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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Some dolphins may still be growing after the age of 26. Maximum longevity is unknown even though there are records of animals kept in captivity.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins are top predators in their river ecosystems. Side swimming and a flexible neck allow them to search river bottoms to stir up hiding prey. Their formidable speed and ability to swim in shallow water allows them to chase and herd schools of fish. They feed on a variety of aquatic animals. Their physical appearance demonstrates how well equipped they are to catch fish and crustaceans. They are strictly carnivorous, although some vegetation has been found in their stomachs, most likely as a result of messy foraging in the river bed or left over plant remains inside the fish the dolphins have consumed. Their teeth and long snouts are designed to catch and hold fish. They have been observed shaking prey in their jaws and manipulating it to be swallowed head first so that the scales on the fish do not move against the animals throat. As these dolphins do not use vision as a sensory system to catch prey, they rely on echolocation to find food hidden in the mud and river bottom. Once prey are located, they grab it with their long snouts.

In the Indus river, catfish (Wallago attu, Sperata aor) and carp (Gibelion catla) make up a majority of the Ganges River dolphin's diet. Other fish, such as a gobies (Glossogobius giuris), herring (Setipinna phasa), and freshwater sharks (Heteropneustes fossilis) are frequently taken. In addition to freshwater fish, crustaceans such as prawn (Palaemon and Penaeus) and mollusks, such as Indonia coerulea, are eaten.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins have poor vision. They lack lenses in their eyes, making it impossible for them to resolve images, they are likely to only be able to detect the presence or absence of light. Ganges River dolphins have highly developed sonar systems. They use pulse sounds not whistles to navigate. This allows them to perceive objects, specifically prey, in murky water. Over a 24-hour period there is almost always a constant emission of sound, 87% of these sounds are clicks for echolocation, the remaining sounds are sounds used in communication. There have not been enough studies to determine what the significance is of these communicative sounds.

Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins are among the most endangered of all cetaceans. With rising human populations in Southern Asia, the natural habitat of Ganges River dolphins has been extensively modified and degraded. Agricultural and industrial discharges are polluting the river systems in which these dolphins live and feed. In certain populations, the accumulation of heavy metals and organochlorides is posing serious health risks to the animals. In addition, dangerously high levels of arsenic in the water is a serious health threat to every animal using the water system, including Ganges River dolphins. Human modifications to river systems are also impacting the habitat of the dolphins. Over fifty dams affect populations of Ganges River dolphins, cutting populations off from one another. Dams have caused the gene pools of Ganges River dolphins to shrink, which could pose detrimental effects in future generations. Some engineering efforts are underway to construct channels around dams for aquatic wildlife, including dolphins. Ganges River dolphins are becoming more and more restricted to a smaller range. In Pakistan, a few hundred river dolphins are restricted to roughly 1200 square kilometers of water. Many local peoples regard these dolphins as a source of meat, oil and bait. Hunting has certainly impacted the numbers of dolphins in the Ganges and Indus river systems. Also, Ganges River dolphins are caught and drowned in fishing lines and nets, causing considerable fatalities. Bull sharks that make their way into South Asian river systems are known to attack waders and fishermen and are highly aggressive. Many of these attacks on local peoples are wrongly blamed on Ganges River dolphins. While it is highly unlikely these dolphins would ever attack a human, their similar size and color to bull sharks results in their persecution by local peoples.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( англиски )

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There are no known adverse effects of Platanista gangetica on humans.

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins have historically been important as a source of oil and meat. The oil is used or as an ingredient in traditional medicines. The oil can be used to lure a specific species of catfish. The meat is used as bait to attract fish. However, dolphin meat does not attract fish any more than other fish scraps, so local fishermen must be educated to use other fish scraps due to the endangered status of Ganges River dolphins. Many top predators, including Platanista gangetica, serve as key indicators of water and environmental quality. In recent decades, due to heightened awareness of human impact on these freshwater ecosystems, many researchers are beginning to understand how extreme the pollution and toxin build up in these river systems has become.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; source of medicine or drug

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins are top predators in their river ecosystems. They are important in controlling and maintaining healthy fish and crustacean populations, their primary sources of food. Unfortunately, these river dolphins are experiencing the adverse effects of human environmental impacts and are highly endangered.

While little is known about parasites that use Platanista gangetica as a host, there are reports of Cyclorchis campula, Echinochasumus andersoni, Anisakis simplex, and Contracaecum lobulatum parasitizing these dolphins.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Cyclorchis campula
  • Echinochasumus andersoni
  • Anisakis simplex
  • Contracaecum lobulatum
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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Limited to southern Asia, Platanista gangetica inhabits the Ganges and Indus rivers and the many associated tributaries and connected lakes. This species is restricted to freshwater. There are two subspecies: Platanista gangetica gangetica, found in Eastern India, Nepal and Bangladesh in the Ganges, Meghna, Karnaphuli, Bramaputra, and Hooghly river systems, and Platanista gangetica minor, found in Pakistan in the Indus River system.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Ganges River dolphins occupy freshwater river systems in southern Asia. They inhabit the Ganges and Indus River systems and their many tributaries, streams, and connecting lakes. They are found in tributaries that run through the hills and lowlands in Nepal (roughly 250 meters above sea level) and sometimes in flood plains and areas of rivers with heavy currents. These river dolphins prefer areas that create eddy countercurrents, such as small islands, river bends, and convergent tributaries. Since these animals occupy a vast area of river systems, they can tolerate a wide variance of temperatures; some as cold 8 degrees Celsius to warm waters above 33 degrees Celsius (46.4F to 91.4F). They inhabit depths from 3 to 9 meters and must surface every few minutes for air. In the monsoon season, Ganges River dolphins locally migrate to tributaries and then back to larger river channels in the dry, winter season. They also move along the coast of the Bay of Bengal when monsoons flush freshwater out along the southeastern coast of India.

Range elevation: 0 to 250 m.

Range depth: 0 to 9 m.

Average depth: 3 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Very little is known about the lifespan and longevity of Ganges River dolphins. Few specimens have been observed for the entirety of their lives, but a handful of estimates exist. The oldest male on record lived to be 28 years of age, while the oldest female reached 17.5 years of age. Based on crude estimates, dolphins reaching 18 to 22 years of age may not be uncommon. Few successful efforts have brought Platanista gangetica individuals into captivity for study.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
28 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
18-22 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: wild:
28.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
28.0 years.

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( англиски )

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The two subspecies of Ganges River dolphins are virtually identical in physical appearance. They are readily identified by their elongated snout, which can reach lengths of 20% of total body length. Upon sexual maturity, females develop slightly longer snouts than males. This characteristic is useful in identifying sexually mature individuals. The beak is relatively flat and becomes widest at the tip. They bend slightly upward and can reach a length of 21 cm. On both the top and lower parts of the jaw they have long, sharp teeth, which are visible even when the mouth is closed. On the upper jaw, there are between 26 and 39 teeth on each side and on the lower jaw 26 to 35 teeth on each side. The lower teeth are typically longer than the teeth on the upper jaw. With age, the teeth eventually are worn down and become flat. Unlike other dolphins, Platanista gangetica lack snout hairs.

Well designed for aquatic life, Ganges River dolphins have long flippers that can be up to 18% of total body length. The tail fluke is quite large as well, reaching 46 cm or roughly a quarter of total body length. The dorsal fin resembles a fleshy hump on its back and is usually just a few centimeters in height. They are usually a grey to brown color, but may also have pink bellies and dark grey backs. Dorsal color is generally darker than ventral color.

The skull is highly asymmetrical and has a distinctly steep forehead and a longitudinal ridge. These river dolphins are unique in having long necks with unfused vertebrae. This makes them able to turn their heads from side to side with great flexibility. Ganges River dolphins are sometimes referred to as "blind river dolphins" since their eyes are extremely tiny and lack a lens. These animals are not reliant on vision as a primary sensory system, but the eye is thought to function as a light detector. Slightly larger than the eye and positioned just below it are the external ears. The blowhole is longitudinally positioned, which is unique in comparison to the horizontally positioned blowholes in most other toothed whales. Ganges River dolphins characteristically have several folds of skin that form a wattle. The exact function or purpose of this ornamentation is unknown.

Upon sexual maturity, females tend to be larger than males in overall body size and snout length. Unofficial records have adult females measuring 400 cm, but the average adult rarely exceeds 300 cm in length. At birth, young average 70 cm in length. Typical adult weights are between 51 and 89 kg.

Range mass: 51 to 89 kg.

Range length: 200 to 400 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; ornamentation

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( англиски )

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Other than humans, there are no known natural predators of Ganges River dolphins. Humans have exploited these animals for oil, meat, and as bait for catching catfish. Otherwise, they are typically considered the top predator in their river ecosystems.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Not much is known about mating systems in Ganges River dolphins. Further studies must be done to provide information regarding their mating behavior. They breed year round. Difficulty studying these species can in part be attributed to environmental conditions in their habitat due to the monsoon season. In addition the political and socioeconomic state of the area where these dolphins are found is not conducive to research.

Breeding in Platanista gangetica occurs year round, as does birthing. Most births are from October to March, with a peak in December and January, preceding the beginning of the dry season. Gestation is typically about 10 months but can be from 8 to 12 months. Ganges river dolphins bear a single offspring from 70 to 90 cm long. Weaning can begin as early as 2 months or as late as 12 months, typical time to weaning is at 9 months old. Once offspring have been weaned, they disperse and become independent. Males and females typically reach sexual maturity at 10 years of age, although growth continues into their 20's.

Breeding interval: Breeding interval in Ganges River dolphins are not known.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs at all times of the year, although most breeding occurs from October to March.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.

Range gestation period: 8 to 12 months.

Range weaning age: 2 to 12 months.

Average weaning age: 8 months.

Average time to independence: 12 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
3652 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
3652 days.

The main form of parental care in Platanista gangetica, besides gestation, is provisioning in the form of lactation until weaning. Offspring are weaned no later than 1 year old. Once weaning occurs both male and female offspring disperse. Platanista gangetica are solitary animals so, upon leaving, the offspring is entirely on its own.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Swinton, J. and W. Gomez 2009. "Platanista gangetica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html
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Jonathan Swinton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Whitney Gomez, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology ( англиски )

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Ganges river dolphins are usually solitary creatures (9). The eye lacks a lens and therefore functions solely as a means of detecting the direction of light. In the muddy waters of their habitat, good eyesight is not needed, and echolocation is used to detect food and navigate (5). Individuals tend to swim with one flipper trailing along the substrate (4), and will root around with their beak to disturb and detect the shrimp and fish upon which they feed (5). Births may take place year round but appear to be concentrated between December to January, and March to May (9). After around one year, juveniles are weaned and they reach sexual maturity at about ten years of age (5). During the monsoon, dolphins tend to migrate to tributaries of the main river systems (9). Occasionally, individuals swim along with their beak emerging from the water (7), and they may 'breach', jumping partly or completely clear of the water and landing on the side of the body (7).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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International trade is prohibited by the listing of the Ganges river dolphin on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (2). It is also protected under the Indian Wildlife Act, although these legislations require stricter enforcement (9). Proposed conservation measures include designated dolphin sanctuaries and the creation of additional habitat (9). Further research into the current distribution and abundance of this elusive river-dweller is urgently required in order to implement effective conservation measures (9).
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Description ( англиски )

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The Ganges river dolphin was recognised as a separate species in the 1970s (4), although some controversy remains surrounding its relationship with the Indus river dolphin (P. minor) (9). It has a fairly stocky body with a long beak that thickens at the tip (7); females tend to be larger than males (9). The flippers are large and the dorsal fin is undeveloped, being more of a triangular ridge than a fin (4). The forehead rises steeply and the eyes are very small (4). The skin is a light grey-brown and becomes paler on the belly, often with a tinge of pink (4). The local name 'susu' is said to refer to the noise this dolphin makes when it breathes (7).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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A preference is shown for faster flowing, clear rivers in Nepal, but on the Indian Plains this species prefers slow-moving stretches of the Ganges (4).
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Range ( англиски )

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This species inhabits parts of the Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra river systems in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan (4).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Endangered (EN - A1acd) by the IUCN Red List 2002 (1). Listed on Appendix I of CITES (2) and Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or the Bonn Convention) (6). Also listed under ASCOBANS, under the auspices of the CMS (8).
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Threats ( англиски )

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The Ganges drainage area is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, being home to roughly one tenth of the world's human population, and as such suffers enormous demand for its resources (4). A major threat to the Ganges river dolphin has been the extensive damming of rivers for irrigation and electricity generation, which isolates populations and prevents seasonal migration (5). Other threats include chemical pollution, boat traffic, hunting and human disturbance. This species is hunted for oil, fish bait and food by local people; accidental entanglement in fishing nets also occurs (4).
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Conservation Status : All river dolphins face the serious threat of loss of habitat, and the Ganges River dolphin is no exception. Damming and diversion of rivers, pollution of waters, increasing vessel traffic, overfishing of prey species, accidental catches in fishing gear, and direct hunting for meat and oil all threaten the existence of these animals. There are believed to be several thousand Ganges River dolphins left in the world. IUCN: Vulnerable.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Diagnostic Description ( англиски )

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The Ganges River dolphin, or susu, is a very strange-looking dolphin. The body is robust and soft, with a flexible neck, often characterized by a constriction or crease. The long beak is distinct from the steep forehead, but there is no crease between them. The beak is like a pair of forceps, is laterally compressed, and widens at the tip; it is proportionately longer in females than in males. The blowhole, unlike that of most cetaceans, is a slit that runs along the long axis of the animal's body. There is a shallow ridge on the melon, in front of the blowhole. The eyes are extremely small and are located above the distinctly upturned corners of the mouth. The dorsal fin is a very low and wide-based triangle about two-thirds of the way to the flukes, which are concave along the rear margin. The broad flippers usually have a flat trailing edge, but it is sometimes scalloped. These animals are grey, often with a slightly darker dorsal surface. Some Ganges River dolphins may have a pinkish cast to the belly. The 26 to 39 upper teeth and 26 to 35 lower teeth are curved. The anterior teeth are longer and extend outside of the closed mouth, especially in younger animals, whose teeth have not yet become worn. Can be confused with: Ganges River dolphins can be confused with several other small cetaceans that are found in overlapping areas, mostly near the river mouth. Finless porpoises have no dorsal fin and no beak, lrrawaddy dolphins have no beak, and bottlenose dolphin and hump-backed dolphin are much larger and both have prominent dorsal fins that are very different from the low dorsal fin of the Ganges River dolphin.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size ( англиски )

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Female adults are up to 2.6 m and males 2.2 m in length. They can reach weights of at least 108 kg. Newborns are apparently between 65 and 90 cm.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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As is true for most of the river dolphins, Ganges River dolphins generally live in small groups of less than 10 individuals, and are most often seen alone or in pairs. They are active animals, but they do not often engage in leaps. In captivity, these dolphins appear to spend much of their time swimming on their sides, and they constantly emit echolocation clicks. This is understandable in light of the fact that they normally live in relatively shallow, turbid waters. In fact, Ganges River dolphins are nearly blind, and can probably only detect light levels, and perhaps direction. Calving apparently can occur at any time of the year, but there may be peaks in December to January and March to May. These dolphins feed on several species of fishes, invertebrates, and possibly turtles and birds.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Dofí del Ganges ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El dofí del Ganges (Platanista gangetica) és una espècie de dofí d'aigua dolça que es troba a certes zones de les grans conques fluvials del nord del subcontinent indi, principalment al Ganges i al Brahmaputra, amb una subespècie a una zona molt més reduïda del curs mitjà de l'Indus.

El dofí del Ganges es considera un dels símbols nacionals de l'Índia.[1]

Taxonomia

L'espècie Platanista gangetica fou descrita per Lebeck and Roxburgh l'any 1801. [2] i fins a 1970 el dofí del Ganges i el de l'Indus es consideraven una única espècie.

Durant el darrer quart del segle XX es varen classificar com a dues espècies diferents, arran de petites diferències de l'estructura cranial i a la separació geogràfica.[3] Estudis genètics recents, però, han demostrat que es tracta de dues subespècies: el dofí del Ganges (P. g. gangetica) i el dofí de l'Indus (P. g. minor).

Ecologia

Aquests dofins viuen a les seccions profundes dels cursos mitjans i baixos (en el cas del dofí del Ganges) dels grans rius de l'Índia, Bangladesh, Nepal i Pakistan. Tenen ulls molt menuts i els hi manca el cristal·lí, essent efectivament cecs. Tanmateix, vivint en aigües fangoses, els ulls, que només poden detectar diferències en la intensitat de luminositat, no els hi fan gaire servei a aquests dofins fluvials. La forma principal de detectar preses, així com els perills que s'atansen, és mitjançant l'ecolocalització. Mengen una gran varietat de peixos i crustàcis.

El cos del dofí del Ganges és relativament gruixut en la part central. Són generalment de talla petita i l'exemplar més gran que s'ha trobat feia 199 cm. Tenen un musell llarg i prim que recorda precisament el del gavial o cocodril del Ganges, que viu a la mateixa zona.

A causa de la contaminació i de la pèrdua d'hàbitat totes les poblacions de dofins d'aigua dolça del Subcontinent indi es troben a la Llista Vermella de la UICN d'espècies amenaçades.

Vegeu també

Referències

  1. Dofí del Ganges
  2. Kinze, C.C. «Rehabilitation of Platanista gangetica (Lebeck, 1801) as the valid scientific name of the Ganges dolphin». Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden. «Enllaç»., 74, 2000, pàg. 193–203.
  3. G. Pilleri, G. Marcuzzi i O. Pilleri, Speciation in the Platanistoidea, systematic, zoogeographical and ecological observations on recent species a Investigations on Cetacea, vol. 14, 1982

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Dofí del Ganges Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Dofí del Ganges: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El dofí del Ganges (Platanista gangetica) és una espècie de dofí d'aigua dolça que es troba a certes zones de les grans conques fluvials del nord del subcontinent indi, principalment al Ganges i al Brahmaputra, amb una subespècie a una zona molt més reduïda del curs mitjà de l'Indus.

El dofí del Ganges es considera un dels símbols nacionals de l'Índia.

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Delfínovec ganžský ( чешки )

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Delfínovec ganžský (Platanista gangetica) je jediný druh rodu Platanista z řádu kytovců, tudíž je savec. Pro bližší určení přísluší do čeledi delfínovcovití z podřádu ozubených. Žije v severní Indii ve vodách Brahmaputry, Gangy, Indu a v dolních tocích jejich větších přítoků. Často bývá uváděn pod nesprávným vědeckým jménem (Susu gangetica).

Popis

Je to ozubený kytovec dlouhý 2 až 3 metry, barvy tmavě šedé až černé a váží průměrně 150 kg. Čelisti má dlouhé a velmi úzké a nachází se v nich průměrně 112 až 116 zubů. Delfínovec ganžský je téměř slepý, jeho malé oči nemají vůbec čočky, reaguje pouze na intenzitu světla. Při orientaci a lovu je odkázán výhradně na echolokaci, která v převážně kalných vodách, ve kterých se delfínovec ganžský pohybuje, zrak spolehlivě nahrazuje. Jeho dlouhá čelist (rezonátor a zvukovod) svědčí o výborných orientačních schopnostech.

Žije při říčním dně, kde se živí rybami, korýši a jinými živočichy. Samice je stejného vzhledu jako samec, je březí asi 350 až 360 dní. Rodí převážně vždy jedno mládě, ocasem napřed, mládě musí po narození co nejdříve vyplavat na hladinu a nadechnout se.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Delfínovec ganžský: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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Delfínovec ganžský (Platanista gangetica) je jediný druh rodu Platanista z řádu kytovců, tudíž je savec. Pro bližší určení přísluší do čeledi delfínovcovití z podřádu ozubených. Žije v severní Indii ve vodách Brahmaputry, Gangy, Indu a v dolních tocích jejich větších přítoků. Často bývá uváděn pod nesprávným vědeckým jménem (Susu gangetica).

