dcsimg

Cyclicity

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Brief Summary

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Diagnosis A big species of frog (males 117-188 mm snout-vent length, females 124-166 mm snout-vent length) with a distinctive labyrinthine belly pattern, living in a subtropical and tropical open formations incliding much of the Cerrado Morphoclimatic Domain and cerrado-like enclaves in tropical rain forest.
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Distribution

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Occurs in the Cerrados and Caatingas Brazil, eastern Paraguay, Bolivia, northern Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes Provinces), and southern Brazil. It occurs at elevations of up to 1,000m asl.
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Morphology

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arborea
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Life Cycle

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Perene
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Reproduction

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sementes
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Diagnostic Description

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Adult morphology Lip pattern often dark elongate triangular marks on lip edge, fading towards eye, 2 dark marks under eye; or broad irregular darker and lighter bands, 2 dark bands entering eye. Lip pattern rarely uniform light; or dark triangular marks on edge of upper lip only; or dark triangular marks, 1 or 2 elongate approaching or entering lower eye; or dark with two narrow light chevrons from lip entering eye; or alternating broad light bands and narrow dark vertical stripes, 1-3 dark stripes entering eye. Dorsal pattern often uniform light or dark; or with a series of regularly or irregularly placed small, dark spots; or with series of irregularly spaced, indefined small blotches; or with single broad dark chevron posterior to interorbital bar followed by a series of fairly regularly spaced large dark spots. Dorsal pattern rarely uniform light with 1-2 welldefined, narrow transverse bands; or well developed dark interorbital band/chevron and 2 moderate to large equally intense dark chevrons, second chevron in sacral region, chevrons confluent or not; or two broad dark transverse bands between interorbital bar and arm insertion area, rest of dorsum with large spots. Belly usually labyrinthine. Belly often light with dark vermiculations. Belly rarely light (no pattern); or with lateral and anterior mottling only; or mottled or uniform dark; or dark with large light vermiculations. Posterior thigh pattern usually dark with large light vermiculations, some coalescing of vermiculations. Thigh often dark with small distinct light vermiculations or spots; or mostly very distinctly light with few irregular dark marks. Thigh rarely dark with distinct, discrete light spots; or dark with contrasting large light irregular blotches/spots extending from light dorsal transverse bars, rest of thigh dark with light vermiculations. Dorsolateral folds usually interrupted from at least 1/2 to full distance from eye to sacrum. Dorsolateral folds often interrupted from at least 1/4 distance to 1/2 distance from eye to sacrum. Dorsolateral folds rarely absent; or entire from at least 1/4 to full distance from eye to sacrum; or interrupted to at least between sacrum and some distance to groin. Flank folds usually with dark spot/wart in area where fold would be between tympanum and shoulder. Flank folds often absent. Flank folds rarely interrupted from tympanum to lower flank; or entire from tympanum to lower flank. Male thumb usually with one large spine. Male thumb often with one tiny to small spine. Male thumb rarely with one large spine and a prepollical bump. Large breeding males with chest spines. Females snout-vent length: 124.0-166.0 mm, males snout-vent length: 117.1-188.0, not sexually dimorphic. Larval morphology The length of the tail is remarkable: 3/4 of the total length. The body is elliptical, dorsally grayish, ventrally light, with nar¬row snout and nostrils located at the same distance between tip of snout and eye. The intenarial interval is about 2/3 of the interocular distance. As well as in the tadpoles of the other species of this group, the spiracle is sinistral and the vent is median. Caudal fins regularly scattered with large dark blotches, ending in a very sharp tip. Mouth with a row of coarse papillae; the median part of the upper lip is bare; the horny beaks are strong and wide. Usual tooth tows formula: 1/2(1).
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Conservation Status

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LC. Least Concern.
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Comprehensive Description

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Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix), 1824

Rana labyrinthica Spix, 1824:31. [Type-locality: Rio de Janeiro (state), Brazil. Holotype: destroyed.]

Leptodactylus wuchereri Jimenez de la Espada, 1875:68. [Type-locality: Argentina. Holotype: Museu Nacional, Madrid, 163, juvenile.]

