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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

tarjonnut AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 5.3 years (captivity) Observations: In the wild, these animals probably live less than a year (Stalling 1990). One wild born specimen was about 5.3 years old when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

In places near agricultural fields or gardens, prairie voles may be considered pests. Prairie voles cause damage to trees by stem injury, with pines most commonly affected.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles use an extensive runway system comprized of grass tunnels that helps to hide them from predators. Prairie voles are preyed upon by a wide variety of small to medium-sized predators. They are important as a prey base for raptors, owls, snakes, weasels, foxes, and bobcats.

Known Predators:

  • hawks (Accipitridae)
  • owls (Strigiformes)
  • shrikes (Lanius)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • bobcats (Lynx rufus)
  • weasels (Mustela)
  • snakes (Serpentes)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Microtus ochrogaster maintains uniform coloration throughout the year. It has dark brown to black hair tipped with black or brownish-yellow. This gives a grizzled effect to most of the pelage. The ventrum is light tan. The tail is bicolored. Occasionally, color variants with yellow, black, albino or spotted fur may be found.

Prairie voles have five plantar tubercles on the hind feet and females have three pairs of mammary glands. The third lower molar has no closed triangles and three transverse loops. The third upper molar has two closed triangles.

Adults have a total length of 125 to 180 mm, tail length of 25 to 45 mm, hind foot length of 17 to 23 mm, ear length of 10 to 15 mm, and weight between 30 and 70 grams. There is no significant sexual dimorphism in size or coloration.

Range mass: 30 to 70 g.

Range length: 125 to 180 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.41 W.

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Life Expectancy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Average longevity is less than 1 year, but prairie voles may live up to 3 years in captivity.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
1 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
3 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
1 (high) years.

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles are common in prairies, ungrazed pastures, fallow fields, weedy areas, road right-of-ways, and sometimes in soybean or alfalfa fields. If meadow voles occur in the same area, prairie voles occupy the areas with shorter, drier, and more varied vegetation.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Other Habitat Features: agricultural

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, occur from northeastern New Mexico to northern Alabama, western West Virginia, and northwest to central Alberta.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles are herbivorous. Food items include soft basal segments of grasses, tubers and roots, and seeds, which may be stored below ground. Insects are eaten when they are available. In winter, prairie voles sometimes eat the bark of woody vegetation.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles are important in nutrient cycling in prairie ecosystems and as prey animals for many predator species.

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Prairie voles are important parts of the prairie ecosystems in which they live. They have also been used in research for many decades.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Conservation Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Loss of native prairies is causing a decline in prairie vole populations in parts of the upper Midwest. They are listed as endangered in the state of Michigan.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: endangered

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Behavior ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

As is true of most rodents, communication is likely to involve a number of different mechanisms. Although not specifically reported for these animals, vocalizations are common in rodents, as are scent cues. Tactile communication is important between mates and within a nest containing young. Further, different body postures seem to play some role in defensive interactions within the species.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Nimetön ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Microtus is a greek word for "small ear" and ochrogaster is Greek for "yellow belly". Prairie voles undergo a two to four year population cycle where populations increase and decrease dramatically in that cycle.

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Reproduction ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Mating systems in prairie voles vary with season, food availability, and communal social structure. Some male-female pairs are monogamous while other males and females are likely to mate with multiple partners.

Mating System: monogamous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Prairie voles breed throughout the year except during severe winters and summers. The highest levels of reproductive activity occur between May and October, and the lowest levels in December and January.

Gestation lasts 21 days, after which 3 or 4 hairless young are born. Young are altricial at birth, with both eyes and ears closed. Maternal age, size, and time of year have an effect on litter size.

Young develop rapidly. Within 5 days of birth they are able to crawl. They consume solid foods by the age of 12 days. Weaning occurs at 2 to 3 weeks. Young enter their first molt at about 24 days of age.

Females mature at 30 to 40 days and males at 35 to 45 days. Adult size is reached withing 2 months of birth. Young are independent shortly after weaning.

Breeding interval: These animals can produce several litters per year. The maximum is about one litter every month and a half.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs year-round.

Range number of offspring: 3 to 4.

Average gestation period: 21 days.

Range weaning age: 2 to 3 weeks.

Average time to independence: 3 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 30 to 45 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 30 to 45 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 3.02 g.

Average gestation period: 23 days.

Average number of offspring: 3.8.

Both males and females care for the young, which are born naked and helpless in a grass-lined nest. The young average 3 grams at birth. Fur appears on the young by the second day, they can crawl by 5 days, begin eating solid food at 12 days, and are weaned between 2 and 3 weeks of age. The young begin to molt into their adult pelage by 24 days and reach their adult size within 2 months of birth.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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VanderLinden, M. 2002. "Microtus ochrogaster" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Microtus_ochrogaster.html
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Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut EOL authors
The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) represents the ground-burrowing members of the new world voles. This vole is found in the north and central plains of the United States and in southern Canada, usually in dry places such as prairies and along fencerows and railroads. Its range has expanded eastward to West Virginia as a result of clear-cutting of forests (Jones et al., 1983). Voles are active by day or night (Johnson and Johnson, 1982). Although prairie and meadow voles usually occupy different habitats, where they coexist their population densities tend to be negatively correlated (Klatt, 1985; Krebs, 1977). The prairie vole measures from 8.9 to 13 cm in length and has a 3.0- to 4.1-cm tail (Burt and Grossenheider, 1980). After reaching sexual maturity, voles continue to grow for several months (Johnson and Johnson, 1982). Adults weigh from 30 to 45 g (see table). Prairie voles maintain a relatively constant proportion of their body weight as fat (15 to 16 percent on a dry-weight basis) throughout the year (Fleharty et al., 1973). The prairie vole inhabits a wide variety of prairie plant communities and moisture regimes, including riparian, short-grass, or tall-grass communities (Kaufman and Fleharty, 1974). Prairie voles prefer areas of dense vegetation, such as grass, alfalfa, or clover (Carroll and Getz, 1976); their presence in a habitat depends on suitable cover for runways (Kaufman and Fleharty, 1974). They will tolerate sparser plant cover than the meadow vole because the prairie vole usually nests in burrows at least 50 mm underground or in grass nests under logs or boards (Klatt and Getz, 1987). Meadow voles, as other voles, are largely herbivorous, consuming primarily green succulent vegetation but also roots, bark, seeds, fungi, arthropods, and animal matter (Johnson and Johnson, 1982; Lomolino, 1984; Stalling, 1990). Voles have masticatory and digestive systems that allow them to digest fibrous grasses such as cereals (Johnson and Johnson, 1982). Diet varies by season and habitat according to plant availability, although meadow and other voles show a preference for young, tender vegetation (Johnson and Johnson, 1982; Martin, 1956). Voles can damage pastures, grasslands, crops such as hay and grain, and fruit trees (by eating bark and roots) (Johnson and Johnson, 1982).
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Microtus ochrogaster ( asturia )

tarjonnut wikipedia AST

Microtus ochrogaster ye una especie de royedor de la familia Cricetidae.

