More info for the terms:
competition,
marsh,
organic soils,
seriesMountain hemlock is commonly found on cold, snowy subalpine or boreal
sites where it grows slowly, sometimes reaching more than 800 years of
age. Though pure stands are less common than mixed stands, extensive
pure stands of mountain hemlock do occur in Alaska and in the central
high Cascades of Oregon [
49]. In the Siskiyous, mountain hemlock is
generally confined to cool, north-facing, cirquelike topography. It
does not form extensive stands like those in the Cascades because
suitable habitat is found only on the highest peaks. In the Siskiyous,
the lower limit of mountain hemlock is governed by high temperatures and
competition with Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica shastensis) [
8].
Mountain hemlock in western Montana is generally confined to the moist,
upper slopes of the Bitterroot Mountains [
33].
Elevational range: The elevational range of mountain hemlock has been
recorded as follows [
8,
49]:
Alaska - 0 to 3,500 feet (0-1,067 m)
southern British Columbia - 1,000 to 3,000 feet (300-900 m)
northern Washington - 4,200 to 5,600 feet (1,300-1,700 m)
Rocky Mountains - 5,100 to 6,900 (1,550-2,100 m)
southern Oregon - 5,200 to 7,500 (1,600- 2,300 m)
Siskiyous - 4,000 to 7,000 (1,220 - 2,134 m)
northern Sierra Nevada - 7,900 to 10,000 (2,400-3,050 m)
southern Sierra Nevada - 9,050 to 10,000 (2,750-3,500 m)
Climate: Mountain hemlock generally occurs on sites with mild to cold
winters; short, warm to cool growing seasons; and moderate to high
precipitation [
49]. Average annual snowfall ranges from about 32 to 50
feet (10-15 m) [
4].
Soils: Mountain hemlock grows on soils derived from a wide variety of
parent materials, however, it is rare and stunted on soils derived from
calcareous parent materials in the Selkirk Mountains of British
Columbia. It is found on organic soils in the northern portion of its
range more often than in the southern portion. In Alaska it is found on
organic soils bordering muskegs where it may be a major stand component.
Best development of mountain hemlock is on loose, coarse-textured,
well-drained soils with adequate moisture [
49]. In British Columbia
best growth is on thick, very acidic organic matter and decayed wood.
In the Siskiyous, soils in the mountain hemlock series are loam to silt
loam and average 40 inches (100 cm) in depth [
7]. Adequate soil
moisture appears to be especially important in California and Montana.
Soils are typically acidic with a pH ranging from 3.4 to 5.0 [
49]. In
the Coastal Mountains, mountain hemlock can grow on the rockiest soils,
even including recent lava flows, if moisture is adequate [
4]. The
nutritional requirements of mountain hemlock are low [
41].
Plant associates: In mixed stands, mountain hemlock usually coexists
with subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific silver fir, or
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). In Montana, subalpine fir
and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) are nearly constant associates
of mountain hemlock [
33]. Common understory associates with mountain
hemlock are as follows: beargrass, big huckleberry, grouse
whortleberry, rustyleaf menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), Cascades
azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), Alaska huckleberry (V. alaskaense),
ovalleaf huckleberry (V. ovalifolium), long-stoloned sedge (Carex inops
ssp. inops), mertens cassiope (Cassiope mertensiana), copperbush,
mountain heather, deer cabbage, marsh marigold (Caltha biflora), and
skunk cabbage (Lysichitum americanium) [
1,
19,
33,
68].