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Gangesdelfin ( германски )

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Der Gangesdelfin (Platanista gangetica) ist eine sehr seltene Zahnwalart, die in Nordindien und Bangladesch im Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna und Karnaphuli endemisch ist. Die Gesamtpopulation wird auf wenige 100 bis auf einige 1000 Exemplare geschätzt, die heute vor allem im gemeinsamen Delta von Ganges und Brahmaputra sowie im unteren Sangu in Bangladesh leben. Das Verbreitungsgebiet hat sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert stark verkleinert. In Nepal ist die Art fast ausgestorben.

 src=
Dunkelblau die Verbreitung des Gangesdelfin, Hellblau die des Indusdelfin

Merkmale

Der Gangesdelfin wird maximal 2,6 Meter lang und kann ein Gewicht von über 108 kg erreichen. Weibchen sind größer und haben eine längere Schnauze. Das Kopfprofil ist durch die auffällige Melone steil und abgerundet. Auf der Melone findet sich ein länglicher, unebener Kamm, an dessen hinteren Endes das längliche, schlitzartige Blasloch liegt. Die über den Mundwinkeln liegenden Augen sind kaum entwickelt und winzig. Die Schnauze ist abgeflacht, gavialartig lang und sehr schlank. Der vordere, knollenartig verdickte Teil ist mit zahlreichen, länglichen und scharfen Zähnen besetzt, die auch bei geschlossenem Maul sichtbar bleiben. Das Genick der Tiere ist für Wale ungewöhnlich flexibel und beweglich. Der Rücken ist flach und breit. Auf dessen hinterem Abschnitt liegt die flache, dreieckige Finne, die in einem niedrigen Grat endet, der sich bis auf die breite Fluke erstreckt. Die Fluke ist hinten konkav und hat lange, spitze Enden. Die Flipper sind breit und paddelartig. Ihre Hinterkanten sind flach oder gewellt, so dass ein fingerartiger Eindruck entsteht.

Gangesdelfine sind olivgelb, olivbraun, graubraun oder graublau gefärbt. Die Bauchseite ist heller, oft rosig. Jungtiere sind einheitlich grau gefärbt.

Die Tiere ernähren sich von Fischen und Garnelen und können mindestens 28 Jahre alt werden.

Oberflächenverhalten

Der Gangesdelfin lebt in kleinen Gruppen, allein oder paarweise. Er schwimmt normalerweise langsam und springt selten. Sprünge sind jedoch durch das laute Platschen auffällig. Die Fluke ist dabei nur selten sichtbar. Tauchgänge dauern zwischen 30 Sekunden und mehrere Minuten. Gegenüber Menschen ist er scheu.

Fortpflanzung

Weibchen werden mit einer Länge von zwei Meter geschlechtsreif, Männchen bei 1,7 Meter Länge. Die Tragzeit beträgt etwa ein Jahr. Neugeborene sind 65 bis 90 cm lang und wiegen etwa 6,5 kg. Sie nehmen schon im Alter von einem bis zwei Monaten feste Nahrung zu sich, werden aber erst im Alter von fast einem Jahr entwöhnt.

Systematik

Dem Gangesdelfin wurde ursprünglich der Indusdelfin als Unterart zugerechnet, der sich äußerlich nicht vom Gangesdelfin unterscheidet. Heute besteht keine Einigkeit über die Taxonomie: In der Datenbank Mammal Species of the World wird der Gangesdelfin als eigenständige Art geführt, während zum Beispiel er auf der Roten Liste der IUCN und von der Society for Marine Mammalogy unter dem Namen Platanista gangetica gangetica als Unterart von Platanista gangetica geführt wird, welche nach dieser Einteilung auch den Indusdelfin umfasst[1]. Taxonomische Kategorien wie Art und Unterart sind stets eine modellhafte Beschreibung von evolutionären Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen, weswegen es häufiger zu derartigen uneinheitlichen Klassifizierungen kommen kann.

Bedrohung

 src=
Fragmentierung der Population des Gangesdelfins nach Paudel & Koprowski (2020)[2]. Gelb sind Populationen mit

Der Gangesdelfin wird auf der Roten Liste der IUCN als stark gefährdet (endangered) geführt. Eine Schätzung des Gesamtbestandes ist schwierig, einer Schätzung von 2014 zufolge beträgt der Gesamtbestand um 3500 Tiere. Die Populationszahlen sind vermutlich rückläufig, das Verbreitungsgebiet scheint sich ebenfalls zu verkleinern. Die Bedrohungsursachen sind hauptsächlich Veränderung des Habitats durch menschliche Aktivität (wie zum Beispiel Verschmutzung und Veränderung des Wasserstandes), sowie die Zersplitterung, insbesondere durch Staudämme, in kleine Populationen, welche genetisch verarmen und vom Aussterben bedroht bzw. bereits ausgestorben sind (siehe Abbildung). Der Druck durch lokale Fischerei wächst, welche als Konkurrenz um Fischressourcen eine Gefahr darstellt. Es wird aber auch angenommen, dass insbesondere Jungtiere als Beifang enden. Die relativ geringe Reproduktionsrate und späte Geschlechtsreife (im Alter von zwischen 6 und 10 Jahren) erschweren eine schnelle Anpassung an Veränderungen[2].

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Society for Marine Mammalogy. Abgerufen am 18. November 2020 (amerikanisches Englisch).
  2. a b Shambhu Paudel, John L. Koprowski: Factors affecting the persistence of endangered Ganges River dolphins (Platanista gangetica gangetica). In: Ecology and Evolution. Band 10, Nr. 6, 2020, ISSN 2045-7758, S. 3138–3148, doi:10.1002/ece3.6102, PMID 32211183, PMC 7083702 (freier Volltext) – (wiley.com [abgerufen am 18. November 2020]).
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Gangesdelfin: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Gangesdelfin (Platanista gangetica) ist eine sehr seltene Zahnwalart, die in Nordindien und Bangladesch im Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna und Karnaphuli endemisch ist. Die Gesamtpopulation wird auf wenige 100 bis auf einige 1000 Exemplare geschätzt, die heute vor allem im gemeinsamen Delta von Ganges und Brahmaputra sowie im unteren Sangu in Bangladesh leben. Das Verbreitungsgebiet hat sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert stark verkleinert. In Nepal ist die Art fast ausgestorben.

 src= Dunkelblau die Verbreitung des Gangesdelfin, Hellblau die des Indusdelfin
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Lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges ( тагалски )

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Ang lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges o Susu[2] (Platanista gangetica gangetica) ay isang kabahaging uri o sub-espesye ng lumba-lumbang pang-ilog o tubig-tabang na natatagpuan sa Bangladesh, Indiya, Nepal, at Pakistan. Pangunahing matatagpuan ang lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges sa mga kailugan ng Ganges at Brahmaputra at mga tributaryong katubigang nasa Indiya, Bangladesh, at Nepal. Mula mga 1970 hanggang 1998, itinuturing sila bilang isang magkahiwalay na mga uri; ngunit, noong 1998, binago ang kanilang klasipikasyon mula sa dalawalang magkahiwalay na mga uri patungo sa kabahaging uri ng isang nag-iisang mga uri.

Tingnan din

Sanggunian

  1. Smith, B. D. and G. T. Braulik (2008). Platanista gangetica. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hinango noong 14 December 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
  2. "Susu, the blind purpoise ... in the Ganges River, blind porpoise of Asia". The New Book of Knowledge (Ang Bagong Aklat ng Kaalaman), Grolier Incorporated. 1977., pahina 451 [titik A] at pahina 568 [titik S].
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Lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges: Brief Summary ( тагалски )

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Ang lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges o Susu (Platanista gangetica gangetica) ay isang kabahaging uri o sub-espesye ng lumba-lumbang pang-ilog o tubig-tabang na natatagpuan sa Bangladesh, Indiya, Nepal, at Pakistan. Pangunahing matatagpuan ang lumba-lumba ng Ilog ng Ganges sa mga kailugan ng Ganges at Brahmaputra at mga tributaryong katubigang nasa Indiya, Bangladesh, at Nepal. Mula mga 1970 hanggang 1998, itinuturing sila bilang isang magkahiwalay na mga uri; ngunit, noong 1998, binago ang kanilang klasipikasyon mula sa dalawalang magkahiwalay na mga uri patungo sa kabahaging uri ng isang nag-iisang mga uri.

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Platanista gangetica ( тагалски )

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Ang Platanista gangetica ay maaaring tumukoy sa mga sumusunod:

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Ìn-tō͘ Hô hái-ti ( Nan )

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Ìn-tō͘ Hô hái-ti (ha̍k-miâ: Platanista gangetica) sī 1 chéng tiàm Ìn-tō͘ Poàn-tó ê Ganga Hô kap Ìn-tō͘ Hô seⁿ-thoàⁿ ê hô hái-ti.

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गंगा सूँस ( бихарски )

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दक्खिन एशियाई नदी सूँस या गंगा सूँस भारतीय उपमहादीप में नदी में पावल जाए वाला एगो मीठा पानी के सूँस (डॉल्फिन) ह। ई मुख्य रूपसे गंगा आ एकरी सहायक नदिन में पावल जाले। वर्तमान समय में ई बिलुप्त होखे की खतरा से जूझ रहल बाटे।

एकरा महत्व के देख के आ ए के बचाव करे खातिर सरकार एकरा के राष्ट्रीय जल जीव घोषित कइले बाटे।

इहो देखल जाय

संदर्भ

  1. स्मिथ, बी डी; ब्राउलिक जी टी (2012). "Platanista gangetica". आइ यूयू सी एन लाल सूची. आइ यूयूसी एन. 2012: e.T41758A17355810. पहुँचतिथी 30 नवंबर 2015.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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गंगा सूंस (डॉल्फिन) ( хинди )

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 src=
सिंधु नदी डॉल्फिन

गंगा नदी डॉल्फिन (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and सिंधु नदी डॉल्फिन (Platanista gangetica minor) मीठे पानी की डॉल्फिन की दो प्रजातियां हैं। ये भारत, बांग्लादेश, नेपाल तथा पाकिस्तान में पाई जाती हैं। गंगा नदी डॉल्फिन सभी देशों के नदियों के जल, मुख्यतः गंगा नदी में तथा सिंधु नदी डॉल्फिन, पाकिस्तान के सिंधु नदी के जल में पाई जाती है। केंद्र सरकार ने ०५ अक्टूबर २००९ को गंगा डोल्फिन को भारत का राष्ट्रीय जलीय जीव घोषित किया है। गंगा नदी में पाई जाने वाली गंगा डोल्फिन एक नेत्रहीन जलीय जीव है जिसकी घ्राण शक्ति अत्यंत तीव्र होती है। विलुप्त प्राय इस जीव की वर्तमान में भारत में २००० से भी कम संख्या रह गयी है जिसका मुख्य कारण गंगा का बढता प्रदूषण, बांधों का निर्माण एवं शिकार है। इनका शिकार मुख्यतः तेल के लिए किया जाता है जिसे अन्य मछलियों को पकडनें के लिए चारे के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है। एस समय उत्तर प्रदेश के नरोरा और बिहार के पटना साहिब के बहुत थोड़े से क्षेत्र में गंगा डोल्फिन बचीं हैं। बिहार व उत्तर प्रदेश में इसे 'सोंस' जबकि आसामी भाषा में 'शिहू' के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह इकोलोकेशन (प्रतिध्वनि निर्धारण) और सूंघने की अपार क्षमताओं से अपना शिकार और भोजन तलाशती है। यह मांसाहारी जलीय जीव है। यह प्राचीन जीव करीब १० करोड़ साल से भारत में मौजूद है। यह मछली नहीं दरअसल एक स्तनधारी जीव है। मादा के औसत लम्बाई नर डोल्फिन से अधिक होती है। इसकी औसत आयु २८ वर्ष रिकार्ड की गयी है। 'सन ऑफ़ रिवर' कहने वाले डोल्फिन के संरक्षण के लिए सम्राट अशोक ने कई सदी पूर्व कदम उठाये थे। केंद्र सरकार ने १९७२ के भारतीय वन्य जीव संरक्षण कानून के दायरे में भी गंगा डोल्फिन को शामिल लौया था, लेकिन अंततः राष्ट्रीय जलीव जीव घोषित करने से वन्य जी संरक्षण कानून के दायरे में स्वतः आ गया। १९९६ में ही इंटर्नेशनल यूनियन ऑफ़ कंजर्वेशन ऑफ़ नेचर भी इन डॉल्फिनों को तो विलुप्त प्राय जीव घोषित कर चुका था। गंगा में डॉल्फिनों की संख्या में वृद्धि 'मिशन क्लीन गंगा' के प्रमुख आधार स्तम्भ होगा, क्योंकि केन्द्रीय पर्यावरण एवं वन मंत्री जयराम रमेश के अनुसार जिस तरह बाघ जंगल की सेहत का प्रतीक है उसी प्रकार डॉल्फिन गंगा नदी के स्वास्थ्य की निशानी है।

सन्दर्भ

  1. Smith, B. D. and G. T. Braulik (2008). Platanista gangetica. 2008 संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों की IUCN लाल सूची. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 14 दिसम्बर 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered

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गंगा सूंस (डॉल्फिन): Brief Summary ( хинди )

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गंगा नदी डॉल्फिन (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and सिंधु नदी डॉल्फिन (Platanista gangetica minor) मीठे पानी की डॉल्फिन की दो प्रजातियां हैं। ये भारत, बांग्लादेश, नेपाल तथा पाकिस्तान में पाई जाती हैं। गंगा नदी डॉल्फिन सभी देशों के नदियों के जल, मुख्यतः गंगा नदी में तथा सिंधु नदी डॉल्फिन, पाकिस्तान के सिंधु नदी के जल में पाई जाती है। केंद्र सरकार ने ०५ अक्टूबर २००९ को गंगा डोल्फिन को भारत का राष्ट्रीय जलीय जीव घोषित किया है। गंगा नदी में पाई जाने वाली गंगा डोल्फिन एक नेत्रहीन जलीय जीव है जिसकी घ्राण शक्ति अत्यंत तीव्र होती है। विलुप्त प्राय इस जीव की वर्तमान में भारत में २००० से भी कम संख्या रह गयी है जिसका मुख्य कारण गंगा का बढता प्रदूषण, बांधों का निर्माण एवं शिकार है। इनका शिकार मुख्यतः तेल के लिए किया जाता है जिसे अन्य मछलियों को पकडनें के लिए चारे के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है। एस समय उत्तर प्रदेश के नरोरा और बिहार के पटना साहिब के बहुत थोड़े से क्षेत्र में गंगा डोल्फिन बचीं हैं। बिहार व उत्तर प्रदेश में इसे 'सोंस' जबकि आसामी भाषा में 'शिहू' के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह इकोलोकेशन (प्रतिध्वनि निर्धारण) और सूंघने की अपार क्षमताओं से अपना शिकार और भोजन तलाशती है। यह मांसाहारी जलीय जीव है। यह प्राचीन जीव करीब १० करोड़ साल से भारत में मौजूद है। यह मछली नहीं दरअसल एक स्तनधारी जीव है। मादा के औसत लम्बाई नर डोल्फिन से अधिक होती है। इसकी औसत आयु २८ वर्ष रिकार्ड की गयी है। 'सन ऑफ़ रिवर' कहने वाले डोल्फिन के संरक्षण के लिए सम्राट अशोक ने कई सदी पूर्व कदम उठाये थे। केंद्र सरकार ने १९७२ के भारतीय वन्य जीव संरक्षण कानून के दायरे में भी गंगा डोल्फिन को शामिल लौया था, लेकिन अंततः राष्ट्रीय जलीव जीव घोषित करने से वन्य जी संरक्षण कानून के दायरे में स्वतः आ गया। १९९६ में ही इंटर्नेशनल यूनियन ऑफ़ कंजर्वेशन ऑफ़ नेचर भी इन डॉल्फिनों को तो विलुप्त प्राय जीव घोषित कर चुका था। गंगा में डॉल्फिनों की संख्या में वृद्धि 'मिशन क्लीन गंगा' के प्रमुख आधार स्तम्भ होगा, क्योंकि केन्द्रीय पर्यावरण एवं वन मंत्री जयराम रमेश के अनुसार जिस तरह बाघ जंगल की सेहत का प्रतीक है उसी प्रकार डॉल्फिन गंगा नदी के स्वास्थ्य की निशानी है।

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सोंस ( непалски )

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सोंस नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो ।

तस्विर संग्रह

सन्दर्भ सूची

  1. Smith, B.D. & Braulik, G.T. (२०१२), "Platanista gangetica", अन्तरराष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघको रातो सूची संस्करण 2012.2, अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण संघ, अन्तिम पहुँच १८ जनवरी २०१३ Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
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सोंस: Brief Summary ( непалски )

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सोंस नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो ।

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শিহু ( асамски )

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শিহু বা গংগা নদীৰ ডলফিন (ইংৰাজী: Ganges River Dolphin) (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Platanista gangetica gangetica) ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, আৰু নেপালৰ নদীত পোৱা ডলফিনৰ এক প্ৰজাতি। এই ডলফিনৰ প্ৰজাতি সাধাৰণতে গঙ্গা নদী আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ আৰু বাংলাদেশ আৰু নেপালত প্ৰৱাহিত ইহঁতৰ উপনদী সমূহত দেখা যায়। ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ২০০৯ চনৰ ৫ অক্টোবৰত শিহুক জাতীয় জলচৰ প্ৰণী হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিছে।[2]

তদুপৰি ২০১৬ চনত শিহুক অসমৰ গুৱাহাটী মহানগৰীৰ শুভংকৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে।

বৰ্ণনা

শিহু এক প্ৰকাৰৰ নেত্ৰহীন জলচৰ স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী। ইয়াৰ ঘ্ৰাণ শক্তি অতি প্ৰৱল। বিলুপ্ত প্ৰায় এই জীৱৰ ভাৰতত সংখ্যা ২০০০ তকৈয়ো কম। ইয়াৰ বিলুপ্তিৰ মূখ্য কাৰণ হ'ল - গংগা তথা আন নদীৰ প্ৰদূষণ, নদীবান্ধৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰু চিকাৰ। ইহঁতৰ চিকাৰ মূলতঃ তেলৰ বাবে কৰা হয়। আন মাছ ধৰিবলৈ শিহুৰ তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ নৰোৰা আৰু বিহাৰৰ পটনা চাহাব আৰু উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰতৰ কিছু অঞ্চলত হে কেইটামান শিহু বাচি আছে।

শিহুয়ে শব্দৰ প্ৰতিধ্বনিৰ সহায়ত স্থান নিৰুপন আৰু ঘ্ৰাণ শক্তিৰ দ্বাৰা নিজৰ চিকাৰ আৰু খাদ্য বিচাৰে। শিহু সম্পূৰ্ণ মাংসভোজী প্ৰাণী। এই প্ৰাচীন জীৱ ভাৰতত প্ৰায় ১০ কোটি বছৰ আগৰ পৰা আছে। মাইকী শিহু মতাতকৈ আকাৰত দীঘল। শিহুৰ জীৱনকাল প্ৰায় ৩০ বছৰ। শিহুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বহু বছৰ পূৰ্বে সম্ৰাট অশোকে ব্যৱস্থা লৈছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনত আন্তৰ্জাতিক পৰিবেশ সংৰক্ষণ পৰিষদে শিহুক বিলুপ্ত প্ৰায় জীৱ ৰূপে স্বীকৃতি দিছে।

অসমৰ ডিব্ৰু-ছৈখোৱা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত শিহু পোৱা যায়।

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

  1. Smith, B.D.; Braulik, G.T. (2012). "Platanista gangetica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) খণ্ড 2012: e.T41758A17355810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41758A17355810.en। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 13 November 2015.
  2. http://www.ddinews.gov.in/Homepage/Homepage+-+Headlines/DOLPHINS.htm

বহিঃ সংযোগ

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শিহু: Brief Summary ( асамски )