Distribución xeográfica

Alcuéntrase en Norteamérica (dende les Montes Predresos nel oeste hasta Virxinia Occidental al este).

Comportamientu

Los topinos suelen dirixir conductes de cuidáu parental, como abrazos, y aséu a los sos hermanos naciellos. Asina mesmu, ye más probable que los fíos nuevos d'esti royedores monógamos dirixan esti tipu de conductes a los sos hermanos pequeños cuando viven con dambos proxenitores que cuando lo faen solo cola madre. [1] Ye posible que'l padre actúe como modelu de les conductes d'ayuda.

Referencies

  1. Wang, Z. & Novak, M. A. (1994) Alloparental care an the influence of father presence on juvenile prairie voles, Micrutus ochrogaster. Animal Behavior, 47, 281-288.
  • Wang, Z. & Novak, M. A. (1994) Alloparental care an the influence of father presence on juvenile prairie voles, Micrutus ochrogaster. Animal Behavior, 47, 281-288.
  • Wilson DE., Reeder DM.: Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, Estaos Xuníos, 2005.
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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( asturia )

tarjonnut wikipedia AST

Microtus ochrogaster ye una especie de royedor de la familia Cricetidae.

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Microtus ochrogaster ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

Microtus ochrogaster és una espècie de talpó que es troba a Nord-amèrica (des de les Muntanyes Rocalloses a l'oest fins a Virgínia Occidental a l'est).

Referències

  1. Microtus ochrogaster (TSN 180312) al web del Sistema Integrat d'Informació Taxonòmica. [Consultat el 21 desembre del 2007]. (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Wilson D. E.; Reeder D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (en anglès). 3a edició. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0801882210.

Enllaços externs

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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

Microtus ochrogaster és una espècie de talpó que es troba a Nord-amèrica (des de les Muntanyes Rocalloses a l'oest fins a Virgínia Occidental a l'est).

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Präriewühlmaus ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Die Präriewühlmaus (Microtus ochrogaster, auch "Präriemaus") ist eine nordamerikanische Wühlmaus. Ungewöhnlich für Wühlmäuse zeigen sie ein monogames Sozialleben, an dessen Zusammenhang mit einer starken Ausschüttung des Hormons Oxytocin geforscht wird.

Merkmale

Die Präriewühlmaus ist eine dunkle, bräunliche oder schwärzliche Feldmaus. Unterseits ist sie gelbbraun gefärbt. Ihr Schwanz ist kürzer als die doppelte Hinterfußlänge.[1] Dorsal verläuft auf dem blass gelblichbraunen Schwanz ein dünner, etwas dunklerer Streifen.[2] Die schmalen[2] Ohren verschwinden fast gänzlich im langen, lockeren Fell. An den Sohlen der Füße befinden sich lediglich fünf Tuberkel. Die Präriewühlmaus erreicht eine Gesamtlänge von 146 mm, eine Schwanzlänge von 34 mm und eine Hinterfußlänge von 20 mm. Sie wiegt 30 bis 50 g.[1]

Zahnformel 1 · 0 · 0 · 3 = 16 1 · 0 · 0 · 3

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Präriewühlmaus erstreckt sich über die Präriestaaten der Vereinigten Staaten (östlich-zentrales Alberta, zentrales Saskatchewan und südliches Manitoba im Süden, durch das nördliche Oklahoma und Arkansas und östlich nach Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, zentrales Tennessee und das ganze westliche Virginia) nach Norden bis in die südlich-zentralen Provinzen Kanadas. Reliktpopulationen kommen im zentralen Colorado und im nördlichen New Mexico vor, früher auch im südwestlichen Louisiana und im angrenzenden Texas. Die disjunkt verbreitete Unterart Microtus ochrogaster ludovicianus die früher im Osten von Texas und im westlichen Louisiana vorkam ist offenbar ausgestorben.[3]

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

Präriewühlmäuse kommen in einer Vielzahl Prärie Habitate sowie in landwirtschaftlich genutztem Hochland vor. Sie bewohnen Grasland, krautige Felder, alte landwirtschaftliche Flächen und Strauchland, also geeignete Untergründe an denen sie ihre Gangsysteme anlegen können. Auch von Beständen in Banks-Kiefer Wäldern wurde berichtet, daneben Vorkommen in Wiesen-Rispengras Flächen in Kansas, Artemisia Beständen in Wyoming und Schwingel Knäuelgräser Grasland in Indiana. Flussauen dienen im Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten dabei als Ausbreitungswege, Schienen- und Schnellstraßen streuen die Ausbreitung in den Verbreitungsgebieten.[3]

Präriewühlmäuse sind ganztägig, am Tag und in der Nacht aktiv, hauptsächlich in der Morgen- und Abenddämmerung. Im Sommer nimmt die Tagesaktivität ab, im Winter die Nachtaktivität. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus Gräsern und krautigen, nicht grasartigen Pflanzen sowie einigen Insekten.[3] Sie scheinen Vorräte für den Winter anzulegen, es wurden in den Winterkammern der Baue ansehnliche Mengen an Knollen, Wurzeln und kleinen Zwiebeln gefunden.[2] Präriewühlmäuse sind andererseits wichtige Beutetiere für viele Räuber.[3]

Die Baue mit Kammern und Seitenkanälen sind recht flach, aber auffallend komplex.[2] Die Nester werden im Bau, unter Baumstämmen oder oberirdisch in Grasbüscheln angelegt, Winternester auch in alten Ameisenhaufen. Junge werden das ganze Jahr über aufgezogen, insbesondere im Frühjahr und Herbst. Die Trächtigkeit dauert 20 bis 23 Tage. Der Wurf besteht aus ein bis sieben, durchschnittlich drei bis vier Jungen um die sich beide Elternteile und manchmal auch ältere Geschwister kümmern. Die Jungen sind in der Regel nach etwa fünf bis sechs Wochen geschlechtsreif.[3]

Bei den Präriewühlmäusen kommen drei Arten von sozialen Gruppen vor. Sie leben hauptsächlich als monogame[2] Paare, als einzelne Weibchen oder in Gemeinschaften von zwei bis 21 Individuen, meist wegen der höheren Überlebensrate philopatrischer Jungtiere im späten Herbst, aber auch durch nicht verwandte Tiere, die sich Paaren anschließen[2]. Die Lebenserwartung beträgt im Allgemeinen ein Jahr oder weniger.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b William B. Davis, David J. Schmidly: The Mammals of Texas. Online edition. (Prairie Vole Online).
  2. a b c d e f John O. Whitaker, William John Hamilton: Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0801434754, S. 342, 343.
  3. a b c d e f IUCN.
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Präriewühlmaus: Brief Summary ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Die Präriewühlmaus (Microtus ochrogaster, auch "Präriemaus") ist eine nordamerikanische Wühlmaus. Ungewöhnlich für Wühlmäuse zeigen sie ein monogames Sozialleben, an dessen Zusammenhang mit einer starken Ausschüttung des Hormons Oxytocin geforscht wird.