Leptodactylus bufo Andersson, 1911:1. [Type-locality: Ponta Grosso, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: Royal Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, male.]

Leptodactylus vastus Lutz, 1930:32. [Type-locality: Independencia, Paraíba, Brazil. Holotype: Adolfo Lutz Collection 70, MNRio.]

Leptodactylus pentadactylus mattogrossensis Schmidt and Inger, 1951:444. [Type-locality: Urucum de Corumba, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 9240, adult female.]

DIAGNOSIS.—Leptodactylus labyrinthicus has no single feature that immediately distinguishes every individual from all individuals of the other species. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus lacks distinct light lip stripes; all flavopictus and rhodomystax individuals have light upper lip stripes. Leptodactylus laticeps has dark squares and rectangles on a light background in a pattern resembling a tile floor; labyrinthicus has darker spots and bars on a lighter background but never in a tile floorlike pattern. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus is a large species (minimum adult SVL 117 mm), the male has one well-developed thumb spine; rhodonotus, rugosus, and syphax are moderate-sized species (maximum adult SVLs, 90, 86, 78 mm, respectively) in which almost all males have two spines per thumb (a few rugosus have a single thumb spine); stenodema is a moderate-sized species (maximum SVL 100 mm) in which the males lack thumb spines. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus most closely resembles fallax, knudseni, and pentadactylus within the group. Many adult labyrinthicus and all juveniles are distinct from fallax, knudseni, and pentadactylus in having distinct light vertical bars on the upper lip. The dorsolateral folds of labyrinthicus are short, not extending past midbody, and often interrupted. The dorsolateral folds are continuous in fallax, knudseni, and pentadactylus, usually reaching the groin region in fallax and pentadactylus. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus is a larger species (maximum SVL almost 200 mm) than knudseni (maximum SVL 170 mm).

ADULT CHARACTERISTICS (N=216).—Dorsum more or less uniform, spotted, or barred (Figure 1, B–D, H, K); lip barred or rarely uniform, usually with light vertical bars (Figure 2, A–C, E, F, J); posterior surface of thigh rarely uniform, usually with contrasting light marks on a dark background (Figure 3, A–E, I, J, S); upper tibia distinctly or indistinctly barred (Figure 3, A, C) or rarely lacking pattern; two continuous or broken dorsolateral folds extending from ¼ to ½ distance from eye to groin, dark outlined or not; dark outlined fold from eye to above tympanum, dark outline continuing or not to shoulder; broken dark outlined fold from top of tympanum to side of body present or absent; usually one thumb spine per hand in males, rarely a second rudimentary spine; male with or without chest spines, all males 170 mm SVL or larger with chest spines; upper tibial and distal tarsal surfaces smooth or with scattered to many white- or black-tipped tubercles; sole of foot smooth or with scattered white- or black-tipped tubercles; female SVL 141.8±12.3 mm, maximum 178.9 mm, male SVL 148.9±16.3 mm, maximum 195.0 mm; female interorbital distance/head length ratio 0.17±0.02, male 0.17±0.02; female eye-nostril distance/head length ratio 0.23±0.01, male 0.24±0.01; female head length/SVL ratio 0.38±0.02, male 0.38±0.02; female head width/SVL ratio 0.40±0.02, male 0.41±0.02; female femur/SVL ratio 0.43±0.03, male 0.43±0.03; female tibia/SVL ratio 0.44±0.03, male 0.44±0.02; female foot/SVL ratio 0.45±0.04, male 0.45±0.03.

DISTINCTIVE COLOR IN LIFE.—Posterior surface of thigh, groin, and belly with yellow or red (Lutz, 1926b, pl. 30).

LARVAL CHARACTERISTICS.—Oral disk anterior; oral disk entire; tooth row formula maximum total length, stage 40, 80 mm (from Vizotto, 1967).

MATING CALL.—Tape recording unknown.

KARYOTYPE.—Diploid number 22, 4 pair median, 3 pair submedian, 4 pair subterminal; no secondary constrictions (Denaro, 1972).