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শিহু বা গংগা নদীৰ ডলফিন (ইংৰাজী: Ganges River Dolphin) (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Platanista gangetica gangetica) ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, আৰু নেপালৰ নদীত পোৱা ডলফিনৰ এক প্ৰজাতি। এই ডলফিনৰ প্ৰজাতি সাধাৰণতে গঙ্গা নদী আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ আৰু বাংলাদেশ আৰু নেপালত প্ৰৱাহিত ইহঁতৰ উপনদী সমূহত দেখা যায়। ভাৰত চৰকাৰে ২০০৯ চনৰ ৫ অক্টোবৰত শিহুক জাতীয় জলচৰ প্ৰণী হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিছে।

তদুপৰি ২০১৬ চনত শিহুক অসমৰ গুৱাহাটী মহানগৰীৰ শুভংকৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে।

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தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில் ( тамилски )

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தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (Platanista gangetica) என்பது நன்னீரில் வாழும் ஓங்கில் இனமாகும். இது இந்தியா, வங்களாதேசம், நேபாளம் மற்றும் பாகிஸ்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளில் பொதுவாக காணப்படுகிறது, இதனை மேலும் இரு கிளை இனங்களாக பிரிக்கலாம், கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (P. g. gangetica) மற்றும் சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (P. g. minor).[2] 1970 முதல் 1998 வரை அவை தனி இனமாக அறியப்பட்டு வந்தாலும், 1998 இல் அவை தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில் இனத்தின் துணையினங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டன. கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் பெரும்பாலும் கங்கை மற்றும் பிரம்மபுத்திரா ஆகிய ஆறுகள் பாய்கின்ற நேபாளம், இந்தியா, பங்களாதேசம் உள்ளிட்ட பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறது, சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கில், பாகிஸ்தானில் பாயும் சிந்து நதி மற்றும் பியாஸ் ஆறு மற்றும் சத்லஜ் ஆறு ஆறுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது. 2009 ஆம் ஆண்டு, கங்கை ஓங்கிலானது இந்தியாவின் தேசிய நீர்வாழ் விலங்காக அங்கீகரிப்பட்டுள்ளது.[3] சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கிலை பாகிஸ்தானிய அரசாங்கம் அதனுடைய தேசிய நீர்வாழ் விலங்காக அங்கீகரித்துள்ளது.[4] மேலும், கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கிலை குவகாத்தி நகரம் அதனுடைய நகர விலங்காக தேர்ந்தெடுத்துள்ளது.[5]

கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் இந்தியா, வங்கதேசம், நேபால் வழி பாயும் கங்கை மற்றும் பிரமபுத்திரா ஆறுகளிலும் அவற்றின் கிளை ஆறுகளிலும் அதிக அளவில் காணப்படுகின்றன. கங்கை ஓங்கில்கள் நன்னீரில் மட்டுமே உயிர் வாழக்கூடியவை. மேலும் அவை பார்வையற்றவை. தன் இரையை வேட்டையாட எதிரொலி இடமாக்கம் முறையை கையாளும். மீயொலியை வெளியிட்டு அவை எதிரொலித்து வருவதைக்கொண்டு எதிரில் உள்ள தடைகள் மற்றும் இரையை அறிந்துகொள்ளும். பொதுவாக தனியாகவோ அல்லது சிறு குழுக்களாகவோ காணப்படும். தாயும் கன்றும் ஒன்றாகவே காணப்படும்.[6]

அச்சுறுத்தல்கள்

மனிதத் தொடர்பு

கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில்களின் வாழ்விடம் உலகின் அதிக மக்கள் தொகை கொண்ட பகுதிகளுள் ஒன்று. ஆற்றில் மீன்கள் அதிகம் உள்ள, நீர் மித வேகத்தில் பாயக்கூடிய பகுதிகளையே அவை விரும்பும். அத்தகைய இடங்களே மனிதர்கள் அதிகம் மீன் பிடிக்க ஏற்றது. இதனால் தவறுதலாக மீன்களுக்கு பதில் வலைகளில் சிக்கி உயிரிழக்கும் ஓங்கில்கள் அதிகம். மேலும் இவை எண்ணெய் மற்றும் இறைச்சிக்காகவும் அதிக அளவில் வேட்டையாடப் படுகின்றன.[6]

சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுப்பாடு

தொழிற்சாலை, விவசாய, மற்றும் மனித மாசு அவற்றின் வாழ்விடம் சீரழிவதற்கு முக்கிய காரணங்களாக அமைகின்றன. ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் 9,000 டன் பூச்சிக்கொல்லிகள் மற்றும் 6 மில்லியன் டன் உரங்கள் ஆறு அருகே பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. அவை ஆற்று நீரை மாசுபடுத்தி அதில் வாழும் பல்வேறு உயிரினங்களின் வாழ்வாதாரத்தை பாதிக்கின்றன. நீர் மாசுப்பாடு நேரடியாக இரை இனங்கள் மற்றும் ஓங்கில்களைக் கொல்ல முடியும், மற்றும் முற்றிலும் அவற்றின் வாழ்விடம் அழிக்கப்படும்.[6]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. Smith, B.D.; Braulik, G.T. (2012). "Platanista gangetica". செம்பட்டியல் (பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம்) 2012: e.T41758A17355810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41758A17355810.en. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41758/0. பார்த்த நாள்: 29 August 2016.
  2. A. Rus Hoelzel. Marine mammal biology: an evolutionary approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. பக். 8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5_G608B-zTwC&pg=PA8&dq=south+asian+river+dolphin#v=onepage&q=south%20asian%20river%20dolphin&f=false. பார்த்த நாள்: 2011-02-10.
  3. "Declaration of Gangetic Dolphin as National Aquatic Animal" (May 10, 2010).
  4. "The Official Web Gateway to Pakistan".
  5. "Gangetic river dolphin to be city animal of Guwahati". The Times of India. 6 June 2016. http://timesofindia.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gangetic-river-dolphin-to-be-city-animal-of-Guwahati/articleshow/52623206.cms.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin
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தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில்: Brief Summary ( тамилски )

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தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (Platanista gangetica) என்பது நன்னீரில் வாழும் ஓங்கில் இனமாகும். இது இந்தியா, வங்களாதேசம், நேபாளம் மற்றும் பாகிஸ்தான் ஆகிய நாடுகளில் பொதுவாக காணப்படுகிறது, இதனை மேலும் இரு கிளை இனங்களாக பிரிக்கலாம், கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (P. g. gangetica) மற்றும் சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (P. g. minor). 1970 முதல் 1998 வரை அவை தனி இனமாக அறியப்பட்டு வந்தாலும், 1998 இல் அவை தென்னாசிய ஆற்று ஓங்கில் இனத்தின் துணையினங்களாக வகைப்படுத்தப்பட்டன. கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் பெரும்பாலும் கங்கை மற்றும் பிரம்மபுத்திரா ஆகிய ஆறுகள் பாய்கின்ற நேபாளம், இந்தியா, பங்களாதேசம் உள்ளிட்ட பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறது, சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கில், பாகிஸ்தானில் பாயும் சிந்து நதி மற்றும் பியாஸ் ஆறு மற்றும் சத்லஜ் ஆறு ஆறுகளில் காணப்படுகிறது. 2009 ஆம் ஆண்டு, கங்கை ஓங்கிலானது இந்தியாவின் தேசிய நீர்வாழ் விலங்காக அங்கீகரிப்பட்டுள்ளது. சிந்து ஆற்று ஓங்கிலை பாகிஸ்தானிய அரசாங்கம் அதனுடைய தேசிய நீர்வாழ் விலங்காக அங்கீகரித்துள்ளது. மேலும், கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கிலை குவகாத்தி நகரம் அதனுடைய நகர விலங்காக தேர்ந்தெடுத்துள்ளது.

கங்கை ஆற்று ஓங்கில் இந்தியா, வங்கதேசம், நேபால் வழி பாயும் கங்கை மற்றும் பிரமபுத்திரா ஆறுகளிலும் அவற்றின் கிளை ஆறுகளிலும் அதிக அளவில் காணப்படுகின்றன. கங்கை ஓங்கில்கள் நன்னீரில் மட்டுமே உயிர் வாழக்கூடியவை. மேலும் அவை பார்வையற்றவை. தன் இரையை வேட்டையாட எதிரொலி இடமாக்கம் முறையை கையாளும். மீயொலியை வெளியிட்டு அவை எதிரொலித்து வருவதைக்கொண்டு எதிரில் உள்ள தடைகள் மற்றும் இரையை அறிந்துகொள்ளும். பொதுவாக தனியாகவோ அல்லது சிறு குழுக்களாகவோ காணப்படும். தாயும் கன்றும் ஒன்றாகவே காணப்படும்.

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గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ ( телушки )

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Indus River Dolphin

గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ (లాటిన్ Platanista gangetica) ఒక రకమైన నదీ జలాలలో జీవించే డాల్ఫిన్. ఈ నదీ డాల్ఫిన్లు ఎక్కువగా బంగ్లాదేశ్, భారతదేశం, నేపాల్, పాకిస్థాన్ దేశాలలో విస్తరించింది. ఈ గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ ప్రాథమికంగా గంగా, బ్రహ్మపుత్ర నదులు, వాటి ఉపనదులలో కనిపిస్తాయి. ఇవి, సింధు నది డాల్ఫిన్లు 1970 నుండి 1998 మధ్యలో రెండు వేర్వేరు జాతులుగా పరిగణించారు; అయితే 1998 నుండి ఈ రెండింటిని రెండు వేర్వేరు ఉపజాతులుగా భావిస్తున్నారు.

ఇతర పేర్లు

గంగా డాల్ఫిన్, గంగా శుశు, శుశుక్

వర్గీకరణ

లెబెక్, రాక్స్ బర్గ్ అనే ఇద్దరు పరిశోధకులు 1801 సంవత్సరంలో రెండు గంగా నదీ డాల్పిన్ల జాతులను గుర్తించారు.[1] 1970 వరకు సింధు, గంగా నది డాల్పిన్లను ఒకే జాతికి చెందినవిగా భావించారు. ఇవి రెండు సమూహాలు భౌగోళికంగా వేర్వేరుగా ఉండి కొన్ని వందల సంవత్సరాలగా జతకట్టలేదు. కపాల నిర్మాణం, వెన్నుపూసలు, కొవ్వు పదార్ధాల ఆధారంగా ఇవి రెండూ వేర్వేరు జాతులుగా 1970 లో గుర్తించారు.[2] 1998లో జరిపిన పరిశోధనల ఫలితంగా వీటిని తిరిగి ఒకే జాతికి చెందిన రెండు ఉపజాతులుగా గుర్తించారు. ఏది నిజమన్నది ఆధునిక మోలిక్యులర్ బయాలజీ టెక్నాలజీ సాయంగా తేల్చాల్సి ఉంది. అయితే అంతవరకు వీటిని రెండు ఉపజాతులుగా గుర్తించడం మంచిది; ప్రజాతి ప్లాటానిస్టాలో ఇండస్ నది డాల్ఫిన్ (Platanista gangetica minor), గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ (Platanista gangetica gangetica).[3]

శరీర నిర్మాణం

గంగా నది, సింధు నది డాల్ఫిన్లు రెండు ఒకే విధమైన నిర్మాణం కలిగివుంటాయి. అన్ని నదీ డాల్ఫిన్ల మాదిరిగా ఇవి పొడవుగా మొనదేలిన ముక్కు వుంటుంది. వీని పై, క్రింది దవడ పళ్ళు నోరు మూసినా కూడా కనిపిస్తాయి. ఇవి పిల్లలలో సుమారు ఒక అంగుళం పొడవుగా, సన్నని వంపు తిరిగి ఉంటాయి. పెరిగిన డాల్ఫిన్లలో ఇవి చదరంగా, చదును బిళ్ళలుగా ఉంటాయి. ఈ జాతి జీవులకు శుక్లం ఉండక పోవడం వలన ఇవి అంధత్వంతో జీవిస్తాయి. అయినా కొంతవరకు కాంతిని గుర్తించగలుగుతాయి. వేట, ప్రయాణమంతా ఎకోలోకేషన్ తోనే సాగిస్తాయి. శరీరం గోధుమ రంగులో ఉండి మధ్యన లావుగా ఉంటుంది. వీనికి పృష్టభాగంలోdorsal fin స్థానంలో త్రికోణాకరపు చిన్న బుడిపె ఉంటుంది. ఫ్లిప్పర్లు, తోక సన్నగా పెద్దవిగా మగజీవులలో సుమారు 2-2.2 మీటర్లు, ఆడజీవులలో 2.4-2.6 మీటర్లు ఉంటాయి. అత్యధిక కాలం అంటే 28 సంవత్సరాలు జీవించిన మగజీవి 199 సెంటీమీటర్లు పొడవున్నట్లు రికార్డు చేయబడింది.[4] పరిణతి చెందిన ఆడజీవులు మగజీవుల కంటే పెద్దవిగా ఉంటాయి. Sexual dimorphism ఆడజీవులలో సుమారు 150 సెం.మీ. పెరిగిన తర్వాత జరుగుతుంది; ఆడజీవులలో rostrum మగజీవులవలె ఆగకుండా పెరిగి సుమారు 20 సెం.మీ. పొడవు పెరుగుతుంది. పిల్లల్ని జనవరి, మే మధ్యన కంటాయి. ఇవి కొద్ది నెలల కంటే తల్లితో ఉండవు. గర్భావధి కాలం సుమారు 9-10 నెలలుంటుంది.

ఈ జాతి జీవులు కార్ప్, మర్పు వంటి చేపలు, రొయ్యలు తింటాయి. డాల్ఫిన్లు వేరువేరుగా ఉంటాయి, పెద్ద పెద్ద సమూహాలను ఏర్పరచవు.

మానవుల ప్రభావం

 src=
గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్
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మకర వాహనంపై గంగా మాత చిత్రపటం.

భారతదేశంలోని నదుల ఉపయోగం వలన ఈ రెండు రకాల జీవజాతులను తీవ్రంగా బాధించాయి. చేపల వలల్లో ఇరుక్కుని కొన్ని మరణించాయి. కొన్నింటిని వీటి నుండి లభించే నూనె, మాంసం కోసం చంపుతున్నారు. వీటిని పిల్లిచేపలకు ఆహారంగా వాడతారు. వ్యవసాయం మూలంగా నీటి లోతు తగ్గిపోయింది. వ్యవసాయ, పారిశ్రామిక కాలుష్యాలు నీటి నాణ్యతను తగ్గించి వీటి నాశనానికి దారితీశాయి. వీటన్నింటికంటే ముఖ్యమైనది నదులపై నిర్మించిన 50 పైగా బహుళార్ధక ప్రాజెక్టులు; వాటి మూలంగా డాల్ఫిన్ ల బ్రీడింగా తగ్గిపోయి వాటి వృద్ధి మందగించింది. ప్రస్తుతం మూడు సింధు నది డాల్ఫిన్ జీవసమూహాలు మాత్రమే మిగిలాయి వీటిని రక్షించుకొంటే మంచిది.[5]

రెండు ఉపజాతులు కూడా IUCN అంతరించిపోతున్న జీవుల జాబితా Red List of Threatened Speciesలో చేర్చబడ్డాయి.[6]

గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ లకు ప్రస్తుత ప్రమాదం జాతీయ చంబల్ సంరక్షణాలయంలో తగ్గిపోతున్న లోతు, ఇసుక మేట మూలంగా నీటి ప్రవాహం తగ్గడం.[7]

మూలాలు

  1. Kinze, C.C., 2000. Rehabilitation of Platanista gangetica (Lebeck, 1801) as the valid scientific name of the Ganges dolphin. Zool. Med. Leiden, 74: 193-203.
  2. Pilleri, G., Marcuzzi, G. and Pilleri, O., 1982. Speciation in the Platanistoidea, systematic, zoogeographical and ecological observations on recent species. Investigations on Cetacea, 14: 15-46.
  3. Rice, DW (1998). Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy. ISBN 978-1891276033.
  4. Kasuya, T., 1972. Some information on the growth of the Ganges dolphin with a comment on the Indus dolphin. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 24: 87-108.
  5. Braulik, G.T., 2006. Status assessment of the Indus River dolphin, Platanista gangetica minor, March-April 2001. Biological Conservation, 129: 579-590.
  6. Smith, BD (2004). "2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Platanista gangetica". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 2007-03-30. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Cite web requires |website= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  7. Singh, L. A. K. and Sharma, R. K. (1985): Gangetic dolphin, Platanista gangetica: Observations on habits and distribution pattern in National Chambal Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 82(3), December 1985: 648-653, 2 figs. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025220659/http://www.geocities.com/laksingh33/ch_dol.PDF

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గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్: Brief Summary ( телушки )

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గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ (లాటిన్ Platanista gangetica) ఒక రకమైన నదీ జలాలలో జీవించే డాల్ఫిన్. ఈ నదీ డాల్ఫిన్లు ఎక్కువగా బంగ్లాదేశ్, భారతదేశం, నేపాల్, పాకిస్థాన్ దేశాలలో విస్తరించింది. ఈ గంగా నది డాల్ఫిన్ ప్రాథమికంగా గంగా, బ్రహ్మపుత్ర నదులు, వాటి ఉపనదులలో కనిపిస్తాయి. ఇవి, సింధు నది డాల్ఫిన్లు 1970 నుండి 1998 మధ్యలో రెండు వేర్వేరు జాతులుగా పరిగణించారు; అయితే 1998 నుండి ఈ రెండింటిని రెండు వేర్వేరు ఉపజాతులుగా భావిస్తున్నారు.