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Prêrjewrotmûs ( länsifriisi )

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De prêrjewrotmûs (Latynske namme: Microtus ochrogaster) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), it skaai fan 'e fjildmûzen (Microtus) en it ûnderskaai fan 'e prêrjewrotmûzen (Pedomys), dat foarkomt yn sintraal Noard-Amearika. Wittenskiplike synonimen foar dizze soarte binne "Arvicola austerus Le Conte, 1853", "Hypudaeus ochrogaster Wagner, 1842" en "Microtus ludovicianus V. Bailey, 1900".

Fersprieding

De prêrjewrotmûs komt foar yn Noard-Amearika, op 'e prêrjes en yn oare gerslânbiotopen fan 'e sintrale Feriene Steaten en middensúdlik Kanada. Dêrby strekt syn ferspriedingsgebiet him út fan 'e eastlike Rocky Mountains oant yn West-Firginia, oan 'e foet fan 'e Appalachen.

Uterlike skaaimerken

De prêrjewrotmûs hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 10-13½ sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 2½-4½ sm en in gewicht fan 30-70 g. Hy hat in lange, rûchhierrige pels dy't op 'e rêch griisbrún is, mar op 'e bealch útskaait nei it gielige. De earen binne lyts en de sturt is koart, sels foar wrotmûzen, dy't yn 'e regel dochs al gjin lange sturt hawwe.

Hâlden en dragen

Prêrjewrotmûzen binne it hiele jier rûn aktyf, wêrby't se yn 'e winter mear oerdeis yn 't spier binne, en by hegere temperatueren mear nachts. Se libje yn koloanjes en hâlde en drage har bûten de peartiid tige sosjaal foar soartgenoaten oer. Se grave ûndjippe hoalen en lizze dêromhinne mûzerillen oan troch de boaiemfegetaasje. By 't winter grave se tunnels troch de snie. Se frette gerzen, plantewoartels, fruchten, sied, beamskors en soms ynsekten, en lizze itensfoarrieden oan. It binne skrikfallige bistkes, dy't by fersteuring fuortendaliks it beskûl fan har hoale opsykje. Rôfdieren dy't jacht op prêrjewrotmûzen meitsje, binne de prêrjewolf, de foks en ferskate soarten hauken, ûlen en slangen.

De prêrjewrotmûs ûnderskiedt him fan oare soarten wrotmûzen trochdat der in libbenslange monogame bân bestiet tusken in mantsje en in wyfke. Yn 'e peartiid fêstigje sokke pearkes eigen territoaria, dy't se ferdigenje tsjin soartgenoaten. Hoewol't se har yn teory it hiele jier troch fuortplantsje kinne, duorret de peartiid yn 'e praktyk ornaris fan 'e maityd oant de hjerst. Nei in draachtiid 20-30 dagen smyt it wyfke 2-4 kear jiers in nêst fan 2-7 jongen, dy't by de berte blyn binne. Mei 8 dagen geane de eachjes iepen, en mei 14 dagen binne se selsstannich. De libbensferwachting fan in prêrjewrotmûs bedraacht op syn heechsten 2 jier.

Status

De prêrjewrotmûs hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", om't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt. Hoewol't er yn 'e regel net skealik is foar de lânbou, hat er de ferfelende gewoante om yn tunen planten en beamkeguod oan te fretten en sa te skansearjen. Dêrom wurde prêrjewrotmûzen yn 'e Feriene Steaten troch in protte lju as skealik ûngedierte beskôge. Hoewol't ornaris pestisiden ynset wurde om se út tunen wei te hâlden, is út ûndersyk nei foarren kommen dat se sà gau skrikke dat plestikken túnornaminten yn 'e foarm fan har natuerlike fijannen likegoed wurkje.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Prêrjewrotmûs: Brief Summary ( länsifriisi )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages

De prêrjewrotmûs (Latynske namme: Microtus ochrogaster) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), it skaai fan 'e fjildmûzen (Microtus) en it ûnderskaai fan 'e prêrjewrotmûzen (Pedomys), dat foarkomt yn sintraal Noard-Amearika. Wittenskiplike synonimen foar dizze soarte binne "Arvicola austerus Le Conte, 1853", "Hypudaeus ochrogaster Wagner, 1842" en "Microtus ludovicianus V. Bailey, 1900".

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Prairie vole ( englanti )

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The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) is a small vole found in central North America.

Description

The vole has long, coarse grayish-brown fur on the upper portion of the body and yellowish fur on the lower portion of the body. It has short ears and a short tail, which is somewhat darker on top. Prairie voles rarely live longer than one or two years. Their life expectancy is based on predator presence and natural factors in their area of inheritance.

Taxonomy

The prairie vole's scientific name, Microtus ochrogaster, is derived from Latin; the genus name translates to "small ear", and the specific epithet translates to "yellow belly".

Distribution

They are found in grasslands in the central United States and Canada; ranging from the eastern Rocky Mountains in the west to West Virginia in the east and into the Canadian Prairies to the north.[3]

An isolated relict subspecies was once known from the Western Gulf coastal grasslands in Texas and Louisiana, named the Louisiana vole; it were reportedly abundant in the 1900s, but is now considered extinct, making the prairie vole extirpated from Louisiana.[4][5]

Habitat

The prairie vole resides in dry fields that contain a cover of grasses and weeds; the largest populations are typically found in fallow fields or hay fields.[6] Prairie voles make shallow burrows and runways through surface vegetation. In winter, they tunnel underneath the snow. Their runways are used for many purposes, from predator protection to obtaining food. Prairie voles are easily disturbed. They will not hesitate to use their burrows if they notice predators close by or disturbances that pose a threat. Compared to the meadow vole, prairie voles prefer to inhabit drier areas.

Behavior

Prairie voles are active year-round. In colder weather, they tend to be more active during the day; at other times, they are mainly nocturnal. Prairie voles live in colonies and have been known to exhibit human-like social behavior in groups.[7]

Pair bonding

The prairie vole is special for having pair bonding with its partner.[8] The male prairie vole has a continuous contact with its female counterpart, which lasts for all of their lives. If the female prairie vole dies, the male does not look for a new partner. Moreover, this constant relationship is more social than sexual. Other species, such as the meadow voles, do not show this pair bonding behavior.[9] This uniqueness in the prairie vole behavior is related to the oxytocin and vasopressin hormones. The oxytocin receptors of the female prairie vole brain are located more densely in the reward system, and have more receptors than other species, which causes 'addiction' to the social behavior.[10][11][12] In the male prairie vole, the gene for the vasopressin receptor has a longer segment, as opposed to the montane vole, which has a smaller segment.[13] Considerable work is needed to determine the extent to which research results from vole models may apply to bonding animals such as humans and non-bonding animals such as chimpanzees.[14]

Diet and ecology

Prairie voles are primarily herbivorous, feeding on grasses, roots, fruit, seeds and bark and some insects. These voles store food. Predators include coyotes, hawks, owls, foxes and prairie rattlesnakes. They may cause damage to garden plants and small trees.

