservedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/SupplierARKivehttp://www.arkive.org/5978arkiveLocationSource URLView original data objecthttp://www.arkive.org/asian-elephant/elephas-maximus/CitationEnglishcc-by-nc-sa 3.0Texthttp://content1.eol.org/content_large.jpghttp://content2.eol.org/content_medium.jpghttp://content3.eol.org/content_small.jpg13290301302267232704204128529783328662512953009717226298227131AnimaliaNOT EVALUATEDAnimalia694ChordataNOT EVALUATEDChordata1642MammaliaNOT EVALUATEDMammalia1643ProboscideaNOT EVALUATEDProboscidea1644ElephantidaeNOT EVALUATEDElephantidae14189ElephasNOT EVALUATEDElephas997407Elephas maximusEndangered (EN)<i>Elephas maximus</i> Linnaeus, 17581226013Elephas maximus maximusNOT EVALUATED<i>Elephas <i>maximus</i> maximus</i> Linnaeus, 17581226193Elephas maximus sumatranusNOT EVALUATED<i>Elephas maximus sumatranus</i> Temminck, 18471285512Elephas maximus indicusNOT EVALUATED<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i> Cuvier, 1798Portland State University, MA Education
7klansBA Physics - Johns Hopkins University
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ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia
10peterPh.D., University of Bristol (1976)
D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
11paddydeveloper13pleary11793wilsondAsst. Project Manager, Antarctic Invertebrates, Smithsonian Institution
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Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
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Thesis: Social behavior and vocal communication of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
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Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.
Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.
Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.
Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity. Biological Conservation 84:263-268.
Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997. Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri). Zoo Biology 16:301-307.
Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin’s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375.
Yahnke CJ. 1995. Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin’s fox and the Sechura fox. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467
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Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.
Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.
Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.
Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D. (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.
Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles. Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.39544jrynoldsAffiliated with EOL Species Pages Group39552lshapiroStaff in a natural history museum
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Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. & Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow & Rob van Soest. PDf and website40160BernardPicton0290