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गङ्गानद्याः डोल्फिन ( санскрит )

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गङ्गानद्याः डोल्फिन: Brief Summary ( санскрит )

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Ganges river dolphin ( англиски )

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The Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a species of toothed whale classified in the family Platanistidae. It lives in the Ganges and related rivers of South Asia, namely in the countries of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.[4] It is related to the much smaller Indus river dolphin which lives in the Indus River in Pakistan and the Beas River of northwestern India.[5]

It is also known by the name susu (popular name) or "Sisu" (Assamese language) and shushuk (Bengali).[6] The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the Government of India as its National Aquatic Animal[7] and is the official animal of the Indian city of Guwahati.[8] Its first occurrence, within the Hooghly River, was documented by William Roxburgh.[9]

Ganges river dolphin skeleton specimen exhibited in Museo di storia naturale e del territorio dell'Università di Pisa

Taxonomy

The Ganges river dolphin split from the Indus river dolphin during the Pleistocene, around 550,000 years ago.[1] The earliest fossil identified as belonging to the species is only 12,000 years old.[10]

The Ganges river dolphin was formally classified as Delphinus gangeticus two separate times in 1801, by Heinrich Julius Lebeck[11] and William Roxburgh. They both likely used the type specimen, caught near Calcutta in late 1797 and sent to the Hunterian Museum in London. It may have been destroyed during World War II, but castings were previously made of the rostrum and parts of the lower jaw, which survive at the Natural History Museum.[12] Whether Lebeck or Roxburgh should be given credit has been debated over the centuries, but research by Kinze (2000) found that Lebeck's description was published on the 24 August while Roxburgh's was likely published no earlier than September, thus giving Lebeck the priority.[12][13] Elisha Gray coined the species name Platanista gangetica in 1835.[12]

This species and the Indus river dolphin, were initially classified as a single species, Platanista gangetica, but in the 1970s both were split into distinct species. However, in the 1990s, both species were again grouped as a single species. However, more recent studies of genes, divergence time, and skull structure support both being distinct species.[14][12]

Etymology

The species has multiple common names throughout its range. It is known as susu as a popular name; soons, soans, or soos in Hindi; shushuk in Bengali; hiho or hihu in Assamese; bhagirath (as a reference to the character of the same name from Hindu mythology); and shus or suongsu in Nepali. Its Sanskrit name in medieval times was likely shishumar, and during the Mughal era, it was known as pani suar.[12]

In Sundarbans, Bangladesh

Distribution

It lives along the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of Bangladesh and India, and the Sapta Koshi and Karnali Rivers in Nepal.[15][16] The Ganges river dolphin favours deep pools, eddy countercurrents located downstream of the convergence of rivers and of sharp meanders, and upstream and downstream of midchannel islands.[16][17]

Description

The Ganges river dolphin has a rectangular, ridgelike dorsal fin and females tend to be larger than males.[18] Ganges river dolphins usually are tan, chocolate brown, dark grey or light blue. They have an elongated, slender snout with sharp and very pointed teeth, similar to most river dolphins. The river dolphin has a rounded belly which, combined with their rectangular dorsal fin, makes them look particularly stocky in build compared to other dolphins. Their flippers and tail flukes are large and broad.[19] They have a large melon head used for echolocation, because they cannot see well. Their eyes are usually small due to the cloudy water.[18] Ganges river dolphins are usually 2.2-2.6 meters long (7–8 ft). The oldest recorded animal was a 28-year-old male, 199 cm in length, although they are estimated to live up to 30 years old.[19][20]

Behavior

The Ganges river dolphins usually swim alone or in pairs and are not known to do acrobatic maneuvers near boats.[18] Little is known about their behavior because they are usually shy around boats and are hard to observe.[18] They are known to breach; however this is rare.[18]

Vocalization

This species shows object-avoidance behavior in both the consistently heavily murky waters of its habitat and in clear water in captivity, suggesting it is capable of using echolocation effectively to navigate and forage for prey.[21] Information is limited on how extensively vocalization is used between individuals. It is capable of performing whistles, but rarely does so, suggesting that the whistle is a spontaneous sound and not a form of communication. The Ganges river dolphin most typically makes echolocation sounds such as clicks, bursts, and twitters.[22] Produced pulse trains are similar in wave form and frequency to the echolocation patterns of the Amazon river dolphin. Both species regularly produce frequencies lower than 15 kHz and the maximum frequency is thought to fall between 15 and 60 kHz.[21]

Echolocation is also used for population counts by using acoustic surveying. This method is still being developed and is not heavily used due to cost and technical skill requirement.[23] Given the dolphin's blindness, it produces an ultrasonic sound that is echoed off other fish and water species, allowing it to identify prey.[24]

Reproduction

The dolphin does not have a specific mating season. When a calf is born, 8–12 months after conception, it will stay with its mother for one year.[25]

Diet

Ganges river dolphins use echolocation to find food. They eat crustaceans such as prawns and fish including carp, mahseer, and even sharks such as the Ganges shark (Glyphis gangeticus). They may also take birds and turtles.[25]

Gangetic dolphin, 1894 book illustration

Human interaction

Ganga on a makara by Kalighat (1875)

The Ganges River dolphin has been listed as endangered under the IUCN Red List since 1996. Human activity has played a large role in the reduction of both their native range and population size. The Ganges river dolphin and other freshwater dolphin species have faced declines in population from stressors such as noise pollution, ship traffic, and fishery bycatch. Anthropogenic activity like dam construction and hydroelectric power plants also contribute to their endangered status.[26] They are also endangered due to pollution and overfishing for oil.[4][2] Entanglement in fishing nets as bycatch can cause significant damage to local populations, and individuals are taken each year by hunters; their oil and meat are used as a liniment, as an aphrodisiac, and as bait for catfish. Poisoning of the water supply from industrial and agricultural chemicals may also have been a contributing factor towards population decline, as these chemicals are biomagnified in the bodies of the dolphins.[27] An immediate danger for the species in National Chambal Sanctuary is the decrease in river depth and appearance of sand bars dividing the river course into smaller segments, as irrigation has lowered water levels throughout their range.[28]

Mythology and folklore

The Ganges dolphin is associated with Ganga and is occasionally the depiction of her vahana, the makara.[29]

Conservation

A 2017 population assessment estimated that less than 3,500 individuals of Platanista gangetica exist throughout the species' range. The underlying surveys are temporally patchy and believed to contain uncertainty.

The Ministry of Environment and Forest declared the Gangetic dolphin the national aquatic animal of India. A stretch of the Ganges River between Sultanganj and Kahlgaon in Bihar has been declared a dolphin sanctuary and named Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, the first such protected area.

The Uttar Pradesh government in India is propagating ancient Hindu texts in hopes of raising the community support to save the dolphins from disappearing. One of the lines being versed from Valimiki's Ramayana, highlighted the force by which the Ganges emerged from Shiva's locks and along with this force came many species such as animals, fish, and the Shishumaar—the dolphin.[30]

On 31 December 2020, a dead adult dolphin was found at the Sharda canal in the Pratapgarh district in India. A video circulated on social media showing a dozen men beating the dolphin with sticks and an ax. On 7 January 2021, three people were arrested.[31]

The species is protected from international trade by its listing in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This makes commercial international trade prohibited.[3]

Bangladesh has established six sanctuaries in the Sundarbans.[32]

Nonhuman personhood

On 20 May 2013, India's Ministry of Environment and Forests declared dolphins ‘nonhuman persons’ and as such has forbidden their captivity for entertainment purposes; keeping dolphins in captivity must satisfy certain legal prerequisites.[33]

Project Dolphin

On the occasion of the 74th Independence Day, 15 August 2020, the Indian Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change announced 'Project Dolphin' to boost conservation of both river and oceanic dolphins.[34]

References

  1. ^ a b "Fossilworks: Platanista gangetica".
  2. ^ a b Kelkar, N.; Smith, B.D.; Alom, M.Z.; Dey, S.; Paudel, S.; Braulik, G.T. (2022). "Platanista gangetica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T41756A50383346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41756A50383346.en. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b WWF. "WFF Ganges river Dolphin". WFF Conservation.
  5. ^ "Signs of hope as population of endangered Indus River dolphin jumps in Pakistan". WWF. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
  6. ^ "Susu, the blind purpoise ... in the Ganges River, blind porpoise of Asia". The New Book of Knowledge, Grolier Incorporated. 1977., page 451 [letter A] and page 568 [letter S].
  7. ^ "Declaration of Gangetic Dolphin as National Aquatic Animal" (PDF). Government of India – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  8. ^ "Gangetic river dolphin to be city animal of Guwahati". The Times of India. 6 June 2016.
  9. ^ Sinha K., Ravindra (2014). "Ganges River Dolphin: An Overview of Biology, Ecology, and Conservation Status in India". Journal of Biology. 43 (8): 1029–1046. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0534-7. PMC 4235892. PMID 24924188.
  10. ^ "Fossilworks: Platanista gangetica". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  11. ^ Lebeck, H. J. (1801). "Delphinus gangeticus beschrieben vom Herrn Heinrich Julius Lebeck zu Trankenbar". Neue SCHR. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. 3: 280–282.
  12. ^ a b c d e Braulik, G. T.; Archer, F. I.; Khan, U.; Imran, M.; Sinha, R. K.; Jefferson, T. A.; Donovan, C.; Graves, J. A. (2021). "Taxonomic revision of the South Asian River dolphins (Platanista): Indus and Ganges River dolphins are separate species". Marine Mammal Science. 37 (3): 1022–1059. doi:10.1111/mms.12801.
  13. ^ Kinze, C. C. (2000). "Rehabilitation of Platanista gangetica (Lebeck, 1801) as the valid scientific name of the Ganges dolphin". Zoologische Mededelingen. 74 (11): 193–203. ISSN 0024-0672.
  14. ^ "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
  15. ^ "South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)". EDGE. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  16. ^ a b Paudel, S.; Pal, P.; Cove, M.V.; Jnawali, S.R.; Abel, G.; Koprowski, J.L.; Ranabhat, R. (2015). "The Endangered Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica in Nepal: abundance, habitat and conservation threats". Endangered Species Research. 29 (1): 59–68. doi:10.3354/esr00702.
  17. ^ "Ganges River dolphin". WWF. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d e "South Asian river dolphin". Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  19. ^ a b "South Asian River Dolphin". Whale and Dolphin Conservation. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  20. ^ Kasuya, T. (1972). "Some information on the growth of the Ganges dolphin with a comment on the Indus dolphin" (PDF). Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 24: 87–108.
  21. ^ a b Herald, Earl S.; Brownell, Robert L.; Frye, Fredric L.; Morris, Elkan J.; Evans, William E.; Scott, Alan B. (1969). "Blind River Dolphin: First Side-Swimming Cetacean". Science. 166 (3911): 1408–1410. Bibcode:1969Sci...166.1408H. doi:10.1126/science.166.3911.1408. JSTOR 1727285. PMID 5350341. S2CID 5670792.
  22. ^ Mizue, Kazuhiro; Takemura, Akira; Nishiwaki, Masaharu (1971). "The Underwater Sound of Ganges River Dolphins (Platanista gangetica)" (PDF). The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute. 23: 123–128 – via ICR.
  23. ^ Richman, Nadia I.; Gibbons, James M.; Turvey, Samuel T.; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Ahmed, Benazir; Mahabub, Emile; Smith, Brian D.; Jones, Julia P. G. (7 May 2014). "To See or Not to See: Investigating Detectability of Ganges River Dolphins Using a Combined Visual-Acoustic Survey". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e96811. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996811R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096811. PMC 4013050. PMID 24805782.
  24. ^ Koshy, Jacob (2016-09-01). "It is pollution that made Gangetic dolphins 'blind', says Uma Bharti". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  25. ^ a b "Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica)". Dolphins-World. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  26. ^ Sinha, Ravindra K. (2014). "Ganges River Dolphin: An Overview of Biology, Ecology, and Conservation Status in India". Ambio. 43 (8): 1029–1046. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0534-7. PMC 4235892. PMID 24924188.
  27. ^ Kannan, Kurunthachalam (1997). "Sources and Accumulation of Butyltin Compounds in Ganges River Dolphin, Platanista gangetica". Applied Organometallic Chemistry. 11 (3): 223–230. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199703)11:3<223::AID-AOC543>3.0.CO;2-U. S2CID 59579188.
  28. ^ Singh, L.A.K. & R.K. Sharma (1985). "Gangetic dolphin, Platanista gangetica: Observations on habits and distribution pattern in National Chambal Sanctuary" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay Natural History Society. 82: 648–653. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2009.
  29. ^ Singh, Vijay (1994). The River Goddess. London. ISBN 978-1-85103-195-5.
  30. ^ "How Hinduism Continues to Save Dolphins in India". The Chakra News. 29 November 2010.
  31. ^ Pratap, Rishabh Madhavendra; Fox, Kara (9 January 2021). "Three arrested after endangered Ganges River dolphin beaten to death in India". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  32. ^ Abu Siddique (26 January 2023). "Banned but abundant, gillnets pose main threat to Bangladesh's river dolphins". Mongabay. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
  33. ^ Gautama, Madhulika (16 June 2014). "Dolphins get their due". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  34. ^ Prime Minister's Office (2020). "The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed the Nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on the 74th Independence Day". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

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Ganges river dolphin: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a species of toothed whale classified in the family Platanistidae. It lives in the Ganges and related rivers of South Asia, namely in the countries of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It is related to the much smaller Indus river dolphin which lives in the Indus River in Pakistan and the Beas River of northwestern India.

It is also known by the name susu (popular name) or "Sisu" (Assamese language) and shushuk (Bengali). The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the Government of India as its National Aquatic Animal and is the official animal of the Indian city of Guwahati. Its first occurrence, within the Hooghly River, was documented by William Roxburgh.

Ganges river dolphin skeleton specimen exhibited in Museo di storia naturale e del territorio dell'Università di Pisa
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Hindia riverdelfeno ( есперанто )

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La Hindia riverdelfenosuzuo ganga (Platanista gangeticaSusu gangetica) estas endanĝerita nesalakva aŭ riverdelfeno kiu troviĝas en la regiono de Suda Azio, kiu povas esti disigita en du subspecioj, nome Ganga riverdelfeno (P. g. gangetica) (~3,500 individuoj) kaj la Indusa riverdelfeno (P. g. minor) (~1,500 individuoj). La Ganga riverdelfeno estas ĉefe trovebla en la riveroj Gango kaj Brahmaputro kaj iliaj alfluantoj en Bangladeŝo, Barato kaj Nepalo, dum la Indusa riverdelfeno troviĝas nur en la ĉefa kanalo de la Indus-rivero en Pakistano kaj fluantaj kanaloj konektitaj inter la akvobaraĝoj Ĝinnah kaj Kotri. El la 1970-aj jaroj ĝis 1998, ili estis konsideritaj kiel apartaj specioj; tamen, en 1998, ties klasigo estis ŝanĝita el du apartaj specioj al subspecioj de unusola specio. La Ganga riverdelfeno estis agnoskita de la registaro de Barato kiel Nacia Akvanimalo[1] kaj estas la oficiala animalo de la urbo Guvahati, Barato.[2] La Indusa riverdelfeno estis deklarita kiel la Nacia Mamulo de Pakistano.[3]

Notoj

  1. "Declaration of Gangetic Dolphin as National Aquatic Animal" (PDF). Government of India - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 10a de Majo 2010. Alirita la 13an de Novembro 2018.
  2. "Gangetic river dolphin to be city animal of Guwahati". The Times of India. 6a de Junio 2016. Alirita la 13an de Novembro 2018.
  3. "The Official Web Gateway to Pakistan". www.pakistan.gov.pk. Arkivita el la originalo en la 28a de Novembro 2016. Alirita la 13an de Novembro 2018.
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Hindia riverdelfeno: Brief Summary ( есперанто )

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La Hindia riverdelfeno aŭ suzuo ganga (Platanista gangetica aŭ Susu gangetica) estas endanĝerita nesalakva aŭ riverdelfeno kiu troviĝas en la regiono de Suda Azio, kiu povas esti disigita en du subspecioj, nome Ganga riverdelfeno (P. g. gangetica) (~3,500 individuoj) kaj la Indusa riverdelfeno (P. g. minor) (~1,500 individuoj). La Ganga riverdelfeno estas ĉefe trovebla en la riveroj Gango kaj Brahmaputro kaj iliaj alfluantoj en Bangladeŝo, Barato kaj Nepalo, dum la Indusa riverdelfeno troviĝas nur en la ĉefa kanalo de la Indus-rivero en Pakistano kaj fluantaj kanaloj konektitaj inter la akvobaraĝoj Ĝinnah kaj Kotri. El la 1970-aj jaroj ĝis 1998, ili estis konsideritaj kiel apartaj specioj; tamen, en 1998, ties klasigo estis ŝanĝita el du apartaj specioj al subspecioj de unusola specio. La Ganga riverdelfeno estis agnoskita de la registaro de Barato kiel Nacia Akvanimalo kaj estas la oficiala animalo de la urbo Guvahati, Barato. La Indusa riverdelfeno estis deklarita kiel la Nacia Mamulo de Pakistano.

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Platanista gangetica ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El delfín del Ganges (Platanista gangetica), también conocido como delfín gangécico (localmente shushuk), es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Platanistidae. Es un delfín de río (de agua dulce) presente en Bangladés, India y Nepal. El delfín del Ganges se halla principalmente en los ríos Ganges y Brahmaputra, y sus tributarios.

Descripción

Tienen un morro largo y puntiagudo, característica de todos los delfines de río. Los dientes son visibles en ambas mandíbulas, aún con la boca cerrada; y en los ejemplares jóvenes son de 25 mm de largo, finos y curvos, con la edad se producen considerables cambios y en los adultos maduros se convierten en discos cuadrados, chatos. La trompa los oculta en su extremo final.

La especie carece de cristalinos de ojos, siendo efectivamente ciegos, ya que la visión no les sirve de mucho en las turbias aguas; aunque son capaces de distinguir intensidad y dirección de la luz. La navegación y la caza se llevan a cabo por ecolocalización. Su cuerpo es castaño y fuerte en su medio. Tiene una sola y pequeña aleta triangular en el lugar de una aleta dorsal. Las aletas y la cola son finas y grandes en relación con el tamaño corporal, de cerca de 2-2,2 m en machos y de 2,4-2,6 m en hembras. El animal registrado más viejo fue un macho de 28 años de 2 m de longitud.[2]

Los adultos hembras maduros son más grandes que los machos. El dimorfismo sexual se expresa después de alcanzar las hembras cerca de 150 cm, el rostrum de las hembras continua creciendo luego que el de los machos se detiene, llegando a ser aproximadamente 20 cm mayor. Los partos se producen entre enero y mayo, y la crías aparentemente permanecen con su madre no más de pocos meses. La gestación dura aproximadamente 9-10 meses.

Se alimentan de una variedad de camarones y de peces, incluyendo carpas y pez gato. Estos delfines se encuentran solos o en bajas agregaciones, no forman grupos interactivos.

Población y distribución

Habita en los ríos Ganges, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Karnaphuli, Sangu, sistemas ribereños de India, Bangladés, Nepal, Bután. Relativamente alta densidad poblacional se observan cerca del Santuario del delfín gangético Vikramshila en India y en el río Sangu en el sur de Bangladés. Muy pocos ejemplares (quizás 20) se presentan en Nepal, en el río Karnali. La población total es desconocida, pero ciertamente el número es superior a 100 e inferior a pocos miles.

El río Chambal originario en el oeste de la India se une al Ganges cerca de Prayagraj. Este río tiene la población de delfín que permanece oculta a la literatura científica. Singh & Sharma (1985)[3]​ estimaron la presencia de al menos 45 delfines entre Batesura (305 km aguas arriba de la confluencia del Yamuna-Chambal) y Pachhnada (total de 320 km) en el río Chambal (tributario sudoeste del sistema gangético) entre 1983-1985 (fig.1). Eso es una densidad observada de un adulto/6,5 km de río.

Referencias

  1. Smith, B.D. y Braulik, G.T. (IUCN SSC Cetacean Specialist Group) (2008). «Platanista gangetica». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de agosto de 2010.
  2. Kasuya, T., 1972. Some informations on the growth of the Ganges dolphin with a comment on the Indus dolphin. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 24: 87-108.
  3. Singh, L. A. K. y Sharma, R. K. (1985): Gangetic dolphin, Platanista gangetica: Observations on habits and distribution pattern in National Chambal Sanctuary. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 82(3), Dic. 1985: 648-653, 2 figs. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025220659/http://www.geocities.com/laksingh33/ch_dol.PDF

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Platanista gangetica: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El delfín del Ganges (Platanista gangetica), también conocido como delfín gangécico (localmente shushuk), es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Platanistidae. Es un delfín de río (de agua dulce) presente en Bangladés, India y Nepal. El delfín del Ganges se halla principalmente en los ríos Ganges y Brahmaputra, y sus tributarios.

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Platanista gangetica ( баскиски )

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Platanista gangetica edo Gangesko izurdea Platanista generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Platanistidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Izurdearen antzekoa da, eta 2-3 m luze izaten da. Bizkarreko hegala konkor luzaran baten barnean gordea du; ez du, beraz, ageriko hegalik; isatsekoa, berriz, ilargi-erdiaren itxurakoa du. Kolorez, bizkarralde gris iluna du; sabelaldea, aldiz, zurixka da. Ganges ibaian eta haren ibaiadarretan bizi da. Arrainak eta oskoldunak jaten ditu.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Roxburgh (1801) 7 Asiat. Res. Trans. Soc. (Calcutta ed.) 170 pl. 5. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Platanista gangetica: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Platanista gangetica edo Gangesko izurdea Platanista generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Platanistidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Izurdearen antzekoa da, eta 2-3 m luze izaten da. Bizkarreko hegala konkor luzaran baten barnean gordea du; ez du, beraz, ageriko hegalik; isatsekoa, berriz, ilargi-erdiaren itxurakoa du. Kolorez, bizkarralde gris iluna du; sabelaldea, aldiz, zurixka da. Ganges ibaian eta haren ibaiadarretan bizi da. Arrainak eta oskoldunak jaten ditu.