Reproduction

During mating season, prairie voles take up individual territories and defend them from other voles. They mark their territories with urine and other secretions. They assume a defensive posture towards a competitor or enemy by raising the forefeet, extending the head forward, and chattering of the teeth. Outside the mating seasons, the prairie voles live together.

Like other voles, prairie voles can reproduce at any time of the year, but the main breeding seasons are in the fall and the spring. Unlike other voles, prairie voles are generally monogamous. The prairie vole is a notable animal model for studying monogamous behavior and social bonding because male and female partners form lifelong pair bonds, huddle and groom each other, share nesting and pup-raising responsibilities, and generally show a high level of affiliate behavior. However, they are not sexually faithful, and though pair-bonded females usually show aggression toward unfamiliar males, both sexes will occasionally mate with other voles if the opportunity arises.[15]

The female's gestation period is between 20 and 30 days. Female voles have two to four litters of two to seven young per year in a nest lined with vegetation in a burrow or in a depression on the ground. Litter size varies depending on food availability and the age of the female. The largest number of pregnancies with the highest offspring occur in spring and fall.[6] Vole pups open their eyes at about eight days after birth, and become capable of feeding themselves at about two weeks.

Interactions with humans

Prairie voles are important to the ecosystem. They provide food for predators, but are considered pests by some. Many ways to prevent voles from destroying gardens or other areas are available. Electric repellers and predators (snakes, owls, coyotes, foxes, domestic animals, and hawks) can be used to reduce vole populations. They can also be scared away by plastic ornaments that resemble natural predators.[16]

Though poison is an option to prevent voles, poisoned voles can create a threat to other animals and humans. Voles are prey for other predators. If they are eaten by predators while poisoned, the poison could harm the predator. In addition, when placing poison near vole entrances, other animals may be able to reach it, making it a hazard to them.[3] Moreover, poison left in the field can easily be blown or washed away. In residential areas, the poison itself and poisoned voles can be harmful and/or dangerous to people and domesticated animals. If a licensed pest control company is involved they can mitigate any poisoning concerns through the use of proper exterior bait stations.[17]

Natural reservoir

Prairie voles in Missouri have been found to carry Bloodland Lake virus (BLLV), a hantavirus. Hantaviruses are responsible for disease in humans including Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. No known human cases of Bloodland Lake virus have been reported.[18]

References

  1. ^ Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). "Microtus ochrogaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2010.old-form url
  2. ^ "Microtus ochrogaster". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  3. ^ a b Van der Linden, Melissa. "Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  4. ^ Jackson, Donavan J; Cook, Joseph A (2020-02-21). "A precarious future for distinctive peripheral populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 101 (1): 36–51. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz196. ISSN 0022-2372.
  5. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  6. ^ a b Whitaker 2010, pp. 207–9.
  7. ^ Grippo, Angela J.; Carter, C. Sue; Porges, Stephen W. (2007-05-28). "Peptide Shown To Regulate Social Behavior Has Positive Impact On Cardiac Response Following Social Isolation" (Press release). Chicago: American Physiological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
  8. ^ Young, Larry J.; Wang, Zuoxin (2004-10-01). "The neurobiology of pair bonding". Nature Neuroscience. 7 (10): 1048–1054. doi:10.1038/nn1327. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 15452576. S2CID 894249.
  9. ^ Walum, Hasse; Young, Larry J. (2018-10-09). "The neural mechanisms and circuitry of the pair bond". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 19 (11): 643–654. doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0072-6. ISSN 1471-003X. PMC 6283620. PMID 30301953.
  10. ^ Holmes, Bob (11 February 2022). "Oxytocin's effects aren't just about love". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-021122-1. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  11. ^ Froemke, Robert C.; Young, Larry J. (8 July 2021). "Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 44 (1): 359–381. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847. ISSN 0147-006X. PMC 8604207. PMID 33823654. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  12. ^ Underwood, Emily (22 October 2020). "Solo stars among the genes". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-102120-1. S2CID 226324181. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  13. ^ Sadino, Julie M.; Donaldson, Zoe R. (15 August 2018). "Prairie Voles as a Model for Understanding the Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Attachment Behaviors". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 9 (8): 1939–1950. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00475. PMC 6093782. PMID 29513516.
  14. ^ Grebe, Nicholas M.; Sharma, Annika; Freeman, Sara M.; Palumbo, Michelle C.; Patisaul, Heather B.; Bales, Karen L.; Drea, Christine M. (12 February 2021). "Neural correlates of mating system diversity: oxytocin and vasopressin receptor distributions in monogamous and non-monogamous Eulemur". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 3746. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3746G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83342-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7881006. PMID 33580133.
  15. ^ Young, LJ; Murphy Young, AZ; Hammock, EA (2005). "Anatomy and neurochemistry of the pair bond". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 493 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1002/cne.20771. PMID 16255009. S2CID 20453654.
  16. ^ Desy, E. A.; Batzli, G. O.; Liu, J. (1990). "Effects of Food and Predation on Behaviour of Prairie Voles: A Field Experiment". Oikos. 58 (2): 159–168. doi:10.2307/3545423. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3545423.
  17. ^ Desy, Elizabeth A.; Batzli, George O. (1989). "Effects of Food Availability and Predation on Prairie Vole Demography: A Field Experiment". Ecology. 70 (2): 411–421. doi:10.2307/1937546. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 1937546.
  18. ^ Jerrold J. Scharninghausen, Richard M. Pitts, John W. Bickham, Donald S. Davis, James N. Mills. Evidence of Hantavirus Infection in Microtus Ochrogaster in St. Louis County, Missouri.: An article from: Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science. January 1, 1999. ISBN B00099P6I8
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Prairie vole: Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) is a small vole found in central North America.

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Microtus ochrogaster ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Los topillos de la pradera (Microtus ochrogaster) son una especie de roedores de la familia Cricetidae distribuidos por Norteamérica que se caracterizan por ser roedores socialmente monógamos, que forman un fuerte vínculo de pareja y que presentan cuidados biparentales hacía las crías.