DISTRIBUTION (Figure 11).—The species is found throughout the cerrados and caatingas of central and northeastern Brazil, coastal Venezuela, and in more mesic vegetation types in southeastern Brazil to Misiones, Argentina.

ARGENTINA. MISIONES: Cerro Azul (MACN 1690); Oberá, Picada Vieja (FML 2201); Refugio Piñalto, Dept. Fronteira (MACN 2977); San Ignacio (FML 742, 825, 829); Entre San Pedro y Bernardo Irigoyen (MACN 2963).

BOLIVIA. COCHABAMBA: Lake out Alto Palmar on road from Cocabamba to Villa Tunari (USNM 146507). SANTA CRUZ: Buenavista (CM 3808, UMMZ 63963, 66473(2), 66538, USNM 146519–21); E1 Carmen (CM 36166); E1 Pailón (CM 36170); E1 Portón (MCZ 30135); Prov Sara, Rio Colorado (CM 4296).

BRAZIL. ALAGOAS: Usina Sinimbu, Sāo Miguel (MZUSP 9238–44). BAHIA: Barreiras (MNRio 1087–88, 1133, UMMZ 108619–21); Cruz das Almas (MZUSP 4545, 4988, 10529); Japua, Rio Sāo Francisco (MNRio 1086); Copec. Ilhéus (MNRio 703(2)); Itiúba (MZUSP 38517); Salvador (FMNH 71844–47, MACN 4104–05, MZUSP 8281–8306, 9155–9226, 9566–69, 9571–83). CEARÁ: Açudinho, Baturité (FMNH 5640, MZUSP 25151–52); Crato (MNRio 431, 1084–85); Fortaleza, Mucuripe (MNRio 2589(9); Itapipoca (MZUSP 25110–13); Lima Campos (MZUSP 24534); Maranguape (USNM 109148–51); Miranda (MNRio 2550(10)). DISTRITO FEDERAL: Brasilia (MNRio 2710(2)). GOIÁS: Amaro Leite (MNRio 2967); Annapolis (AMNH 43842–44); Araguatins (MZUSP 25309); Aruanā (MZUSP 4989–90 25306–08); Cachoeíra Alta, Rio Verde (MZUSP 10429–33); Cana Brava (MZUSP 24535–37); Fazenda Transvaal, Rio Verde (MZUSP 12506–07, 23059–61, 24538–40, 25329–39), Jataí (MZUSP 20988–90, 25298–301); Lagôa Formosa, Cabeceiras (MZUSP 25296); Rio Sāo Miguel (MNRio 430). MARANHĀO: Sāo Luis (MZUSP 21746–47). MATO GROSSO: Barra do Tapirapés (AMNH 73689–691, MZUSP 24541–42, 25250–53); Burití, Chapada dos Guimarāes (MZUSP 37333–43); Dumbá (MZUSP 4311); Salobra (UMMZ 104304); Santa Luzia (ex. Juti) (MZUSP 28548–49); Sāo Domingos, Rio das Mortes (MZUSP 1777–79, 4301–06, 14734); Sāo Felix, Rio Araguaia (MZUSP 25327–28); Sāo Luiz de Cáceres (MNRio 2529); Urucum, S. of Corumbá (FMNH 9206–08, 9239–41, UMMZ 120393); Utiariti (MZUSP 24543, 25203). MINAS GERAIS: Arinos (MZUSP 25052); Belo Horizonte (MZUSP 10973–75, UMMZ 108563(18), 108614–15, USNM 96978–980); Fazenda Bolivia, Unaí (MZUSP 25094); Jaguara (MZUSP 843); Lagoa Santa (MZUSP 25072, UMMZ 108564–65, 108616–18); Peirópolis (MCZ 56273–77); Poços de Caldas, Brejo na Estrada indo de Poços para Andradas (MNRio 3807); Santana, Mun. Itaobim (MZUSP 20519–20); Uberlândia (MZUSP 12043–44); Vespasiano (MZUSP 12714). PARÁ: Alegre, 15 km NE Marapanim (MZUSP 24997, 25949); Cachimbo (MNRio 2567, MZUSP 21734, 21861–64, 25951); km 93 Belem-Brasilia (MZUSP 24945); Jacareacanga (MZUSP 24947–48). PARAÍBA: Campina Grande (USNM 109144); Coremas (MACN 4166, MZUSP 22907–08); Mamanguape (MZUSP 22865–67). PARANÁ: Parque Nacional de Iguaçu (MNRio 1786). PERNAMBUCO: Igarassú (MNRio 1127); Ponta de Pedra (MZUSP 34317–20); Recife (MNRio 3209, MZUSP 4461, 25030). PIAUÍ: Valença (MZUSP field 750208–09). RORAIMA: Serra do Parima (MZUSP 24936). RIO GRANDE DO NORTE: Ceará-Mirim (CAS 49620, 49629, 49704, 49722, FMNH 64216–19, MZUSP 10812); Cruzeta (USNM 109145–47); Lake Papery (= Lagoa Paparí) (CAS 49486); Natal (MCZ 15848); Papery (= Nísia Floresta) (CAS 49707). RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Sta Maria (MCZ 22975–76). SĀO PAULO: Assis, km 433 (USNM 207674); Avaí (MZUSP 24544–45); Boituva (MZUSP 25353); Borborema (MZUSP 25354–55); Campinas (MZUSP 24546); Colômbia (MZUSP 24547); Fazenda Sāo José de Cachoeira, Rincāo (MZUSP 25310); Franca (MZUSP 385); Guarantā (MZUSP 24548); Ipanema (MZUSP 908, 3047); Itapetinginga (MZUSP 2896); Jaboticabal (MZUSP 25549); Lusitânia (MZUSP 24557–58); M’Boi-Guaçu (MZUSP 24550–51); Nova Louzā (MZUSP 25432); Piquete (MZUSP 660, 776, 909); Piracicaba (MZUSP 6420–21); Piraçununga, Cachoeira de Emas (FMNH 71848, MNRio 2082, MZUSP 2004, 4930–37, 11159–63, 11166–69, 25356); Rechā (USNM 121284); Rio Pardo, Botucatu (FMNH 71849–50,MZUSP 2002–03, 7023, 7077–79, 7295–96, 7397–99, 10379, 14501–02, 14504–06); Salgado (= Juquiratiba) (MZUSP 25454); Sāo Bento do Sapucaí (MZUSP 24552–54); Sāo Paulo (MZUSP 1402, 24555); Tatu, Mun. Limeira (MZUSP 25468); Tietê (MZUSP 24218, 24556); Zeinas (MNRio 1965). SERGIPE: Areia Branca (MZUSP 37815–20).

