Biology

Adults occur in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds; avoids cold, fast-flowing waters but may penetrate into but not breed in such waters. Normally found lying close to or amongst obstacles in the water. Found in some of the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea (Ref. 9988, 44894). Common where there is abundant aquatic vegetation (Ref. 44894). A predatory species, juveniles feed on zooplankton, bottom invertebrate fauna and other perch fry while adults feed on both invertebrates and fish, mainly stickle-backs, perch, roach and minnows (Ref. 6465, 44894). Spawning occurs in spring. The egg mass is unpalatable to other fish and is therefore protected. The eggs hatch in 1-3 weeks and the young form schools for some time before taking up a solitary existence (Ref. 44894). Eggs grouped in long white ribbons (up to 1 m) are found over submerged objects (Ref. 41678). The dietary preferences have created fears among conservationists who believed this species adversely affects stocks of native fishes including Murray cod, Macquarie perch, pygmy perches and rainbow fishes (Ref. 44894). Used to be cultured commercially in Australia (Ref. 7306). Its flesh is excellent and not so bony. Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried and baked (Ref. 9988). May be captured with natural or artificial bait (Ref. 30578).