Características

Son roedores de pequeño tamaño con un peso que oscila entre 40 y 50 gramos y con una longitud de unos 15 centímetros en la edad adulta. Tanto su cola como sus orejas son de pequeño tamaño. Poseen un pelaje marrón o gris oscuro en el dorso que toma color canela o leonado en el vientre.[2]

Presentan dos mudas antes de la edad adulta, pasando del pelaje juvenil al subadulto y de este último al adulto. Estas mudas se prolongan durante 3 semanas cada una y durante el resto de su vida continúan mudando pero durante periodos largos del tiempo y sin mudar todo el pelo de una vez.[3]​ En condiciones naturales su esperanza de vida media es de uno o dos años.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en Norteamérica distribuidos entre los prados de Ohio y Colorado, desde el sur de Canadá hasta Oklahoma y por la zona al oeste de Kansas.[2]

Comportamiento

Los topillos de la pradera son roedores activos durante la noche la mayor parte del año, aunque durante el invierno pueden ser más activos durante el día. Construyen madrigueras bajo tierra a unos 10 centímetros de profundidad con un intrincado sistema de túneles donde se encuentran la mayor parte del tiempo. Su dieta se basa principalmente en hierbas verdes y suculentas de la familia de las poáceas aunque pueden consumir pequeñas semillas. Su dieta completa comprende tallos y hojas de leguminosas, solanáceas, boragináceas, caprifoliáceas y asteráceas que almacenan dentro de su madriguera como reserva. Generalmente usan las mismas plantas para construir su nido dentro de la madriguera.[3]

Estos animales se caracterizan por ser altamente sociales. Son socialmente monógamos y forman vínculos de pareja que se prolongan durante toda su vida, de hecho, las hembras no suelen buscar una nueva pareja si el macho muere o desaparece. En la naturaleza, forman pequeños grupos en sus madrigueras aunque ocasionalmente podemos encontrar grupos formados únicamente por la hembra y, en su caso, sus crías (en un 37% de los casos). Las comunidades pueden encontrarse formadas por un macho y una hembra (en un 36% de los grupos) o por pequeñas comunidades formadas por una pareja reproductiva y por familiares no activos reproductivamente (en un 26% de los grupos).[4]

En esta especie el padre se responsabiliza del cuidado de las crías, como así lo hace la madre. Ambos progenitores coordinan su labor para evitar dejar desatendido el nido. Parte de estos comportamientos parentales consisten en recoger suavemente a las crías con los incisivos para trasladarlos al nido, acicalarlas para su limpieza y cubrirlas con el cuerpo para evitar que las crías poiquilotérmicas pierdan calor y permitiendo a su vez su alimentación. A pesar de ello, la falta del macho no produce que la madre compense su falta realizando más cuidados maternos, lo que resulta en que las crías están más desatendidas en estos ambientes familiares.[5]​ Estos comportamientos sociales hacen de esta especie un modelo altamente estudiado por sus similitudes a los comportamientos sociales y parentales humanos.

Los topillos adolescentes en los grupos comunales suelen dirigir conductas de cuidado aloparental hacía sus hermanos recién nacidos.[4]​ Asimismo, es más probable que los hijos jóvenes de estos roedores monógamos dirijan este tipo de conductas a sus hermanos pequeños cuando han sido criados por ambos progenitores que cuando solo crecieron con su madre.[6]

Reproducción y desarrollo

En condiciones óptimas alcanzan la madurez sexual aproximadamente mes y medio después de nacer. En el caso de los machos se da a los 42-45 días de edad y en las hembras a los 34-40 días. Pueden reproducirse durante todo el año, pero la época normal de cópula es el otoño o la primavera. Durante la época reproductiva los testículos de los machos, que se encontraban en el vientre, descienden y comienzan a marcan los territorios con orina. Las hembras no son Sexualmente receptivas hasta que no tienen contacto físico con un macho y se exponen a los estímulos olfativos y feromonales de los mismos. El ritual de cortejo hasta que la hembra permita la cópula puede demorar de dos a cinco días. Tras la cópula, puede formarse el fuerte vínculo de pareja que caracteriza a la especie a través de múltiples mecanismos que incluyen la secreción de oxitocina[7]​,dopamina u opioides endógenos, entre otros. Una vez han cohabitan y copulan durante suelen formar una pareja reproductiva y social estable. A pesar de ello, al ser socialmente monógamos, si se presenta la oportunidad, tanto el macho como la hembra pueden copular con un espécimen del sexo contrario.

La gestación de la hembra dura de 20 a 21 días tras los cuales nacen unas 4 o 5 crías. En la naturaleza suelen tener de 2 a 8 crías por año. En condiciones de laboratorio, si se mantiene al macho y a la hembra en la misma caja tendrán camadas solapadas pasados de 21 a 24 días tras el parto. Las crías suelen nacer con unos 3.5 gramos de peso y de 4 a 5 centímetros de longitud.[2]​ Estas se agarran fuertemente a los pezones a partir del día siguiente al parto ya que nacen con los incisivos inferiores desarrollados y desarrollan los superiores en unas 24 horas. Ante cualquier señal de peligro las crías se sujetan firmemente a los pezones de la madre.[2][8]​ Cuando tienen crías, son altamente defensivos si se acerca un macho desconocido, adoptando una postura defensiva y atacando activamente al intruso.

Las crías nacen con los ojos cerrados y con la piel rosada pero con tonos marrones o grises. Comienzan a tener pelo a los pocos días de edad, que en el caso de las crías toma color negro o marrón en la zona ventral. Durante los primeros días no tienen mucha movilidad, pero comienzan a abrir los ojos a los 5 días de edad y el 90% de ellas los tiene abiertos a los 10 días. Entre los 10 y los 14 días de edad las crías son completamente móviles y pueden ser destetadas a los 16, aunque lo más común es que se separen a los 20-21 días de edad, coincidiendo con la próxima camada.[9]

Aproximadamente el 70-80% de los topillos permanecen en el nido tras el destete, es decir filopátricos, como individuos no reproductivamente activos del grupo comunal. Los individuos que abandonan el nido en la edad adulta suelen hacerlo a los 45-55 días de edad, desplazándose una media de 30m del nido.[10]

Referencias

  1. «Microtus ochrogaster». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
  2. a b c d Gier, H.T.; Cooksey & Jr, Ben F. (1967). «Microtus ochrogaster in the Laboratory». Kansas Academy of Science 70 (2): 256-265. Consultado el 12 de septiembre de 2016.
  3. a b Jameson Jr, E.W. (1947). «NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PRAIRIE VOLE (Mammalian Genus Microtus)». University of Kansas Publications Museum of Natural History 1 (7): 125-151. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2016.
  4. a b Ahern, Tod H.; Young, Larry J. (2009). «The impact of early life family structure on adult social attachment, alloparental behavior, and the neuropeptide systems regulating affi liative behaviors in the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)». Fronstiers in behavioural neuroscience 3. doi:10.3389/neuro.08.017.2009. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
  5. Ahern, Tod H.; Hammock, Elizabeth A.D.; Young, Larry J. (2011). «Parental Division of Labor, Coordination, and the Effects of Family Structure on Parenting in Monogamous Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)». Dev Psychobiol. 53 (2): 118-131. doi:10.1002/dev.20498. Consultado el 12 de septiembre de 2016.
  6. Wang, Z. & Novak, M. A. (1994) Alloparental care an the influence of father presence on juvenile prairie voles, Micrutus ochrogaster. Animal Behavior, 47, 281-288.
  7. Vacek M, High on Fidelity. What can voles teach us about monogamy? Archivado el 13 de noviembre de 2016 en Wayback Machine.
  8. Salo, Allen L.; Shapiro, Lawrence E.; Dewsbury, Donald A. (1994). «Comparisons of Nipple Attachment and Incisor Growth among Four Species of Voles (Microtus)». Developmental Psychobiology 27 (5): 317-330. PMID 7926283. doi:10.1002/dev.420270506. Consultado el 12 de septiembre de 2016.
  9. Kruckenberg, S.M.; Gier, H.T.; Dennis, S.M. (1973). «Postnatal development of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster». Laboratory animal science 23 (1): 53-58. PMID 4347759. Consultado el 12 de septiembre de 2016.
  10. Arias del Razo, Karen L.; Bales (2016). «Exploration in a dispersal task: Effects of early experience andcorrelation with other behaviors in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)». Behavioural Processes 132: 66-75. PMID 27720755. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.10.002. Consultado el 1 de septiembre de 2017.
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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