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Gangesindelfiini ( фински )

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Gangesindelfiini[2] eli gangesinvalas[4] eli gangesinsusu[4] (Platanista gangetica) on Aasiassa elävä makean veden valaslaji. Platanista-suvun jokidelfiinien luokittelu on vaihdellut vuosien varrella: Ganges- ja Indusjokien populaatiot on luokitettu omiksi lajeikseen, alalajeiksi tai vain saman lajin eri populaatioiksi.[1] Mammal Species of the World -teos (2005) katsoo Indusjoessa elävän populaation olevan erillinen laji, induksendelfiini[2] (Platanista minor).[3]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

Gangesindelfiini kasvaa keskimäärin kolme metriä pitkäksi ja painaa 50-90 kg. Sen kuono on kapea ja pitkulainen ja saattaa olla viidesosan koko eläimen pituudesta. Suussa on 26–32 hammasta.[4] Silmät ovat erittäin pienet.[5] Rintaevät ovat suuret, selkäevä surkastunut pieneksi kolmiomaiseksi harjanteeksi. Väriltään gangesindelfiini on vaalean harmaanruskea, mukana usein häivähdys vaaleanpunaista.[6]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Gangesindelfiini elää Gangesjoen vesistöissä, ja sen sivujoissa ja järvissä.[5]

Gangesindelfiiniä tavataan ainakin Bangladeshissä, Intiassa ja Nepalissa, sen tilanne Bhutanissa on epävarma.[1]

Nepalissa se näyttää suosivan nopeasti virtaavia kirkkaita vesiä, kun taas tasankoalueella se etsiytyy Gangesin hitaammin virtaaviin osiin.[6]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Smith, B.D. & Braulik, G.T.: Platanista gangetica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 31.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet 2008. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo. Viitattu 17.12.2010.
  3. a b Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Platanista Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 17.12.2010. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 1, s. 170. (Englanninkielinen alkuperäisteos The Encyclopedia of Mammals 1, sarjassa World of animals). Helsinki: Tammi, 1986. ISBN 951-30-6530-8.
  5. a b Ganges river dolphin Animal Diversity Web
  6. a b Ganges river dolphin ARKive
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Gangesindelfiini: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Gangesindelfiini eli gangesinvalas eli gangesinsusu (Platanista gangetica) on Aasiassa elävä makean veden valaslaji. Platanista-suvun jokidelfiinien luokittelu on vaihdellut vuosien varrella: Ganges- ja Indusjokien populaatiot on luokitettu omiksi lajeikseen, alalajeiksi tai vain saman lajin eri populaatioiksi. Mammal Species of the World -teos (2005) katsoo Indusjoessa elävän populaation olevan erillinen laji, induksendelfiini (Platanista minor).

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Sousouc ( француски )

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Platanista gangetica

Le dauphin du Gange, sousouc ou bhulan est une espèce (Platanista gangetica) ou une sous-espèce (Platanista gangetica gangetica) de dauphin d'eau douce appartenant au genre Platanista.

Description physique

 src=
Crâne de sousouc.

Le sousouc possède un corps gris-bleu d'une longueur de 210 à 250 cm pour un poids d'environ 85 kg[1] . Comme la plupart des dauphins d'eau douce, il possède un rostre long et étroit (pouvant mesurer jusqu'à 20 % de la taille totale de l'animal) dont les mâchoires inférieure et supérieure sont garnies de 27 à 39 paires de dents acérées. Il est doté de larges nageoires pectorales mais ne possède pas de nageoire dorsale qui est remplacé par une simple bosse[2].

Les eaux du Gange sont si troubles que ses yeux minuscules ne peuvent voir que la différence entre la lumière et l’obscurité, il dépend donc entièrement du sonar pour naviguer.

Population et distribution

 src=
Aire de répartition du genre : Platanista g. minor (cyan) dans l'Indus, et Platanista g. gangetica (bleu) dans le Gange.

Comme son nom l'indique, cette espèce vit dans le bassin du Gange, elle est également présente dans d'autres cours d'eau de la péninsule indienne tels que le Brahmapoutre et le Karnaphuli[3]. Son aire de répartition était probablement plus grande autrefois, le dauphin du Gange a aujourd'hui une population réduite et fait partie des espèces menacées de disparition. Ce dauphin est dulçaquicole, c'est-à-dire qu'il fréquente exclusivement les eaux douces.

Mode de vie

Ses dents antérieures font saillie et forment un piège où se prennent les poissons, crustacés et autres proies séjournant au fond de l'eau. Grâce à son cou très flexible, il peut tourner la tête à angle droit pendant qu'il fouille la vase du regard ou recherche ses proies par écholocalisation. Il vit en petits groupes, généralement formés de quatre à six individus, mais dont la taille peut monter à trente individus.

Sous-espèces

Il en existe deux sous-espèces[4] :

  • Platanista gangetica gangetica, qui vit dans le Gange ;
  • Platanista gangetica minor, dont il ne survit qu'un millier d'individus, qui vit dans l'Indus[5].

Notes et références

  1. Le Règne Animal, David Burnie, 2002, (ISBN 2-07-055151-2)
  2. Ralf Kiefner, Baleines et dauphins du monde, Ed. Ulmer, 2002 (ISBN 2841381927)
  3. R. Wandrey, Guide des mammifères marins du monde, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1999 (ISBN 2603011405).
  4. Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and Distribution, Society for Marine Mammalogy, 1998, (ISBN 978-1891276033)
  5. Pierre Le Hir, « Au Pakistan, un dauphin d'eau douce victime des barrages : Le dauphin de l'Indus, dont il ne subsiste qu'un millier d'individus, a disparu de la plus grande partie de son bassin de vie. », sur lemonde.fr, 16 juillet 2014

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

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Sousouc: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Platanista gangetica

Le dauphin du Gange, sousouc ou bhulan est une espèce (Platanista gangetica) ou une sous-espèce (Platanista gangetica gangetica) de dauphin d'eau douce appartenant au genre Platanista.

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Platanista gangetica ( галициски )

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Platanista gangetica é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos platanístidos.

É un golfiño de río que habita nas concas dos ríos Ganxes e Brahmaputra e os seus tributarios, na India, Nepal, Bután e Bangladesh, e que se coñece na bibliografía internacional, por iso, como golfiño do Ganxes.

Véxase tamén: Golfiños de auga doce.

Taxonomía

Véxase tamén: Platanístidos.

A especie foi descrita en 1801 por Roxburgh, quen a denominou inicialmente como Delphinus gangetica, en Asiat. Res. Trans. Soc. (Calcutta ed.), 7: 170,[2] sendo máis tarde reclasificada dentro do xénero Platanista, creado por Wagler en 1830.

Durante moitos anos Platanista gangetica e a súa especie irmá, Platanista minor, foron consideradas como subespecies de P. gangetica. Logo, na década de 1970, descubríronse diferenzas na estrutura dos seus cranios e, máis tarde, investigacións moleculares demostraron tamén diferenzas nas proteínas do sangue.[3]

Porén, en 1972 Kasuya reduciu os dous taxa a subespecies dunha soa especie, Platanista gangetica, (P. g. gangetica e P. g. minor, respectiovamente).[4][5][6]

Así mesmo, Shreshta cuestionou a realidade das supostas diferenzas entre as dúas poboacións.[7]

Até o plioceno tardío, os actuais ríos Indo, Ganxes e Brahmaputra (excepto nos treitos superiores) constituían un único río que fluía cara ao oeste (denominado río Indobrahm. Incluso até tempos históricos houbo probabelmente esporádicos intercambios faunísticos entre os Indo e Ganxes mediante capturas fluviais nas chairas baixas indoganxéticas. Por iso a IUCN considera só unha especie, P. gangetica, coas subespecies mencionadas.[8]

Pero na actualidade a maioría dos autores consideran as dúas poboacións como dúas especies diferentes.[1][2] Con todo, cómpre sinalar que, aínda que separadas xeograficamente (Platanista minor vive na conca do río Indo), ambas as especies son morfoloxicamente idéticas, e os seus hábitos son tamén similares.[3]

Características

As principais características físicas do golfiño do Ganxes son as seguintes:[3][9]

  • Corpo robusto, co ventre arredondado, de 2,1 a 2,5 m de lonxitude e un peso de entre os 70 e os 90 kg (uns 7,5 kg ao nacer).
  • Cabeza pequena, coa fronte en lixeiro declive, espiráculo lonxitudinal situado no lado esquerdo, ollos pequenos e sen cristalino (polo que son practicamente cegos), e boca rematada nun longo e estreito biclo ou fociño (que pode alcanzar o 20 % da lonxitude total do corpo) e que está lixeiramente engrosado no extremo anterior, está armado con numerosos dentes, longos e acabados en punta, que son visíbeis incluso coa boca pechada.
  • Aletas pectorais anchas, en forma de paleta, cos bordos posteriores ondulados. Carece de aleta dorsal, que está substituída por por unha pequena corcova de forma triangular, situada moi atrás e da que parte unha quilla que se estende até a aleta caudal, que presenta unha marcada fenda que separa os dous lobos, que teñen os bordos posteriores cóncavos.
 src=
Distribución do golfiño do Ganxes e do golfiño do Indo.
  • Coloración parda agrisada uniforme, ás veces coa rexión ventral rosada.

Distribución

Máis amplamente distribuído que o golfiño do Indo (ver mapa adxunto), o golfiño do Ganxes vive nos ríos Ganxes e Brahmaputra na India occidental, Nepal, Bután e Bangladesh, así como nos ríos Meghna (que forma parte do delta do Ganxes), Karnaphuli e e Sangu, en Bangladesh, e tamén pode verse no curso superior do Brahmaputra chinés, nunha distribución descontinua desde a base do Himalaia até a costa, no límite da zona de mareas. O límte superior parece ser Sunamganj (no río Meghna), e os ríos Lohit e Manas (afluentes do Brahmaputra). A presa do encoro de Frakka, no Ganxes, dividiu a poboación en dúas.[3]

Bioloxía

Comportamento

Os espécimes de Platanista gangetica poden vivir sos ou en parellas, pero tamén se observaron en pequenos grupos de até 10 individuos. Nadan e realizan vocalizacións durante todo o día, sen que se aprecien períodos claros de descanso. Saen máis á superficie que outros golfiños de auga doce e, ás veces, nadan cos seus bicos fóra da auga. Poden saltar cando se ven en apuros, saíndo case por completo da auga e volvendo a ela coa cabeza en primeiro lugar e, polo xeral, facendo un grande estrépito ao golpear coa cola na auga. As femias poden subir ás súas crías cara á superficie montadas no seu dorso. Polo xeral son de movementos lentos, pero son capaces de nadar a gran velocidade durante tempos curtos. Poden vivir en augas superficiais (de até 1 m de profundidade) pero parecen prefirir augas profundas.[3]

Poden nadar de lado, sobre todo en augas pouco profundas; os animais adoitan inclinarse cara á dereita e desprazarse cerca do fondo do río, coa aleta pectoral dese lado fozando na lama do fondo en busca de alimento. Segundo algúns informes esta natación lateral adoita ter lugar preferentemente ao anoitecer, e alcanza un máximo pola noite. A pesar de seren case cegos, é posíbel que poidan detectar a dirección da luz, e talvez os cambios na súa intensidade, pero nadan e localizan os alimentos mediante un sofisticado sistema de sonar (ecolocalización).[3]

Alimentación

Aliméntanse dunha gran variedade de crustáceos e pequenos peixes.[3]

Reprodución

Alcanzan a madurez sexual sobre os 10 anos de idade. A xestación crese que dura aproximadamente 9 ou 10 meses. Os nacementos poden ter lugar durante todo o ano, pero parecen concentrarse sobre todo en dúas épocas, decembro-xaneiro e marzo-maio.[10][11]

Ameazas e estado actual

Ameazas

Encoros

A construción de polo menos 50 presas dentro da área de distribución histórica coñecida ou sospeitada da especie afectou profundamente ao seu hábitat, abundancia e estrutura da poboación.[12] A especie comprende numerosos subpoblacións illadas en diversos graos por barreiras na súa maioría artificiais, pero tamén naturais. Ademais da fragmentación das poblacións, as presas e os encoros degradan o hábitat augas abaixo, con alta sedimentación e alterado a as poboación de peixes e invertebrados. Por exemplo, o crecemento exuberante de macrófitos e a sedimentación excesiva eliminaron un hábitat adecuado augas arriba do encoro Farakka.[13] Por outra parte, a escaseza de auga liberada augas abaixo deste encoro elimina na temporada seca un hábitat de máis de 300 km, ou até a confluencia do Ganxes co Brahmaputra.[14]

Contaminantes tóxicos

As concentracións de contaminantes organoclorados en mostras dos tecidos dos golfiños do Ganxes son o suficientemente altas como para causaren preocupación acerca dos seus efectos na especie. Pode esperarse que as cargas de contaminantes aumenten co incremento da industrialización e a difusión de prácticas agrícolas intensivas. Os golfiños de río son particularmente vulnerábeis á contaminación industrial porque o seu hábitat está en augas abaixo de confluencias e meandros a miúdo situados na proximidade de grandes áreas urbanas (por exemplo, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Calcuta e Dacca). Ademais, a capacidade dos ríos para diluír os contaminantes (arsénico, DDT etc.) e sales reduciuse drasticamente en moitas zonas debido á retención das augas nos encoros.[15][16][17][18]

Caza

A deliberada matanza de golfiños do Ganxes parece que declinou na maioría das zonas, pero aínda se produce polo menos de vez en cando no Ganxes medio, cerca de Patna, India,[12][13] no río Kalni-Kushiyara de Bangladesh,[19] e no curso superior do río Brahmaputra en Assam, India.[20] Estes golfiños son capturados polos pobos do Brahmaputra superior para aproveitar a súa carne, e por pescadores no curso medio do Ganxes polo seu aceite, que se utiliza como engado para o peixe.

Mortandade

A mortandade de golfiños do Ganxes debida a quedar atrapados en artes de pesca, especialmente en redes de deriva, é un grave problema na maior parte de súa área de distribución.[12][21] Son particularmente vulnerábeis porque o seu hábitat preferido é a miúdo coincidente coa situación dos caladoiros. No Ganxes medio, aínda que actualmente sexa raro que se cacen con arpóns, a mortandade nas redes de pesca continúa sedo xeralizada[13]

Medidas de protección

O golfiño do Ganxes está na actualidade protexido legalmente en todos os estados onde vive, polo menos teoricamente. O Santuario dos golfiños de Vikramshila, Bihar, India, entre Sultanganj e Kahalgaon no leito principal do río Ganxes estebleceuse como área protexida para os golfiños en agosto de 1991, pero houbo pouco apoio do goberno para facer cumprir as medidas de protección. A protección xurídica na India foi descrita como "totalmente ineficaz" por Sinha.[13] Porén, un pequeno progreso foi a celebración do Seminario Rexional sobre as leis ambientais no Santuario de Vikramshila en novembro de 2003. Ademais, recentes actuacións dos gobernos estatais e federal aseguran fondos para apoiar os esforzos para a conservación destes golfiños. Por outra parte, nalgúns pequenos afluentes, os golfiños reciben unha protección nominal en virtude do feito de que pequenas porcións do seu hábitat están dentro de Parques Nacionais e Santuarios (por exemplo, o Parque Nacional de Kaziranga en Assam, India, o Santuario Nacional Chambal en Madhya Pradesh, India e o Parque Nacional Royal Bardia e Katerniya Ghat Gavial Santuario, respectivamente ao norte e o sur da fronteira entre Nepal e a India.

Status actual

Segundo a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza (UICN) determinar o estado desta especie é especialmente problemático debido á carencia de datos cuantitativos rigorosos (actuais ou históricos) en número, mortandade, grao de ocorrencia e área de distibución. Porén, a diversidade e a escala das ameazas —recentes, actuais e proxectadas— son tales que xustifican que no ano 2012 a UICN cualificase o estado desta especie como "EN" (risco baixo).[8]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh, 1801) no SIIT.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (eds.) (2005): Platanista gangetica.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Carwardine, M. (1995), pp. 230-233.
  4. Brownell Jr., R. L. (1984): "Review of reproduction in platanistid dolphins". Reports of the International Whaling Commission. Número especial 6: 149-158.
  5. Reeves, R. R. (1998): "Conservation status of the Indus Rver Dolphin in Pakistan". BI Reports (International Marine Biological Research Institute, Kamogawa, Japan) 8: 1–9.
  6. Reeves, R. R. and Chaudhry, A. A. (1998): "Status of the Indus River Dolphin Platanista minor". Oryx 32: 35–44.
  7. Shrestha, T. K.( 1989): "Biology, status and conservation of the Ganges River dolphin, Platanista gangetica, in Nepal. En: W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.), Biology and Conservation of River Dolphins, pp. 70-76. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 3, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  8. 8,0 8,1 Smith, B.D., Braulik, G.T. & Sinha, R. (2012): Platanista gangetica na Lista Vermella da IUCN.
  9. Kiefner, Ralf (2002): Baleines et dauphins du monde. Paris: Editions Ulmer. ISBN 2-84138-192-7.
  10. Culik, Boris (2010):Odontoceti. Platanista gangetica Arquivado 11 de xuño de 2011 en Wayback Machine. en CMS (en inglés)
  11. Swinton, J., W. Gomez e P. Myer (2009): Platanista gangetica en ADW (en inglés).
  12. 12,0 12,1 12,2 Smith, B. D. and Reeves, R. R. (eds.) (2000): "Report of the second meeting of the Asian river dolphin committee, 22–24 February 1997, Rajendrapur, Bangladesh. En: R. R. Reeves, B. D. Smith and T. Kasuya (eds.) Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, pp. 1–14. IUCN/SSC Occasional Paper No. 23, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Sinha, R. K. (2000): "Status of the Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica) in the vicinity of Farakka Barrage, India". En: R. R. Reeves, B. D. Smith, and T. Kasuya (eds.) Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, pp. 42-48. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 23, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  14. Smith, B. D., Ahmed, B., Edrise, M. and Braulik, G. (2001): "Status of the Ganges River Dolphin or Shushuk Platanista gangetica in Kaptai Lake and the southern rivers of Bangladesh". Oryx 35: 61–72.
  15. Kannan, K., Senthilkumar, K. and Sinha, R. K. (1997): "Sources and accumulation of butyltin compounds in Ganges River Dolphin, Platanista gangetica". Applied Organometallic Chemistry 11: 223–230.
  16. Kannan, K., Sinha, R. K., Tanabe, S., Ichihashi, H. and Tatsukawa, R. (1993): "Heavy metals and organochlorine residues in Ganges River Dolphins from India". Marine Pollution Bulletin 26: 159–162.
  17. Kannan, K., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R. and Sinha, R. K. (1994): "Biodegradation capacity and residue pattern of organochlorines in the Ganges River Dolphins from India". Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 42: 249–261.
  18. Senthilkumar, K., Kannan, K., Sinha, R. K., Tanabe, S. and Giesy, J. P. (1999): "Bioaccumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyle congeners and organochlorine pesticides in Ganges River Dolphins". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (7): 1511-1520.
  19. Smith, B. D., Aminul Haque, A. K. M., Hossain, M. S. and Khan, A. (1998): "River dolphins in Bangladesh: conservation and the effects of water development". Environmental Management 22: 323–335.
  20. Mohan, R. S. L., Dey, S. C., Bairagi, S. P. and Roy, S. (1997): "On a survey of Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica of Brahmaputra River, Assam". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 94: 483–495.
  21. Mohan, R. S. (1995): "Mortality of Ganges River dolphin, Platanista gangetica, in gillnets of Ganges and Brahmaputra in India". Tiger Paper 22 (1): 11-13.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Outros artigos

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Platanista gangetica: Brief Summary ( галициски )

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Platanista gangetica é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos platanístidos.

É un golfiño de río que habita nas concas dos ríos Ganxes e Brahmaputra e os seus tributarios, na India, Nepal, Bután e Bangladesh, e que se coñece na bibliografía internacional, por iso, como golfiño do Ganxes.

Véxase tamén: Golfiños de auga doce.
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Indijski riječni dupin ( хрватски )

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Indijski riječni dupin (lat. Platanista gangetica) je vrsta riječnih dupina koja živi u dva odvojena riječna sistema na jugu Azije. Žive u vodnom sustavu rijeka Gangesa i Inda. Ranije se populacija koja živi u Indu smatrala zasebnom vrstom.