PARAGUAY. CAAGUAZU: Pastoreo, NE of Caaguazu (MCZ 17917).

VENEZUELA. MONAGAS: Caripito (AMNH 70667–68); Escuela Granja Porcela, 8 km WSW Caripito (KU 117123). SUCRE: 25 km (by Puerto La Cruz Rd.) W Cumaná (KU 117124); Cumanacoa (CM 9065); Guaraúnos (KU 166492–94); near Latal, Hacienda “Mirasol” (CM 9098).
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bibliographic citation
Heyer, W. Ronald. 1979. "Systematics of the pentadactylus species group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-43. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.301

Leptodactylus labyrinthicus

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Leptodactylus labyrinthicus is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. Its common names are labyrinth frog, pepper frog, South American pepper frog, and pepper foam frog.[1][2] This frog is found in central and southeastern Brazil, northeast Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes Provinces), and eastern Paraguay. Earlier reports from Bolivia refer to Leptodactylus vastus, or possibly an unnamed species.[2]

Description

This species is a large frog, with the snout-vent length of males measuring 117–188 mm (4.6–7.4 in) and that of females 124–166 mm (4.9–6.5 in) in snout–vent length. The labyrinth-related names of this frog refer to the labyrinthine patterns it has on its belly, which is often light with dark vermiculations.[3]

Tadpoles are cryptic colored, with a dark gray back and tail.[4]

Ecology and behaviour

Leptodactylus labyrinthicus occurs in the Cerrado and Caatinga at elevations up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level.[1] It has been found mostly in open habitats, with the Amazon rainforest and Amazon river blocking its natural range, although small populations have been introduced in Amazonia.[5] It appears to be very tolerant to pollution.[5]