tarjonnut wikipedia ES

Los topillos de la pradera (Microtus ochrogaster) son una especie de roedores de la familia Cricetidae distribuidos por Norteamérica que se caracterizan por ser roedores socialmente monógamos, que forman un fuerte vínculo de pareja y que presentan cuidados biparentales hacía las crías.

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Microtus ochrogaster ( baski )

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Microtus ochrogaster Microtus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Wagner (1842) Cricetidae In Schreber.

Ikus, gainera

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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Microtus ochrogaster Microtus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Campagnol des Prairies ( ranska )

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Microtus ochrogaster

Le Campagnol des Prairies[1] (Microtus ochrogaster) est un petit campagnol, rongeur de la famille des Cricétidés est une espèce à ventre jaune (ochro gaster) vivant en Amérique du Nord.

Ce campagnol est l’un des rares mammifères qui soient monogames[2]. Il est sociable et présente un attachement familial profond. À la suite de la phase d'accouplement, le couple est très uni et habite dans le même nid. Les deux parents s’occupent activement des petits pendant une longue période et leur consacrent beaucoup de temps. Le campagnol des Prairies défend sa compagne. En revanche, le campagnol des montagnes a de nombreux partenaires, et semble fort peu attaché tant à ses partenaires qu’à ses propres petits. Très peu de choses séparent ces deux animaux : uniquement la densité plus grande de récepteurs pour l’ocytocine et de récepteurs à vasopressine au niveau du système limbique chez le campagnol des Prairies que chez le campagnol montagnard. Chez la femelle, l'ocytocine serait nécessaire pour développer une relation de couple et pour stimuler le comportement maternel. Chez le mâle, la vasopressine joue un rôle dans le développement de la fidélité et dans leur implication auprès des petits.

Recherches sur le campagnol

Les différentes espèces de campagnol, un petit rongeur d’Amérique du Nord, sont devenues, à cause de leurs mœurs sexuelles très différentes, un modèle de choix pour étudier les bases moléculaires de l’attachement. Dans un article publié en 2005, l’équipe de Larry Young a transféré dans une région très précise du cerveau du campagnol des montagnes mâles (le pallidum ventral) le gène codant le récepteur à la vasopressine, qui y est autrement absent. Après les copulations répétées typiques de cette espèce qui stimule la sécrétion de vasopressine et d’ocytocine, les rongeurs de l’espèce normalement adepte de la liberté sexuelle deviennent alors de parfaits monogames. Inversement, lorsqu’on injecte dans le pallidum ventral des mâles de campagnols des plaines un bloqueur de ces récepteurs à la vasopressine, ces rongeurs monogames deviennent aussi volages que leurs cousins.

Comportement

Les campagnols de prairies sont actifs toute l'année. Pendant l'hiver ils sont plus actifs pendant le jour, le reste de l'année ils sont plutôt nocturnes. Ils vivent en colonies. Ils vivent rarement plus d'un an ou deux.

Ils sont principalement herbivore et se nourrissent d'herbes, de racines, de fruits, d'écorce et d'insectes.

Ils sont la proie des coyotes, rapaces, hiboux, renards et serpents.

 src=
Carte de répartition

Répartition et habitat

On le trouve au Canada et aux États-Unis. Il vit dans les prairies et les champs cultivés[3].

Notes et références

  1. « Campagnol des Prairies », sur Bureau de la traduction (consulté le 19 septembre 2010)
  2. (en) C. Sue Carter, A. Courtney DeVries et Lowell L. Getz, « Physiological Substrates of Mammalian Monogamy: The Prairie Vole Model », Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 19, no 2,‎ 1995 (lire en ligne, consulté le 2 octobre 2016).
  3. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
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Campagnol des Prairies: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Microtus ochrogaster

Le Campagnol des Prairies (Microtus ochrogaster) est un petit campagnol, rongeur de la famille des Cricétidés est une espèce à ventre jaune (ochro gaster) vivant en Amérique du Nord.

Ce campagnol est l’un des rares mammifères qui soient monogames. Il est sociable et présente un attachement familial profond. À la suite de la phase d'accouplement, le couple est très uni et habite dans le même nid. Les deux parents s’occupent activement des petits pendant une longue période et leur consacrent beaucoup de temps. Le campagnol des Prairies défend sa compagne. En revanche, le campagnol des montagnes a de nombreux partenaires, et semble fort peu attaché tant à ses partenaires qu’à ses propres petits. Très peu de choses séparent ces deux animaux : uniquement la densité plus grande de récepteurs pour l’ocytocine et de récepteurs à vasopressine au niveau du système limbique chez le campagnol des Prairies que chez le campagnol montagnard. Chez la femelle, l'ocytocine serait nécessaire pour développer une relation de couple et pour stimuler le comportement maternel. Chez le mâle, la vasopressine joue un rôle dans le développement de la fidélité et dans leur implication auprès des petits.

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Prairiewoelmuis ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

De prairiewoelmuis (Microtus ochrogaster) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Wagner in 1842.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Canada en de Verenigde Staten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Prairiewoelmuis: Brief Summary ( flaami )

tarjonnut wikipedia NL

De prairiewoelmuis (Microtus ochrogaster) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Wagner in 1842.

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Arganaz-do-campo ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT
 src=
Arganaz do campo

Os arganazes do campo são pequenos roedores que vivem na América do Norte. Ao contrário de muitas outras espécies de roedores (como o Microtus montanus), os arganazes do campo mantêm relações sexuais duradouras, ou seja, os machos só têm relações sexuais com uma única fêmea e as fêmeas com um único macho. Podem ser parceiros durante todo ciclo de reprodução ou até durante toda vida. Esse comportamento diferenciado deve-se à alta expressão do receptor de vasopressina V1a em uma região específica do encéfalo, chamada pálido ventral (algo ausente nos machos M. montanus)[1].