Osobine

Indijski riječni dupini imaju dugu i malo prema gore savijenu njušku. Dugi su između 2 i 3 m, pri čemu su ženke u prosjeku nešto veće od mužjaka . Leđna peraja je malena i neupadljiva. Svim tim obilježjima jako podsjeća na Amazonskog dupina iako između njih postoji samo vrlo daleka srodnost.

Boja tijela im je tamno siva, s tim da im je donja strana tijela malo svjetlija od gornje. U očima nemaju leću i zakržljale su im. Otuda potiče i naziv koji se za njih ponekad koristi: slijepi riječni dupin. On svojim preostalim vidom još može razlikovati stupnjeve svjetlosti. No, orijentiranje i ulov mu ovise prije svega o osjetilu eho lociranja. Prema svemu sudeći, život u blatnjavoj vodi s vrlo slabom vidljivosti u kojoj i najbolji vid nije od velike koristi, doveo je do kržljanja tog osjetila.

Rasprostranjenost

Dvije podvrste Indijskog riječnog dupina žive u dva odvojena riječna sistema. Jedan, Ganges dupin, nastanjuje sistem Ganges-Brahmaputra na sjeveroistoku Indije i u Bangladešu. Druga podvrsta, Indski dupin, živi u srednjem dijelu toka rijeke Ind u središnjem dijelu Pakistana. On je vjerojatno ranije imao značajno veće područje na kojem je živio obuhvaćajući brojne pritoke Inda.

Način života

Ganges dupini u pravilu su samotnjaci. Mladunci dolaze na svijet početkom indijskog sušnog razdoblja. Rađa se samo jedno mlado dugo oko 70 cm i majka ga doji oko godinu dana. Hrane se ribama i beskralješnjacima koje dupini love u muljevitom dnu rijeke.

Taksonomija

Dupini iz Gangesa i dupini iz Inda su se prvobitno smatrali jednom vrstom. Tijekom 1970-tih se uvriježilo mišljenje, da su to ipak dvije odvojene vrste. U toj podjeli, dupin iz Inda dobio je naziv Platanista indi. Međutim, 1998. Dale W.Rice objavljuje rad koji je u međuvremenu općeprihvaćen u kojem on dolazi do zaključka da nema dovoljno značajnih morfoloških razlika između tih dupina koje bi opravdavale njihovo razdvajanje. Ponovo ih je ujedinio u jednu vrstu i nazvao dupina iz Inda Platanista gangetica minor, kao podvrstu dupina iz Gangesa nazvanog Platanista gangetica gangetica.

Indijski riječni dupin je samostalna porodica iz reda kitova zubana. S drugim riječnim dupinima povezuje ih jednak životni okoliš kao i morfološke sličnosti do kojih je došlo najvjerojatnije konvergentnom evolucijom. Jer, ne postoje bliske srodnosti između njih i Amazonskog dupina, Kineskog riječnog dupina i La Plata dupina.

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Indijski riječni dupin: Brief Summary ( хрватски )

добавил wikipedia hr Croatian

Indijski riječni dupin (lat. Platanista gangetica) je vrsta riječnih dupina koja živi u dva odvojena riječna sistema na jugu Azije. Žive u vodnom sustavu rijeka Gangesa i Inda. Ranije se populacija koja živi u Indu smatrala zasebnom vrstom.

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Platanista gangetica ( италијански )

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Il platanista (Platanista gangetica) è una specie di delfini di fiume che vive in Bangladesh, India e Pakistan.

Diviso in due sottospecie, il platanista del Gange vive principalmente nei fiumi Gange e Brahmaputra e nei loro affluenti in India e Bangladesh, mentre il platanista dell'Indo vive nel fiume Indo, in Pakistan. Dagli anni '70 fino al 1998 vennero considerati specie separate, ma nel 1998 la loro classificazione venne cambiata, trasformando le due specie in due sottospecie di una singola specie.

Tassonomia

 src=
Platanista gangetica minor

La specie venne descritta separatamente dai due autori Lebeck e Roxburgh nell'anno 1801 e non è chiaro a chi bisogna attribuire la descrizione originale. Fino agli anni '70 i platanista dell'Indo e del Gange vennero considerati una singola specie. Le due popolazioni sono separate geograficamente e non si sono incrociate per molte centinaia se non migliaia di anni. Nei primi anni '70 gli scienziati, basandosi su differenze della struttura del cranio, delle vertebre e della struttura lipidica, dichiararono le due popolazioni come specie separate. Nel 1998 i risultati di questi studi vennero messi in dubbio e la classificazione venne riportata a come era prima del 1970, cioè ad una singola specie comprendente due sottospecie, grazie anche all'uso di tecniche moderne, come l'osservazione della sequenza molecolare. Così, al giorno d'oggi, esistono due sottospecie riconosciute del genere Platanista, Platanista gangetica minor (il platanista dell'Indo) e Platanista gangetica gangetica (il platanista del Gange).

Descrizione

South Asian river dolphin size comparison.svg

I platanisti del Gange e dell'Indo sono essenzialmente identici nell'aspetto. Hanno il muso lungo e appuntito caratteristico di tutti i delfini di fiume. I denti sono visibili sia sulla mascella superiore che su quella inferiore anche quando la bocca è chiusa. I denti degli animali giovani, sottili e ricurvi, sono lunghi quasi due centimetri e mezzo, anche se con l'età tendono a subire sostanziali cambiamenti, divenendo, negli adulti, dei dischi piatti, squadrati ed ossei. L'estremità del muso si volge all'indietro all'estremità. La specie è priva della lente oculare del cristallino, cosa che la rende effettivamente cieca, sebbene possa ancora essere in grado di distinguere l'intensità e la direzione della luce. I movimenti e la caccia vengono effettuati grazie all'ecolocazione. Il corpo, di colore brunastro, si fa più robusto nel mezzo. La specie ha solamente una piccola massa triangolare al posto della pinna dorsale. Le natatoie e la coda sono sottili e grandi rispetto alle dimensioni del corpo, che sono di circa 2-2,2 metri nei maschi e 2,4-2,6 m nelle femmine. L'animale più vecchio registrato era un maschio di 28 anni di 199 centimetri di lunghezza. Le femmine adulte mature sono più grandi dei maschi. Il dimorfismo sessuale si spiega con il fatto che dopo che le femmine raggiungono circa 150 cm, il loro rostro continua a crescere, raggiungendo una lunghezza approssimativa di 20 cm, mentre quello dei maschi smette di crescere.

Biologia

Dei piccoli sono stati osservati tra gennaio e maggio e sembra che vivano con la madre solamente per pochi mesi. Si pensa che la gestazione sia approssimativamente di 9-10 mesi.

La specie si nutre di una grande varietà di gamberetti e pesci, tra cui carpe e pesci gatto. Si incontrano solitamente delfini solitari o in piccole aggregazioni, che non formano mai dei gruppi veri e propri.

Popolazione e distribuzione

Cetacea range map South Asian river dolphin.png

La sottospecie del Gange vive nel Gange, così come nei bacini idrografici del Brahmaputra, del Meghna, del Karnaphuli e del Sangu in India, Bangladesh, Nepal e Bhutan. Densità di popolazione relativamente alte sono state osservate presso il Santuario del Delfino Gangetico di Vikramshila e nel fiume Sangu, nel Bangladesh meridionale. Pochissimi individui (forse 20) sono presenti in Nepal nel fiume Karnali. La popolazione totale è sconosciuta, ma si misura certamente in centinaia di esemplari ed è, forse, di poche migliaia.

Il fiume Chambal nasce in India occidentale e si congiunge col Gange nei pressi di Allahabad. Il fiume Chambal mantiene una popolazione di delfini rimasta a lungo sconosciuta alla letteratura scientifica. Singh e Sharma (1985) stimarono, nel corso inferiore, la presenza di non meno di 45 delfini tra Batesura (305 km a nord della confluenza Yamuna-Chambal) e Pachhnada (per un totale di 320 km) nel fiume Chambal (nel bacino idrografico del Gange sud-occidentale) nel periodo 1983-1985. Questo vuol dire che in questo tratto di fiume c'è una densità di un esemplare adulto ogni 6,5 km di lunghezza.

La sottospecie dell'Indo risiede principalmente nel fiume Indo, in Pakistan. Nel diciannovesimo secolo il suo areale era approssimativamente cinque volte più esteso di oggi, includendo anche affluenti dell'Indo, come il Sutlej, il Ravi, il Chenab e il Jhelum. La densità di popolazione più alta si ha nella provincia del Sind.

Un esauriente censimento della popolazione del delfino dell'Indo completato nel 2001 dal WWF-Pakistan ha concluso che oggi vivano approssimativamente 1100 individui.

Conservazione

Entrambe le sottospecie sono state molto danneggiate dall'uso che l'uomo ha fatto dei sistemi fluviali del subcontinente. Gli intrappolamenti nelle reti da pesca possono causare danni significativi al numero della popolazione locale. Alcuni individui vengono ancora cacciati ogni anno e il loro olio e la loro carne vengono usati come unguento, come afrodisiaco e come esca per i pesci gatto. L'irrigazione ha fatto abbassare il livello dell'acqua negli areali di entrambe le sottospecie. Anche l'avvelenamento delle acque causato dalle sostanze chimiche usate nell'industria e nell'agricoltura ha contribuito al declino della popolazione. Forse il danno più significativo è stato la costruzione di più di 50 dighe lungo molti fiumi, causando la frammentazione delle popolazioni e la diminuzione del pool genico delle popolazioni che si sono inincrociate tra loro. Attualmente esistono tre sottopopolazioni di delfino dell'Indo che, se protette, sarebbero capaci di una sopravvivenza a lungo termine.

Entrambe le sottospecie sono classificate dall'IUCN nella sua Lista Rossa delle Specie Minacciate come in pericolo.

La Zoological Society of London, in base a criteri di unicità evolutiva e di esiguità della popolazione, considera Platanista gangetica minor una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggiore rischio di estinzione.

Il pericolo immediato per la popolazione di P. gangetica residente nel Santuario Nazionale del Chambal è causato dall'abbassamento della profondità del fiume e dai banchi di sabbia che dividono il corso del fiume in segmenti più piccoli.

Note

Bibliografia

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Platanista gangetica: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il platanista (Platanista gangetica) è una specie di delfini di fiume che vive in Bangladesh, India e Pakistan.

Diviso in due sottospecie, il platanista del Gange vive principalmente nei fiumi Gange e Brahmaputra e nei loro affluenti in India e Bangladesh, mentre il platanista dell'Indo vive nel fiume Indo, in Pakistan. Dagli anni '70 fino al 1998 vennero considerati specie separate, ma nel 1998 la loro classificazione venne cambiata, trasformando le due specie in due sottospecie di una singola specie.

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Ganginis delfinas ( литвански )

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Binomas Platanista gangetica

Ganginis delfinas, Gango delfinas (lot. Platanista gangetica, angl. Ganges River Dolphin, Indus River Dolphin, vok. Gangesdelfin) – upinių delfinų (Platanistidae) šeimos žinduolis, kuris užauga iki 2,5 m ilgio ir 85 kg svorio. Tai gėlavandenė rūšis, gyvenanti drumstame Gango ir Indo upių vandenyje. Akys redukuotos. Nugara pilka, pilvas šviesiai rožinis. Turi būdingus plačius plaukmenis ir ilgą, laibą „snapą“, kuriame 26-39 poros viršutinių ir 26-35 poros apatinių aštrių dantų. Priekiniai dantys išlindę iš snapo galo ir suformuoja narvą žuvims, kiautuotam ir panašiam grobiui ant dugno ar netoli jo gaudyti. Kaklas lankstus, todėl gali pasukti galvą stačiu kampu.

Gyvena mažomis grupėmis, paprastai po 4-6, kartais iki 30 individų.

Žinomi du porūšiai:

  • Indo upės delfinas (Platanista gangetica minor) – paplitęs Indo upėje ir jos intakuose.
  • Gango upės delfinas (Platanista gangetica gangetica) – paplitęs Gango ir Bramaputros upių baseine.

Vikiteka

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Ganginis delfinas: Brief Summary ( литвански )

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Ganginis delfinas, Gango delfinas (lot. Platanista gangetica, angl. Ganges River Dolphin, Indus River Dolphin, vok. Gangesdelfin) – upinių delfinų (Platanistidae) šeimos žinduolis, kuris užauga iki 2,5 m ilgio ir 85 kg svorio. Tai gėlavandenė rūšis, gyvenanti drumstame Gango ir Indo upių vandenyje. Akys redukuotos. Nugara pilka, pilvas šviesiai rožinis. Turi būdingus plačius plaukmenis ir ilgą, laibą „snapą“, kuriame 26-39 poros viršutinių ir 26-35 poros apatinių aštrių dantų. Priekiniai dantys išlindę iš snapo galo ir suformuoja narvą žuvims, kiautuotam ir panašiam grobiui ant dugno ar netoli jo gaudyti. Kaklas lankstus, todėl gali pasukti galvą stačiu kampu.

Gyvena mažomis grupėmis, paprastai po 4-6, kartais iki 30 individų.

Žinomi du porūšiai:

Indo upės delfinas (Platanista gangetica minor) – paplitęs Indo upėje ir jos intakuose. Gango upės delfinas (Platanista gangetica gangetica) – paplitęs Gango ir Bramaputros upių baseine.

Vikiteka

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Gangesdolfijn ( холандски; фламански )

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De gangesdolfijn (Platanista gangetica) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Indische rivierdolfijnen (Platanistidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Roxburgh in 1801. Sommige publicaties beschouwen Platanista gangetica als een soort die de gangesdolfijn en de indusdolfijn omvat, in het Nederlands Zuid-Aziatische rivierdolfijn genoemd.[2] In dat geval krijgt de ondersoort gangesdolfijn de wetenschappelijke naam Platanista gangetica gangetica. De indusdolfijn is geografisch gescheiden van de gangesdolfijn en vertoont er kleine verschillen mee.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De gangesdolfijn is een zoetwaterdolfijn met een relatief lange, slanke snuit met lange, scherpe voortanden die permanent ontbloot zijn: 26 tot 39 paar in de bovenkaak en 26 tot 35 paar in de onderkaak. Op de punt is de snuit wat breder. Bij vrouwtjes is de snuit wat langer en krult die soms wat omhoog en opzij. De kop is klein en heeft een hoog voorhoofd. Het spleetvormige blaasgat zit in een ondiepe richel op het voorhoofd. De mondhoeken gaan wat omhoog waardoor hij lijkt te lachen. Net boven de mondhoeken bevinden zich de kleine ogen, waarmee de gangesdolfijn slechts weinig ziet. De rugvin zit ongeveer ter hoogte van twee derde van het lijf. Het is een lage, brede driehoek die wat op een bult lijkt. De staartvin is breed en hol en eindigt in lange punten. De flippers zijn peddelvormig en breed. Meestal hebben ze een platte achterrand, soms zijn ze wat geschulpt.[3]

Mannetjes worden circa 2,2 meter lang, vrouwtjes 2,6. Beide geslachten wegen gewoonlijk tussen 70 en 90 kilogram, al zijn er zwaardere exemplaren bekend. Pasgeboren kalfjes zijn wat slanker, zijn 65 à 90 centimeter lang en wegen ongeveer 7,5 kilogram. De kleur van de gangesdolfijn varieert van grijs, grijsblauw en blauw tot chocoladebruin, olijfgeel en olijfbruin. De buik van volwassen exemplaren is wat rozig.[3]

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in India, Nepal en Bangladesh.[1] Hij komt er voor in de rivierstelsels van de Ganges, Brahmaputra en Karnaphuli, meestal benedenstrooms rond meanders en eilanden. Het verspreidingsgebied van de gangesdolfijn is sinds de 19de eeuw gekrompen. Zo komt de soort bijna niet meer voor in Nepal en is hij uitgedund in India. Enkele subpopulaties zijn volledig of quasi volledig uitgeroeid. De grootste populatie bevindt zich in het lage gebied van de Sangu, in Bangladesh en in de Gangesdelta, waar de Ganges en Brahmaputra samenkomen.[3] Belangrijkste bedreigingen voor de gangesdolfijn zijn grootschalige waterprojecten zoals de aanleg van dammen, toxische stoffen, jacht en visvangst, voornamelijk verstrengeling in haringnetten.[1]

Gedrag

De gangesdolfijn komt voor in kleine groepjes van 4 tot 6 individuen (soms 30) of leeft in paren of solitair. Ze zwemmen meestal langzaam, maar kunnen ook kortstondig snel zwemmen. Bij het zwemmen steekt de snuit vaak boven water. Soms zwemt hij op zijn zij. Hij kan actief zijn, maar maakt zelden sprongen. Bij het springen raakt zijn snuit het eerst het water. Bij het duiken blijft hij meestal 30 tot 90 seconden onder water, maar hij kan het ook enkele minuten volhouden. De ademhaling doet denken aan een nies. Hij maakt constant echolocatieklikken.[3]

Voedsel

Gangesdolfijnen jagen voornamelijk op vis en garnalen van de rivierbodem. Soms jagen ze in paren.[3]

Voortplanting

Mannetjes zijn geslachtsrijp bij een lengte van circa 1,7 meter, vrouwtjes bij circa 2 meter. De draagtijd bedraagt ongeveer een jaar. Het kalven gebeurt tijdens een lange periode in het begin van de zomer en het begin van de winter. De jongen drinken moedermelk tot ze een jaar oud zijn, maar krijgen vast voedsel vanaf 1 à 2 maanden.[3]

Levensverwachting

Een gangesdolfijn kan zo'n 28 jaar oud worden.[3]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b c (en) Gangesdolfijn op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (nl) Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B., Gids van alle zeezoogdieren, Tirion, Baarn, 2008, p. 239. ISBN 978 90 5210 712 7. 412.
  3. a b c d e f g h (nl) Shirihai, H.; Jarrett, B., Gids van alle zeezoogdieren, Tirion, Baarn, 2008, pp. 236-238. ISBN 978 90 5210 712 7. 412.
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Gangesdolfijn: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

De gangesdolfijn (Platanista gangetica) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Indische rivierdolfijnen (Platanistidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Roxburgh in 1801. Sommige publicaties beschouwen Platanista gangetica als een soort die de gangesdolfijn en de indusdolfijn omvat, in het Nederlands Zuid-Aziatische rivierdolfijn genoemd. In dat geval krijgt de ondersoort gangesdolfijn de wetenschappelijke naam Platanista gangetica gangetica. De indusdolfijn is geografisch gescheiden van de gangesdolfijn en vertoont er kleine verschillen mee.

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Gangesdelfin ( норвешки )

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Gangesdelfin (Platanista gangetica) eller susu er ein elvedelfin som lever i store elvesystem i Bangladesh, India og Nepal. Han er i nær slekt med indusdelfin, og dei to populasjonane er i dag gjerne rekna som underartar av den same arten - Platanista gangetica, med gangesdelfinen som underarten Platanista gangetica gangetica. Dei to populasjonane av sørasiatiske elvedelfinar er fråskilde, men treng ikkje ha vore det så lenge. Fram til sein pliocen levde dei i det same elvesystemet, og tilmed i historisk tid kan det ha funne stad utveksling av individ mellom elvane.[1]

Gangesdelfin lever i elvesystema Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna og Karnaphuli-Sangu. Delfinane lever i elvedeltaet og så langt oppover dei kan koma før dei blir stoppa av grunt vatn, stryk, demningar eller andre stengsel.[2]

Det er usikkert kor mange individ som finst av delfinen. På 1980-talet føreslo forskarar ein bestand på 4-5000 individ, medan i 1997 rekna ein han på mindre enn 2000. IUCN legg fram 1 200–1 800 individ som ei lågare grense.[2]

Gangesdelfin er verna overalt i leveområdet sitt, men blir framleis noko jakta for kjøtet og feittet sitt. Ureining av elvene og fragmentering av leveområdet grunna oppdemming og vassmangel som gjer elvane grunne er andre trugsmål mot delfinen.[2]

Kjelder

  1. Smith, B.D. & Braulik, G.T. (2012. Platanista gangetica), Platanista gangetica, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41758A17355810.en Check |doi= value (hjelp), henta 15. februar 2016 Text "journal- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 " ignored (hjelp); Text " e.T41758A17355810. " ignored (hjelp) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Smith, B.D., Braulik, G.T. & Sinha, R. (2012. Platanista gangetica), Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T41756A17627639.en Check |doi= value (hjelp), henta 18. februar 2016 Text "journal- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 " ignored (hjelp) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

Bakgrunnsstoff

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Gangesdelfin: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

добавил wikipedia NN

Gangesdelfin (Platanista gangetica) eller susu er ein elvedelfin som lever i store elvesystem i Bangladesh, India og Nepal. Han er i nær slekt med indusdelfin, og dei to populasjonane er i dag gjerne rekna som underartar av den same arten - Platanista gangetica, med gangesdelfinen som underarten Platanista gangetica gangetica. Dei to populasjonane av sørasiatiske elvedelfinar er fråskilde, men treng ikkje ha vore det så lenge. Fram til sein pliocen levde dei i det same elvesystemet, og tilmed i historisk tid kan det ha funne stad utveksling av individ mellom elvane.