Due to this wide range of broad habitats, as of 2008, this frog is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[1]

This frog is a generalist and opportunistic predator. It has been known to eat invertebrates, amphibians, lizards, snakes, rodents and bats.[6][7]

The eggs of L. labyrinthicus are laid in foam nests, often in burrows on dry land or in swampy soil near water. It is hypothesized that the male frog finds or possibly creates the burrow in a suitable location and uses it as shelter during the reproductive season. The male makes advertisement calls mostly at night, though it has been observed calling during the day as well. After mating, the female frog lays both fertilized eggs and trophic eggs at one time and then does not return to the nest.[4]

The tadpoles hatch and feed on the trophic eggs; they can remain in the nest for up to 25 days, growing in size.[4] At the start of the rainy season, the tadpoles move to lentic water, where they will complete their metamorphosis, feeding on anuran eggs, other tadpoles, and carrion.[1][4] Other frog species do not lay their eggs until the first heavy rains; the head-start of the L. labyrinthicus tadpoles allows them to take advantage of the eggs and newly hatched tadpoles of other frog species. L. labyrinthicus tadpoles are mostly active at night, and hide from visual predators (including birds such as the creamy-bellied thrush) during the day by burrowing in gravel and leaves.[4]

Use by humans

This frog is used for human consumption. It is harvested in Venezuela, and attempts have been made to establish farms for commercial production in Brazil (although these failed for managerial reasons).[1][5]

The antimicrobial peptide pentadactylin has been isolated from the skin secretions of L. labyrinthicus and studied as a potential agent for use in chemotherapy.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Heyer, R.; Mijares, A.; Baldo, D. (2008). "Leptodactylus labyrinthicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T57137A11589949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T57137A11589949.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2017). "Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  3. ^ Heyer, W. Ronald (30 November 2005). "Variation and taxonomic clarification of the large species of the Leptodactylus pentadactylus species group (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Middle America, Northern South America, and Amazonia" (PDF). Arquivos de Zoologia. 37 (3): 269–348. doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v37i3p269-348. ISSN 0066-7870. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Silva, WR.; Giaretta, AA. (May 2008). "Further notes on the natural history of the South American pepper frog, Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura, Leptodactylidae)". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 68 (2): 403–407. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842008000200024.
  5. ^ a b c de Carvalho, Vinícius T.; de Fraga, Rafael; da Silva, André Luiz F.; Vogt, Richard C. (September 2013). Bernardo, Pedro (ed.). "Introduction of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in central Amazonia, Brazil". Check List. 9 (4): 849–850. ISSN 1809-127X. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  6. ^ Fonseca, Emanuel; Lanna, Flávia; Carvalho, Rose; Gehara, Marcelo (24 May 2012). "Predation on Sibynomorphus neuwiedi (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) by Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in southeastern Brazil" (PDF). Herpetology Notes. Societas Europaea Herpetologica. 5: 167–168. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  7. ^ Mikula P (2015). "Fish and amphibians as bat predators". European Journal of Ecology. 1 (1): 71–80. doi:10.1515/eje-2015-0010.
  8. ^ Libério, Michelle S.; Joanitti, Graziella A.; Azevedo, Ricardo B.; Cilli, Eduardo M.; Zanotta, Lanuse C.; Nascimento, Anna C.; Sousa, Marcelo V.; Pires Júnior, Osmindo R.; Fontes, Wagner; Castro, Mariana S. (11 December 2009). "Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity of pentadactylin isolated from Leptodactylus labyrinthicus on melanoma cells". Amino Acids. 40 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0384-y. PMID 20012549.
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Leptodactylus labyrinthicus: Brief Summary

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Leptodactylus labyrinthicus is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. Its common names are labyrinth frog, pepper frog, South American pepper frog, and pepper foam frog. This frog is found in central and southeastern Brazil, northeast Argentina (Misiones and Corrientes Provinces), and eastern Paraguay. Earlier reports from Bolivia refer to Leptodactylus vastus, or possibly an unnamed species.

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