O arganaz do campo é parente próximo dos camundongos. Por serem muito pequenos são vulneráveis a ataques de vários predadores como serpentes, corujas, águias, linces, coiotes, raposas e até lobos. Para se defenderem, os arganazes do campo geralmente ficam escondidos em pequenas tocas e só saem quando realmente se sentem seguros.

Referências

  1. R., Kandel, Eric. Principles of neural science 5th ed ed. New York: [s.n.] ISBN 9780071390118. OCLC 795553723
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Arganaz-do-campo: Brief Summary ( portugali )

tarjonnut wikipedia PT
 src= Arganaz do campo

Os arganazes do campo são pequenos roedores que vivem na América do Norte. Ao contrário de muitas outras espécies de roedores (como o Microtus montanus), os arganazes do campo mantêm relações sexuais duradouras, ou seja, os machos só têm relações sexuais com uma única fêmea e as fêmeas com um único macho. Podem ser parceiros durante todo ciclo de reprodução ou até durante toda vida. Esse comportamento diferenciado deve-se à alta expressão do receptor de vasopressina V1a em uma região específica do encéfalo, chamada pálido ventral (algo ausente nos machos M. montanus).

O arganaz do campo é parente próximo dos camundongos. Por serem muito pequenos são vulneráveis a ataques de vários predadores como serpentes, corujas, águias, linces, coiotes, raposas e até lobos. Para se defenderem, os arganazes do campo geralmente ficam escondidos em pequenas tocas e só saem quando realmente se sentem seguros.

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Microtus ochrogaster ( ruotsi )

tarjonnut wikipedia SV

Microtus ochrogaster[2][3][5][6][7] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Wagner 1842. Microtus ochrogaster ingår i släktet åkersorkar och familjen hamsterartade gnagare.[8][9] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[8]

Utseende

Denna sork når en absolut längd av 130 till 150 mm, inklusive en 25 till 39 mm lång svans. Den har 15 till 17,5 mm långa bakfötter och 11 till 13 mm långa öron. Vikten varierar mellan 26 och 38 g.[10]

Pälsen på ovansidan bildas av hår som är brun eller svart med gulbruna eller svarta spetsar. Så får ryggens päls ett spräckligt utseende. Enskilda exemplar kan vara helt gula, svarta eller vita (albino).[11] Arten har så samma pälsfärg på ryggen som Microtus pennsylvanicus men bukens päls är inte silvergrå utan ljusbrun till vit. Den tydligaste skillnaden mellan arterna finns i konstruktionen av den tredje övre molaren. Nära händer och fötter förekommer hos Microtus ochrogaster blek brunaktig päls och svansen har samma färg förutom en mörkare strimma på toppen. Tandformeln är I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3, alltså 16 tänder.[12]

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer i Nordamerikas prärier. Den når i norr södra Kanada och i syd norra New Mexico och Texas (USA). En population som fanns i östra Texas och Louisiana är troligen utdöd. Förutom i prärien hittas arten på jordbruksmark i kulliga områden eller i låga bergstrakter. Vissa populationer är bara sammanlänkade genom långsträckta korridorer som flodernas strandlinjer eller järnvägsbankar. Gräsmarkerna bildas vanligen av växter från släktet Andropogon, från släktet svinglar (Festuca), från släktet hundäxingar (Dactylis) eller av ängsgröe (Poa pratensis).[1]

Ekologi

Microtus ochrogaster bygger bon av växtdelar som göms under grenar som ligger på marken, i större gräsklumpar eller i underjordiska håligheter. Ibland skapas före vintern en hålighet i övergivna myrstackar. Individerna lever antingen som monogama par, som ensamma honor eller i flockar som kan ha upp till 21 medlemmar. Sorken stannar vanligen i ett område som är 100 m² stort men hos enskilda exemplar kan territoriet vara 1000 m² stort.[1]

Denna gnagare äter främst växtdelar som gräs och örter som kompletteras med några insekter. När den hittar underjordiska tunnlar gnager den även på rötter. Microtus ochrogaster kan vara dag- och nattaktiv och den håller ingen vinterdvala. Den letar främst under skymningen och gryningen efter föda.[1]

Honor kan bli brunstiga oberoende av årstiden (gäller populationer i sydliga trakter). De har flera kullar per år. Dräktigheten varar 20 till 23 dagar och oftast föds tre eller fyra ungar per kull. Ibland består kullen av en eller av upp till sju ungar. Båda föräldrar och ibland även äldre syskon deltar i ungarnas uppfostring. Individerna blir efter 5 till 6 veckor könsmogna. De flesta stannar i föräldrarnas bo eller etablerar sitt bo tät intill. Några ungdjur flyttar en sträcka av cirka 30 meter.[1]

Microtus ochrogaster går vanligen på marken och den kan klättra i växtlighetens låga delar. Arten har dessutom bra simförmåga. När underjordiska bon grävs så är de vanligen korta och de ligger tät under markytan. I sällsynta fall kan tunnlar vara 31 meter långa och ibland ligger boets kammare 92 cm under markytan. Större bon kan dessutom ha flera förgreningar.[10]

Förutom pipande läten har arten ett varningsrop i ultraljud.[10]

Sorken har flera naturliga fiender som prärievarg, grävlingar, tvättbjörn, rödlo, rävar, mårddjur, rovdjur och ormar. Ibland faller den offer för gräshoppsmöss och för näbbmöss av släktet Blarina. De flesta exemplar lever därför inte längre än 10 veckor. Några individer blir i naturen ett år gammal och i fångenskap kan Microtus ochrogaster leva 35 månader.[10]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] 2008 Microtus ochrogaster Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ [a b c d] (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  3. ^ [a b c d] Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Microtus ochrogaster
  4. ^ Hall, E. Raymond (1981) , The Mammals of North America, vols. I and II, 2nd ed.
  5. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  6. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  7. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  8. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/microtus+ochrogaster/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  9. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  10. ^ [a b c d] Naughton, Donna (2012). Microtus ochrogaster. The Natural History of Canadian Mammals. University of Toronto Press. sid. 143-145. ISBN 978-1-4426-4483-0
  11. ^ Melissa VanderLinden (27 april 2002). ”Prairie vole” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Microtus_ochrogaster/. Läst 14 december 2016.
  12. ^ Whitaker & Hamilton (1998). ”Prairie vole”. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press. sid. 342-345. ISBN 0-8014-3475-0

Externa länkar

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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

tarjonnut wikipedia SV

Microtus ochrogaster är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Wagner 1842. Microtus ochrogaster ingår i släktet åkersorkar och familjen hamsterartade gnagare. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Microtus ochrogaster ( ukraina )

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Проживання

Країни проживання: Канада (Альберта, Манітоба, Саскачеван), США (Алабама, Арканзас, Колорадо, Іллінойс, Індіана, Айова, Канзас, Кентуккі, Луїзіана - Регіонально вимерли, Мічиган, Міннесота, Міссурі, Монтана, Небраска, Нью-Мексико, Північна Дакота, Огайо, Оклахома, Південна Дакота, Теннессі, Техас, Західна Вірджинія, Вісконсин, Вайомінг). Живуть в різних прерійних місцях проживання, а також сільськогосподарських угіддях на узвишші.