Gangesdelfin lever i elvesystema Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna og Karnaphuli-Sangu. Delfinane lever i elvedeltaet og så langt oppover dei kan koma før dei blir stoppa av grunt vatn, stryk, demningar eller andre stengsel.

Det er usikkert kor mange individ som finst av delfinen. På 1980-talet føreslo forskarar ein bestand på 4-5000 individ, medan i 1997 rekna ein han på mindre enn 2000. IUCN legg fram 1 200–1 800 individ som ei lågare grense.

Gangesdelfin er verna overalt i leveområdet sitt, men blir framleis noko jakta for kjøtet og feittet sitt. Ureining av elvene og fragmentering av leveområdet grunna oppdemming og vassmangel som gjer elvane grunne er andre trugsmål mot delfinen.

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Suzu gangesowy ( полски )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Suzu gangesowy[3], suzu[4], delfin gangesowy[4], delfin indyjski[5], susuka[4] (Platanista gangetica) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny suzowatych (Platanistidae) żyjący w wodach Gangesu i Indusu[6].

Systematyka

Taksonomia

Takson po raz pierwszy opisany przez Roxburgha w 1801 roku pod nazwą Delphinus gangetica[7]. Jako miejsce typowe autor wskazał Bengal Zachodni w Indiach[7]. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Platanistasuzu[3], utworzonego przez Waglera w 1830 roku[8].

Podgatunki

Wyróżnia się dwa podgatunki[3]:

  • P. gangetica gangeticasuzu gangesowy – żyjący w Gangesie i Brahmaputrze, kategoria zagrożenia IUCN: EN[9]
  • P. gangetica minorsuzu indusowy – delfin indusowy żyjący w Indusie, kategoria zagrożenia IUCN: EN[10]

Według Wilsona i Reedera uznawane za odrębne gatunki[11].

Charakterystyka

Pysk wyciągnięty na kształt chirurgicznej pincety; w szczęce górnej 26-39, w żuchwie 26-35 par zakrzywionych do tyłu zębów. Zęby przednie są dłuższe niż tylne i wystają z zamkniętego dzioba. Małe oczy, wydatny melon i duża warstwa tkanki tłuszczowej, a wreszcie garb w tylnej części grzbietu sprawiają, że zwierzę ma dość masywny wygląd. Delfin suzu ma giętki kark. Do polowania używa echolokacji. Żyje i poluje w małych stadach.

Średnia długość
2,5 m (samce), 2,1 m (samice)
Masa ciała
Średnio do 85 kg (samce i samice).
Ubarwienie
Jasnoszare i szare, na brzuchu różowawe.
Pożywienie
Ryby, skorupiaki, mięczaki przydenne.
Rozród
Ciąża trwa około 8-9 miesięcy, noworodek ma od 65 do 90 cm długości.
Wielkość grupy
Zwykle tworzą małe grupy; spotykano też pojedyncze osobniki lub pary.
Występowanie
Wolne wody płynące Gangesu, Bramaputhry i Indusu, niektóre szybsze fragmenty tych rzek.
Status
Zagrożony (EN).

Przypisy

  1. Platanista gangetica, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Smith, B.D. & Braulik, G.T. 2012, Platanista gangetica [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-20] (ang.).
  3. a b c Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 190. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 341-342, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  5. Polskie i łacińskie nazwy waleni. Stacja Morska Instytutu Oceanografii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. [dostęp 2015-09-16].
  6. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Platanista gangetica. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2010-01-10]
  7. a b W. Roxburgh. An Account of a new Species Delphinus, an Inhabitant of the Ganges. „Asiatic Researches”. Calcutta Edition. 7, s. 170, 1803 (ang.).
  8. J. G. Wagler: Natürliches System der Amphibien. Monachium: J.G. Cotta'scchen Buchhandlung, 1830, s. 35. (niem.)
  9. Smith, B.D., Braulik, G.T. & Sinha, R 2012, Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-20] (ang.).
  10. Braulik, G.T., Smith, B.D. & Chaudhry, S. 2012, Platanista gangetica ssp. minor [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-20] (ang.).
  11. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Platanista. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 27 listopada 2007]

Bibliografia

  • Peter Gill, Linda Gibson: Wieloryby, delfiny i morświny. Warszawa: "Cibet" PNT, 1998, seria: Poznawaj z Nami. ISBN 83-85749-15-2.
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Suzu gangesowy: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Suzu gangesowy, suzu, delfin gangesowy, delfin indyjski, susuka (Platanista gangetica) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny suzowatych (Platanistidae) żyjący w wodach Gangesu i Indusu.

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Golfinho-do-ganges ( португалски )

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O golfinho-de-rio-do-sul-da-ásia (Platanista gangetica) é uma espécie de golfinho de água doce encontrado no subcontinente indiano. Conta com duas subespéciesː o golfinho-do-ganges (P. g. gangetica), com 1 200-1 800 indivíduos, habita as águas do rio Ganges na Índia; e o golfinho-do-indo (P. g. minor) habita o rio Indo, no Paquistão.[2][3] Mead e Bronwell (2005) consideram as subespécies como espécies distintas. P. g. gangetica habita sobretudo os rios Ganges e Bramaputra e seus afluentes em Bangladesh, Índia e Nepal. P. g. minor habita o rio Indo no Paquistão e seus afluentes Beás e Sutle.

Da década de 1970 até 1998, foram consideradas espécies separadas. Nesse ano, passaram a ser consideradas subespécies da mesma espécie. P. g. gangetica foi reconhecido pelo governo da Índia como "animal aquático nacional".[4] P. g. minor foi nomeado o mamífero nacional do Paquistão.[5] P. g. gangetica também é o animal oficial da cidade indiana de Guwahati.[6]

Em 2021, pesquisadores propuseram que as duas subespécies do golfinho do rio sul asiático (Platanista gangetica) - o golfinho do rio Indus (Platanista gangetica minor) e o golfinho do rio Ganges (Platanista gangetica gangetica) - deveriam ser reconhecidas como espécies completas distintas.[7]

Taxonomia

A espécie foi descrita por dois autores separadamente, Lebeck e Roxburgh, em 1801. Não se pode afirmar qual dos dois autores descreveu primeiro a espécie.[8] Até a década de 1970, havia uma única espécie. As duas subespécies são isoladas geograficamente e não cruzaram entre si por séculos, talvez por milhares de anos. Baseados em diferenças na estrutura do crânio, vértebras e composição lipídica, cientistas declararam, no início da década de 1970, que as duas populações eram espécies separadas.[9]

Em 1998, os resultados desses estudos foram questionados e a classificação foi revertida para o consenso pré-1970 de uma única espécie com duas subespécies, até que a taxonomia fosse definida com técnicas modernas como o sequenciamento de DNA. As mais recentes análises de DNA mitocondrial das duas populações não mostraram a variação necessária para justificar a classificação como espécies separadas.[10] Consequentemente, atualmente reconhece-se uma única espécie com duas subespécies no gênero Platanistaː P. g. gangetica (golfinho-do-ganges) e P. g. minor (golfinho-do-indo).

Descrição

O golfinho-de-rio-do-sul-da-ásia tem o bico longo e pontudo característico de todos os golfinhos de rio. Seus dentes são visíveis tanto na mandíbula superior quanto na mandíbula inferior, mesmo com a boca fechada. Os dentes dos indivíduos mais jovens têm o comprimento de quase uma polegada, e são finos e curvos. Conforme os indivíduos envelhecem, os dentes sofrem consideráveis mudanças e, em indivíduos maduros, se tornam discos achatados, ossudos e quadrados. O focinho se engrossa conforme avança para a ponta. A espécie não tem cristalino, o que a torna efetivamente cega, embora ainda seja capaz de detectar a direção e a intensidade da luz. A navegação e a caça são efetuadas através de ecolocalização.[11] São os únicos cetáceos que nadam de lado.[12]

O corpo é acastanhado e atarracado no meio. A espécie tem uma única e pequena protuberância triangular no lugar da barbatana dorsal. As nadadeiras e cauda são finas e largas em relação ao tamanho do corpo, que mede de 2 a 2,2 metros nos machos e de 2,4 a 2,6 metros nas fêmeas. O mais velho animal registrado foi um macho de 28 anos de idade, com comprimento de 199 centímetros.[13] Fêmeas maduras são maiores do que machos. Dimorfismo sexual é expresso depois que fêmeas alcançam 150 centímetros. O rostro das fêmeas continua a crescer depois que o rostro dos machos para de crescer, eventualmente se tornando vinte centímetros maior.

Distribuição e habitat

O golfinho-de-rio-do-sul-da-ásia é nativo das bacias hidrográficas do Nepal, Índia, Bangladesh e Paquistão.[14] É encontrado mais comumente em águas com abundância de presas e reduzido fluxo de água.[15]

A subespécie do Ganges (P. g. gangetica) pode ser encontrada nos sistemas hidrográficos Ganges-Bramaputra-Meghna e Karnafuli-Sangu da Índia e Bangladesh. Antigamente, sua área de ocorrência abrangia o Nepal.[16] Uma pequena subpopulação ainda pode ser encontrada no rio Gagara e, possivelmente, no rio Sapta Kosi. A maior parte da subespécie do Indo (P. g. minor) se localiza entre as barragens de Sucur e Guddu, na província do Sind, no Paquistão.[17] Duas subpopulações menores também foram registradas nas províncias do Punjab e Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Como estes dois sistemas hídricos (Indo e Ganges) não têm qualquer ligação, é um mistério como essas duas subespécies acabaram se localizando neles. É improvável que a subespécie de um rio tenha chegado ao outro através do oceano, pois seus estuários são bem distantes entre si. De acordo com o livro "Terra dos sete riosː uma breve história da geografia da Índia", de Sanjeev Sanyal, uma explicação provável é que vários rios do norte da Índia, como o Sutle e o Yamuna, alteraram seus cursos em tempos antigos e levaram os golfinhos com eles.[18]

Biologia

Os nascimentos ocorrem no ano inteiro, mas parecem se concentrar entre dezembro e janeiro e entre março e maio.[19] Acredita-se que a gestação dura de nove a dez meses. Depois de aproximadamente um ano, os jovens desmamam. Eles alcançam maturidade sexual com aproximadamente dez anos de idade.[20] Durante a monção, os golfinhos-de-rio-do-sul-da-ásia tendem a migrar para os afluentes dos principais sistemas hídricos.[21] Ocasionalmente, indivíduos nadam deixando seus bicos emersos, podendo, ainda, saltar completa ou parcialmente fora da água e pousar de lado.[22] Se alimentam de vários tipos de peixes e camarões, incluindo carpas e bagres. São usualmente encontrados sozinhos ou em grupos frouxos, pois não formam grupos coesos.

Conservação

O comércio internacional da espécie é proibido segundo o apêndice I da Convenção sobre o Comércio Internacional das Espécies da Fauna e da Flora Silvestres Ameaçadas de Extinção.[23] A espécie é protegida pelo Ato da Vida Selvagem Indiana, embora a legislação necessite de uma execução mais estrita.[24]

Ambas as subespécies são listadas pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza como "em perigo" na sua Lista Vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais.[25] O golfinho-do-indo é listado como "em perigo" pelo Serviço Nacional de Pesca Marinha do Governo dos Estados Unidos, de acordo com o Ato das Espécies em Perigo. Em compensação, em anos recentes, a população de golfinhos-do-indo cegos no Paquistão aumentou.[26]

O perigo imediato para a população residente de P. gangetica no Santuário Nacional do Chambal é a diminuição da profundidade do rio Chambal e o surgimento de bancos de areia que dividem o rio em segmentos menores.[27] As medidas propostas de conservação incluem tanto a criação de santuários para a espécie como a criação de habitat adicional.

O ministro do meio ambiente e floresta declarou o golfinho-do-ganges como o animal aquático nacional da Índia. Um trecho do rio Ganges entre Sultanganj e Kahlgaon, em Bihar, foi declarado santuário da espécie com o nome de Santuário Vikramshila do Golfinho-do-ganges. É o primeiro santuário criado para a espécie.

A espécie está listada nos apêndices I e II da Convenção de Bona. Está listada no apêndice I como espécie em perigo de extinção em toda ou em significativa parte de sua área de ocorrência. O apêndice ainda declara que os signatários da convenção almejam a proteção da espécie, conservando ou restaurando os locais onde ela vive, diminuindo os obstáculos a sua migração e controlando outros fatores que poderiam ameaçá-la. Está listada no apêndice II com um status desfavorável de conservação, ou que poderia se beneficiar de cooperação internacional através de acordos.

O governo de Uttar Pradesh está divulgando antigos textos hindus com a esperança de aumentar o apoio da comunidade à salvação da espécie de seu desaparecimento. Um verso de um desses textos, o Ramáiana, enfatiza a força com que o rio Ganges teria emergido dos cachos do cabelo de Xiva, levando, junto, vários animais, entre eles o Shishumaar (golfinho-do-ganges).[28]

Interação com o homem

Ambas as subespécies vêm sendo gravemente afetadas pelo uso humano dos rios do subcontinente indiano. Muitos golfinhos ficam presos nas redes de pesca. Alguns são capturados e têm sua carne e óleo usados como linimento, afrodisíaco ou isca para bagre.

A irrigação diminuiu o nível da água nas regiões ocupadas pela espécie. A poluição das águas causada pela indústria e pela agricultura também pode ter contribuído para o declínio da população da espécie. Talvez a principal causa, porém, tenha sido a construção de mais de cinquenta represas, que causaram a segregação de populações e a diminuição do fundo genético. Atualmente, três subpopulações de golfinho-do-indo são consideradas capazes de sobrevivência a longo prazo se protegidas.[29]

Personalidade não humana

Em 20 de maio de 2013, o ministro do meio ambiente e florestas da Índia declarou que os golfinhos eram "pessoas não humanas" e, como tal, passava a ser proibido o seu cativeiro com a finalidade de entretenimento.[30] Alguns cientistas defendem que golfinhos e baleias são suficientemente inteligentes para merecerem o mesmo tratamento ético que os seres humanos recebem.[31] Consequentemente, para se manter um golfinho em cativeiro, deveria ser necessária uma justificativa legal.

Referências

  1. Smith, B.D. & Braulik, G.T. (2012). Platanista gangetica (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 16-11-2012..
  2. «Cego, golfinho considerado raro é levado para rio no Paquistão». G1. 7 de setembro de 2011. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2012
  3. A. Rus Hoelzel. Marine mammal biology: an evolutionary approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. p. 8.
  4. Government of India. Disponível em http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/dolphin-eng_0.pdf. Acesso em 17 de março de 2018.
  5. Official gateway. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html. Acesso em 18 de março de 2018.
  6. The Times of India. Disponível em https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gangetic-river-dolphin-to-be-city-animal-of-Guwahati/articleshow/52623206.cms. Acesso em 18 de março de 2018.
  7. «Indus and Ganges River Dolphins are Separate Species, New Study Shows | Biology | Sci-News.com». Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com (em inglês). Consultado em 31 de março de 2021
  8. Rehabilitation. Disponível em http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/44083. Acesso em 18 de março de 2018.
  9. Pilleri, G.; G. Marcuzzi & O. Pilleri (1982). "Speciation in the Platanistoidea, systematic, zoogeographical and ecological observations on recent species". Investigations on Cetacea. 14: 15–46.
  10. ResearchGate. Disponível em https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262524058_One_Species_or_Two_Vicariance_Lineage_Divergence_and_Low_mtDNA_Diversity_in_Geographically_Isolated_Populations_of_South_Asian_River_Dolphin. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  11. Edge. Disponível em http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin/. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  12. University of Nebraska. Disponível em https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/138/. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  13. Kasuya, T., 1972. Some information on the growth of the Ganges dolphin with a comment on the Indus dolphin. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 24: 87-108
  14. Red list. Disponível em http://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/website/Platanista%20gangetica Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  15. Edge. Disponível em http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin/. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  16. Edge. Disponível em http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin/. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  17. Edge. Disponível em http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/ganges-river-dolphin/. Acesso em 19 de março de 2018.
  18. Sanyal, Sanjeev (2012). Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography. Penguin.
  19. CMS. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110231/http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/P_gangetica/p_gangetica.htm. Acesso em 21 de março de 2018.
  20. ADW. Disponível em http://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Platanista_gangetica.html. Acesso em 21 de março de 2018.
  21. CMS. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110231/http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/P_gangetica/p_gangetica.htm. Acesso em 21 de março de 2018.
  22. WDC. Disponível em http://ar.whales.org/guia-de-especies/delfin-del-ganges. Acesso em 21 de março de 2018.
  23. Cites. Disponível em https://www.cites.org/. Acesso em 25 de março de 2018.
  24. CMS. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110231/http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/P_gangetica/p_gangetica.htm. Acesso em 25 de março de 2018.
  25. Red List. Disponível em http://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/website/Platanista%20gangetica Acesso em 25 de março de 2018.
  26. Dawn. Disponível em https://www.dawn.com/news/622216/blind-indus-dolphins-population-increasin. Acesso em 25 de março de 2018.
  27. Gangetic dolphin. Disponível em file:///C:/Users/ERICO/Downloads/ch_dol.PDF. Acesso em 25 de março de 2018.
  28. The Chakra. Disponível em http://www.chakranews.com/how-hinduism-continues-to-save-dolphins-in-india/964. Acesso em 27 de março de 2018.
  29. Braulik, G. T. (2006). "Status assessment of the Indus river dolphin, Platanista minor minor, March–April 2001". Biological Conservation. 129: 579–590.
  30. The Hindu. Disponível em http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/dolphins-get-their-due/article6119256.ece. Acesso em 31 de março de 2018.
  31. BBC News. Disponível em http://www.bbc.com/news/world-17116882. Acesso em 31 de março de 2018.
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Golfinho-do-ganges: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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O golfinho-de-rio-do-sul-da-ásia (Platanista gangetica) é uma espécie de golfinho de água doce encontrado no subcontinente indiano. Conta com duas subespéciesː o golfinho-do-ganges (P. g. gangetica), com 1 200-1 800 indivíduos, habita as águas do rio Ganges na Índia; e o golfinho-do-indo (P. g. minor) habita o rio Indo, no Paquistão. Mead e Bronwell (2005) consideram as subespécies como espécies distintas. P. g. gangetica habita sobretudo os rios Ganges e Bramaputra e seus afluentes em Bangladesh, Índia e Nepal. P. g. minor habita o rio Indo no Paquistão e seus afluentes Beás e Sutle.

Da década de 1970 até 1998, foram consideradas espécies separadas. Nesse ano, passaram a ser consideradas subespécies da mesma espécie. P. g. gangetica foi reconhecido pelo governo da Índia como "animal aquático nacional". P. g. minor foi nomeado o mamífero nacional do Paquistão. P. g. gangetica também é o animal oficial da cidade indiana de Guwahati.

Em 2021, pesquisadores propuseram que as duas subespécies do golfinho do rio sul asiático (Platanista gangetica) - o golfinho do rio Indus (Platanista gangetica minor) e o golfinho do rio Ganges (Platanista gangetica gangetica) - deveriam ser reconhecidas como espécies completas distintas.

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Delfínovec indický ( словачки )

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Delfínovec indický alebo delfínovec gangský (staršie delfínovec ganžský; lat. Platanista gangetica) je druh cicavca z čeľade delfínovcovité (Platanistidae).

Vzťah k delfínovcovi menšiemu

Druh delfínovec menší (Platanista minor) bol v roku 1853 opísaný ako poddruh delfínovca gangského (Platanista gangetica minor), ale od roku 1998 sa väčšinou považuje za oddelený druh (R. Reeves and A. A. Chaudhry. Status of the Indus River dolphin, 1998, Oryx 32(1):35-44; Mammal Species of the World 2005), hoci niektorí autori (napríklad (D. W. Rice. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. 1998) ho naďalej považujú za poddruh. Keď sa delfínovec menší považuje za poddruh, pozostáva druh delfínovec indický teda z dvoch poddruhov:

Tento článok je len o druhu delfínovec indický.

Výskyt

Delfínovec indický sa vyskytuje hlavne v riekach Ganga a Brahmaputra predovšetkým na ich tokoch v Indii, Bangladéši a Nepále.

Opis a spôsob života

Delfínovec indický (podobne ako delfínovec menší) má zo všetkých recentných druhov delfínovcov najviac redukovaný zrak, prakticky je slepý. Zakrpatené oko nemá vôbec vytvorenú šošovku a reaguje len na zmenu intenzity svetla. Dorastá do dĺžky 2 - 3 metrov. Sfarbenie tela je tmavo hnedé až čierne, čeľuste má pretiahnuté v akýsi úzky zobák. Živí sa rybami, kôrovcami a mäkkýšmi, ktoré loví pri riečnom dne. Samica je gravidná 350 - 360 dní.

Galéria

Zdroj

Iné projekty

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Delfínovec indický: Brief Summary ( словачки )

добавил wikipedia SK

Delfínovec indický alebo delfínovec gangský (staršie delfínovec ganžský; lat. Platanista gangetica) je druh cicavca z čeľade delfínovcovité (Platanistidae).

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Gangesdelfin ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Gangesdelfin[6] (Platanista gangetica[3][4][7][8][9]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av William Roxburgh 1801. Platanista gangetica ingår i släktet gangesdelfiner och familjen Platanistidae.[10][11] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[10]

Utseende

Arten kännetecknas av en långsträckt nos som utgör upp till 20 procent av hela djurets längd. Den har många tänder som delvis är synliga när munnen är stängd. I underkäken förekommer 26 till 35 tänder på varje sida som vanligen är längre än överkäkens tänder. Antalet tänder per sida i överkäken varierar mellan 26 och 39. Ryggfenan hos Platanista gangetica påminner mer om en puckel. Däremot är bröst- och stjärtfenorna stora i jämförelse till bålen. Denna val har en brun till grå grundfärg och allmänt är ryggen mörkare än undersidan. På buken förekommer ibland en rosa skugga.[12]

Platanista gangetica har små ögon som bara kan skilja mellan mörkt och ljust. De yttre öronen är bara lite större än ögonen.[12]

Denna val når vanligen en absolut kroppslängd (inklusive stjärtfena) av 2,10 till 2,60 meter och en vikt av 80 till 90 kg. Vuxna honor är oftast större än hanarna.[13]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna val förekommer i floderna Ganges, Brahmaputra och Karnaphuli-Sangu samt i deras bifloder.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna lever vanligen ensam och ibland syns mindre flockar med 3 till 10 medlemmar. I sällsynta fall bildas en flock av upp till 30 medlemmar. På grund av att synen är rudimentär upptäcks födan främst med hjälp av ekolokalisering samt med känselsinnet. Arten äter bara animalisk föda som fiskar, kräftdjur, bläckfiskar och andra vattenlevande ryggradslösa djur. De växtdelar som hittades i artens magsäck hamnade där troligen av misstag.[12]

Arten simmar vanligen långsam men ibland når den en hastighet av 27 km/h. Den stannar oftast 10 sekunder till en minut och 40 sekunder under vattenytan. Individer i fångenskap gjorde dykningar på upp till 3 minuter.[12] Platanista gangetica kan hoppa så att hela kroppen befinner sig utanför vattnet och den landar i dessa fall på kroppssidan.[13]

Honor kan para sig hela året men de flesta ungar föds i december/januari. Dräktighetens längd varierar mellan 8 och 12 månader (ofta 10). Sedan föds en enda unge som är i början 70 till 90 cm lång. Ungen diar sin mor 2 till 12 månader (ofta 9) och den blir könsmogen efter cirka 10 år. Vissa individer når först efter 20 år sin största storlek (när de lever så länge). Den genomsnittliga livslängden antas vara 18 till 22 år. Den äldsta kända hanen var 28 år gammal.[12]

Bifloder uppsöks vanligen under monsunen.[13]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2012 Platanista gangetica Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Pernetta, John C. ed. (1993) Marine Protected Area Needs in the South Asian Seas Region. Volume 2: India, IUCN Marine Conservation and Development Report
  3. ^ [a b] Rice, Dale W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, Special Publications of the Society for Marine Mammals, no. 4
  4. ^ [a b] Mead, James G., and Robert L. Brownell, Jr. / Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) Order Cetacea, Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vol. 1
  5. ^ Hershkovitz, Philip (1966) Catalog of Living Whales, United States National Museum Bulletin 246
  6. ^ Gangesdelfin, Nationalencyklopedin, läst 2016-03-07.
  7. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  8. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Platanista gangetica
  9. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  10. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (5 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/platanista+gangetica/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  11. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  12. ^ [a b c d e] Swinton & Gomez (5 april 2009). ”Ganges river dolphin” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Platanista_gangetica/. Läst 7 mars 2016.
  13. ^ [a b c] R. Edwards (5 april 2009). ”Ganges river dolphin”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 mars 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121805/http://www.arkive.org/ganges-river-dolphin/platanista-gangetica/. Läst 7 mars 2016.

Externa länkar

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Gangesdelfin: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Gangesdelfin (Platanista gangetica) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av William Roxburgh 1801. Platanista gangetica ingår i släktet gangesdelfiner och familjen Platanistidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Дельфін південноазійський річковий ( украински )

добавил wikipedia UK
 src=
Гангський річковий дельфін

Разом з індським річковим дельфіном (Platanista minor) становить рід Platanista.

Цей вид був розділений на два в 1970-х роках, коли з'ясувалося, що популяції з річок Інд і Ганг не схрещувалися вже багато сотень років, хоча деякі дослідники все ще розміщують види разом.

Підвиди

Включає 2 підвиди, які нерідко вважають окремими видами:

  • Platanista gangetica gangetica
  • Platanista gangetica minor
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Дельфін південноазійський річковий: Brief Summary ( украински )

добавил wikipedia UK
 src= Гангський річковий дельфін

Разом з індським річковим дельфіном (Platanista minor) становить рід Platanista.

Цей вид був розділений на два в 1970-х роках, коли з'ясувалося, що популяції з річок Інд і Ганг не схрещувалися вже багато сотень років, хоча деякі дослідники все ще розміщують види разом.

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Cá heo sông Hằng và sông Ấn ( виетнамски )

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Cá heo sông Hằng (danh pháp khoa học: Platanista gangetica gangetica) và Platanista gangetica minor (tên tiếng Anh: Cá heo sông Ấn) là hai phân loài của cá heo sông nước ngọt sống ở Bangladesh, Ấn Độ, NepalPakistan được gọi chung là cá heo sông Nam Á[1]. Cá heo sông Hằng chủ yếu tìm thấy ở sông Hằng và sông Brahmaputra và các chi lưu của chúng ở Ấn Độ, Bangladesh và Nepal còn các heo sông Ấn chỉ có ở các nhánh sông của sông ẤnPakistan. Từ thập niên 1970 đến 1998, chúng đã được xem là các loài riêng biệt, tuy nhiên, năm 1998, người ta đã phân loại chúng từ hai loài riêng biệt thành các phân loài của một loài.

 src=
Cá heo sông Ấn

Phân bố

Cá heo sông Nam Á sống tại các thống sông nước ngọt ở Nepal, Ấn Độ, Bangladesh và Pakistan. They can be most commonly found in water with high abundance of prey and reduced flow.[2] Chúng được tìm thấy ở các khu vực nước chảy chậm và có sự phong phú về nguồn thức ăn. Phân loài cá heo sông Hằng (P. g. gangetica) được tìm thấy dọc theo hệ thống sông Hằng-Brahmaputra-Meghna và Karnaphuli-Sangu của Bangladesh và Ấn Độ, từng mở rộng lên tận Nepal. Một quần thể nhỏ vẫn được tìm thấy trên sông Ghaghara và sông Kosi.

Phân loài cá heo sông Ấn (P. m. minor) được tìm thấy ở khu vực sông giữa Sukkur và đập Guddu, tỉnh Sind, Pakistan. Ngoài ra, quần thể nhỏ cá heo cũng đã được ghi nhận thuộc nhánh sông Ấn thuộc tỉnh Punjab và tỉnh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Mô tả

Cá heo Nam Á có đặc điểm như những loài cá heo sông khác là mũi dài và nhọn. Răng nhỏ, mỏng và cong nhưng khi trưởng thành thì nó vuông và thẳng hơn. Chiều dài của chúng khoảng 2-2,2 m ở con đực và 2,4-2,6 m ở con cái.

Tên khác

  • Cả hai phân loài: Cá heo sông Nam Á, Cá heo sông mù, Cá heo bơi một bên cá heo Susu.
  • Cá heo sông Hằng: Cá heo sông Hằng, Ganges Susu, Shushuk
  • Cá heo sông Ấn: Bhulan, Indus Dolphin, Indus blind dolphin

Hình ảnh

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá heo sông Hằng và sông Ấn

Tham khảo

Bản mẫu:ARKive attribute

  1. ^ A. Rus Hoelzel. Marine mammal biology: an evolutionary approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. tr. 8. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 2 năm 2011.
  2. ^ “South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)”. EDGE. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 7 năm 2011.

Xem thêm

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá heo sông Hằng và sông Ấn  src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá heo sông Hằng và sông Ấn
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Гангский дельфин ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Череп гангского дельфина из постоянной коллекции Детского музея Индианаполиса

Гангский дельфин живёт в медленно текущих мутных реках и их притоках; иногда заходит в ирригационные каналы. Держится преимущественно в верховьях. В устье спускается лишь в дождливый сезон, но в море никогда не выходит. Встречается при температуре воды от 8 до 33 °C. Днём держится на глубине (более 3 м), ночью охотится на мелководье (до 20—30 см). Под водой остается до 2 минут, обычно 35—40 секунд. Часто плавает на боку, особенно на мелководье. Обычно медлителен, но способен на скоростные рывки. За исключением молодых особей, обычных для дельфинов акробатических способностей не выказывает.

Пищу разыскивает, главным образом роясь клювом и грудными плавниками в донном грунте. Питается рыбами (сомами, карпами, бычками) и различными беспозвоночными (ракообразными, моллюсками). Количество съедаемой ежедневно пищи составляет около 1 кг (в неволе). Способность к эхолокации очень развита; с её помощью дельфин способен обнаружить проволоку диаметром в 1 мм. Исследование показало, что 81 % испускаемых дельфинами звуков (щелчков) относятся к эхолокации и лишь 5 % — к коммуникации. Держатся дельфины поодиночке, изредка группами из 3—10 особей (максимум 30). Скапливаются обычно при слиянии рек и притоков, то есть на кормных местах, а также в устьях каналов, на участках со слабым течением, близ деревень и переправ. Перемещаются группами не более чем из 3 особей. По данным наблюдений плотность популяции дельфинов составляет 0,7—1,36 особей/км. Возможно, взрослой особи требуется не менее 1 км пространства.

Размножение

Биология размножения изучена слабо. Период спаривания не выражен, но большинство рождений приходятся на октябрь — март. Наибольшее число детёнышей рождается в декабре — январе в начале сухого сезона. Длительность беременности 8—11 месяцев. В помёте 1 детёныш. Новорожденный имеет длину тела 45—70 см и массу 7—7,5 кг. В годовалом возрасте детёныш достигает длины примерно 116 см и становится самостоятельным. Половой зрелости достигает между 6 и 10 годами. Роды, вероятно, происходят 1 раз в 2 года.

Продолжительность жизни — порядка 30 лет.

Подвиды

В настоящее время выделяют 2 подвида[7]:

  • Platanista gangetica gangetica[8] — собственно Гангский дельфин, номинативный подвид;
  • Platanista gangetica minor[9] (= Platanista indi[3][2], Platanista minor[5]) — Индский дельфин[10][2][11], или малый гангский дельфин[4][5], подвид из реки Инд.

Природоохранный статус

Гангский дельфин — малочисленное животное, занесённое в Международную Красную книгу со статусом «вымирающий вид» (endangered). Естественных врагов не имеет. Добывается людьми ради мяса, идущего в пищу и на приманки для рыб, а также ради жира, который используется для освещения и в традиционной медицине (в частности как афродизиак).

Основную опасность для популяции, однако, составляет антропогенное давление на среду обитания дельфинов. Речные дельфины зачастую запутываются в рыболовных сетях и сталкиваются с проходящими судами. Ирригационные работы и заборы воды для сельскохозяйственных, индустриальных и прочих нужд резко снижают уровень воды по всему ареалу дельфина, особенно в сухой сезон. Химическое загрязнение также играет свою роль в уменьшении численности дельфинов. Наконец, строительство многочисленных плотин и дамб, начатое в 1930-х гг., перегораживает течение рек, препятствуя сезонным миграциям дельфина, изменяя среду его обитания и разделяя единую популяцию на изолированные субпопуляции с ограниченным генетическим разнообразием.

Наиболее плотные популяции дельфина сосредоточены близ специального убежища Викрамшила в Индии (Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary), в южной Бангладеш и в пакистанской провинции Синд. Наименьшее число, порядка 20 особей, обитает в р. Карнали (Непал). Природоохранные мероприятия, проводимые правительством Пакистана, позволили увеличить численность индского подвида, который в 1974 г. оценивался всего в 450—600 голов. Исследование численности индского дельфина, проведённое в 2001 г. WWF Пакистана, показало, что на территории страны обитает порядка 1171 особи; общая численность по всему ареалу, возможно, исчисляется несколькими тысячами. Индский дельфин является национальным символом Пакистана наряду с мархуром и азиатским львом и с 1974 г. охраняется законами. Гангский подвид дельфина изучен слабее, его ареал и численность точно неизвестны.

Численность гангских и индских дельфинов, по оценкам экологов, будет продолжать сокращаться из-за деградации среды их обитания.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Томилин А. Г. Отряд Китообразные (Cetacea) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 369—370. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  2. 1 2 3 Биологический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. М. С. Гиляров; Редкол.: А. А. Баев, Г. Г. Винберг, Г. А. Заварзин и др. — М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1986. — С. 539. — 831 с. — 100 000 экз.
  3. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Систематика млекопитающих. Том 3. Китообразные, хищные, ластоногие, трубкозубые, хоботные, даманы, сирены, парнокопытные, мозоленогие, непарнокопытные. — М.: Высшая школа, 1979. — С. 19—21. — 528 с.
  4. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 112. — 10 000 экз.
  5. 1 2 3 Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 468. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  6. 1 2 Platanista gangetica на сайте IUCN
  7. Smith B. D., Braulik G. T. 2012. Platanista gangetica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.
  8. Smith B. D., Braulik G. T., Sinha R. 2012. Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.
  9. Braulik G. T., Smith B. D., Chaudhry S. 2012. Platanista gangetica ssp. minor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012.
  10. Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — С. 228—229. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
  11. Соколов В. Е. Фауна мира: Млекопитающие: Справочник. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1990. — С. 125. — 254 с. — ISBN 5-10-001036-3
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Гангский дельфин: Brief Summary ( руски )

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 src= Череп гангского дельфина из постоянной коллекции Детского музея Индианаполиса

Гангский дельфин живёт в медленно текущих мутных реках и их притоках; иногда заходит в ирригационные каналы. Держится преимущественно в верховьях. В устье спускается лишь в дождливый сезон, но в море никогда не выходит. Встречается при температуре воды от 8 до 33 °C. Днём держится на глубине (более 3 м), ночью охотится на мелководье (до 20—30 см). Под водой остается до 2 минут, обычно 35—40 секунд. Часто плавает на боку, особенно на мелководье. Обычно медлителен, но способен на скоростные рывки. За исключением молодых особей, обычных для дельфинов акробатических способностей не выказывает.

Пищу разыскивает, главным образом роясь клювом и грудными плавниками в донном грунте. Питается рыбами (сомами, карпами, бычками) и различными беспозвоночными (ракообразными, моллюсками). Количество съедаемой ежедневно пищи составляет около 1 кг (в неволе). Способность к эхолокации очень развита; с её помощью дельфин способен обнаружить проволоку диаметром в 1 мм. Исследование показало, что 81 % испускаемых дельфинами звуков (щелчков) относятся к эхолокации и лишь 5 % — к коммуникации. Держатся дельфины поодиночке, изредка группами из 3—10 особей (максимум 30). Скапливаются обычно при слиянии рек и притоков, то есть на кормных местах, а также в устьях каналов, на участках со слабым течением, близ деревень и переправ. Перемещаются группами не более чем из 3 особей. По данным наблюдений плотность популяции дельфинов составляет 0,7—1,36 особей/км. Возможно, взрослой особи требуется не менее 1 км пространства.

Размножение

Биология размножения изучена слабо. Период спаривания не выражен, но большинство рождений приходятся на октябрь — март. Наибольшее число детёнышей рождается в декабре — январе в начале сухого сезона. Длительность беременности 8—11 месяцев. В помёте 1 детёныш. Новорожденный имеет длину тела 45—70 см и массу 7—7,5 кг. В годовалом возрасте детёныш достигает длины примерно 116 см и становится самостоятельным. Половой зрелости достигает между 6 и 10 годами. Роды, вероятно, происходят 1 раз в 2 года.

Продолжительность жизни — порядка 30 лет.

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인도강돌고래 ( корејски )

добавил wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

인도강돌고래(Platanista gangetica)는 인도아대륙에서 발견되는 강돌고래의 일종이다.[2] 2종의 아종이 방글라데시, 인도, 네팔, 파키스탄에 분포한다. 갠지스강돌고래는 갠지스강과 브라마푸트라강에서 서식하며, 인더스강돌고래는 파키스탄에 있는 인더스강에만 서식한다. 1998년까지는 그들은 다른 종으로 여겨졌지만, 이제는 2가지의 아종으로 여겨진다.

아종

  • 갠지스강돌고래 (Platanista gangetica gangetica) (Lebeck, 1801)
  • 인더스강돌고래 (Platanista gangetica minor) (Roxburgh, 1801)

계통 분류

다음은 거테시 등(Gatesy et al..)의 계통 분류이다.[3]

고래하목 수염고래

Janjucetus

     

참고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

     

꼬마긴수염고래과

     

귀신고래과Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg

   

수염고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

          이빨고래    

꼬마향고래과

   

향고래과Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg

       

인도강돌고래과Lipotes vexillifer.png

     

부리고래과Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg

       

아마존강돌고래과

   

라플라타돌고래과Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg

    참돌고래상과

참돌고래과Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg

     

쇠돌고래과

   

외뿔고래과Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg

               

각주

  1. Smith, B.D.; Braulik, G.T. (2017). Platanista gangetica. 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (IUCN) 2017: e.T41758A50383612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41758A50383612.en. 2018년 5월 29일에 확인함.
  2. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. John Gatesy, Jonathan H. Geisler, Joseph Chang, Carl Buell, Annalisa Berta, Robert W. Meredith, Mark S. Springer, Michael R. McGowen: A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 66, Issue 2, Februar 2013, S. 479–506. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
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