Морфологічні особливості

Має грубе сіро-коричневе хутро зверху й жовтуватий хутро на нижній частині тіла. Має короткі вуха і короткий хвіст, який є дещо темнішим зверху.

Життя

Активні цілий рік. У холодну погоду, вони мають тенденцію бути більш активними протягом дня, в інших випадках, ведуть в основному нічний спосіб життя. Живуть колоніями. Їсть трави, коріння, плоди, насіння, кору і деяких комах. Хижаки: койоти, яструби, сови, лисиці і змії. Можуть розмножуватись цілий рік, особливо навесні / восени. Вагітність триває 20-23 днів. Є кілька приплодів на рік. Народжується 1—7, в середньому 3—4 дитинча.

Джерела


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Microtus ochrogaster ( vietnam )

tarjonnut wikipedia VI

Microtus ochrogaster là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Wagner mô tả năm 1842.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. (2008) Microtus ochrogaster Trong: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Ấn bản 2009.2. www.iucnredlist.org Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Microtus ochrogaster”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Microtus ochrogaster (TSN 180312) tại Hệ thống Thông tin Phân loại Tích hợp (ITIS).

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Microtus ochrogaster: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

tarjonnut wikipedia VI

Microtus ochrogaster là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Wagner mô tả năm 1842.

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프레리들쥐 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

프레리밭쥐 또는 프레리들쥐(Prairie vole)는 mouse와 rat의 중간 정도 크기인 설치류이며, 중앙 북미에서 발견된 작은 들쥐이다. 이 들쥐는 몸의 상단 부분에는 길고 굵은 잿빛의 갈색 털을 가지고 있고, 몸의 아래 부분에는 노란 털을 가지고 있다. 또한, 귀와 꼬리는 매우 짧고 다소 어둡다. 그들은 중앙 미국과 캐나다에서 초원에서 발견되었으며, 자세한 지역은 서쪽에 있는 동부 록키 산맥과 동쪽에 있는 웨스트 버지니아와 북쪽의 캐나다 대초원에 이르기까지 광활한 범위에서 서식하고 있다.

프레리들쥐는 다른 들쥐와는 다르게 일부일처의 특성을 갖고 있다. 남성과 여성의 파트너가 평생 한 쌍으로 서로 둥지를 공유하며 함께 육아의 책임을 맡게 된다. 이러한 행동 관계를 pair bond라고 하는데, 프레리들쥐는 서로 파트너 간의 쌍 결합을 갖고 지속적인 삶을 유지해 가는 페어 본딩을 하는 동물이다. 따라서 일반적으로 서로의 파트너가 강한 유대감과 친밀감을 유지하는 행동을 보이게 되므로 일부일처 행동과 사회 접합을 연구하는데 중요한 실험 동물 모델이 된다.

프레리들쥐의 생식 특성을 살펴보면, 짝짓기 기간 동안에는 자신들의 개별적 지역을 차지하여 다른 종의 들쥐들로부터 보호한다. 이 또한 일부일처의 특성을 잘 나타내주는 단적인 예이다. 이들은 소변 및 기타 분비물로부터 자신들의 영토를 표시한다. 대신 짝짓기 계절이 지나면, 다시 다른 종의 들쥐들과 함께 대초원의 서식지를 넓히게 된다.

이러한 페어 본딩의 원인인 생화학적 요인을 살펴보면, 프레리들쥐의 행동학적 요인은 옥시토신과 바소프레신 호르몬과 관련이 있다. 여성 프레리들쥐 뇌의 옥시토신 수용체는 다른 종에 비해 더 많이 분포되어 있음을 확인할 수 있고, 남성 프레리들쥐 뇌의 바소프레신 수용체는 다른 접합 동물 (예: 인간) 과 페어 본딩하지 않는 동물 (예: 침팬지) 에 비해 그 이상의 수용체들이 존재함을 확인할 수 있다.

각주

  1. Microtus ochrogaster. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2009.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2010년 2월 4일에 확인함.
  2. Microtus ochrogaster. 미국 통합 분류학 정보 시스템(Integrated Taxonomic Information System, ITIS).
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프레리들쥐: Brief Summary ( Korea )

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프레리밭쥐 또는 프레리들쥐(Prairie vole)는 mouse와 rat의 중간 정도 크기인 설치류이며, 중앙 북미에서 발견된 작은 들쥐이다. 이 들쥐는 몸의 상단 부분에는 길고 굵은 잿빛의 갈색 털을 가지고 있고, 몸의 아래 부분에는 노란 털을 가지고 있다. 또한, 귀와 꼬리는 매우 짧고 다소 어둡다. 그들은 중앙 미국과 캐나다에서 초원에서 발견되었으며, 자세한 지역은 서쪽에 있는 동부 록키 산맥과 동쪽에 있는 웨스트 버지니아와 북쪽의 캐나다 대초원에 이르기까지 광활한 범위에서 서식하고 있다.

프레리들쥐는 다른 들쥐와는 다르게 일부일처의 특성을 갖고 있다. 남성과 여성의 파트너가 평생 한 쌍으로 서로 둥지를 공유하며 함께 육아의 책임을 맡게 된다. 이러한 행동 관계를 pair bond라고 하는데, 프레리들쥐는 서로 파트너 간의 쌍 결합을 갖고 지속적인 삶을 유지해 가는 페어 본딩을 하는 동물이다. 따라서 일반적으로 서로의 파트너가 강한 유대감과 친밀감을 유지하는 행동을 보이게 되므로 일부일처 행동과 사회 접합을 연구하는데 중요한 실험 동물 모델이 된다.

프레리들쥐의 생식 특성을 살펴보면, 짝짓기 기간 동안에는 자신들의 개별적 지역을 차지하여 다른 종의 들쥐들로부터 보호한다. 이 또한 일부일처의 특성을 잘 나타내주는 단적인 예이다. 이들은 소변 및 기타 분비물로부터 자신들의 영토를 표시한다. 대신 짝짓기 계절이 지나면, 다시 다른 종의 들쥐들과 함께 대초원의 서식지를 넓히게 된다.

이러한 페어 본딩의 원인인 생화학적 요인을 살펴보면, 프레리들쥐의 행동학적 요인은 옥시토신과 바소프레신 호르몬과 관련이 있다. 여성 프레리들쥐 뇌의 옥시토신 수용체는 다른 종에 비해 더 많이 분포되어 있음을 확인할 수 있고, 남성 프레리들쥐 뇌의 바소프레신 수용체는 다른 접합 동물 (예: 인간) 과 페어 본딩하지 않는 동물 (예: 침팬지) 에 비해 그 이상의 수용체들이 존재함을 확인할 수 있다.

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