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Slender Oat

Avena barbata Pott ex Link

Comments

provided by eFloras
Avena barbata subsp. wiestii (Steud.) Mansf. has been reported from Pakistan, but its presence cannot be fonfirmed. Several authors (e.g. Bor, l.c.) distinguish it from subsp. barbata by the presence of a lateral tooth at the base of each bristle at the tip of the lemma, a character which is unreliable. They are best distinguished by spikelet length (16-20 mm in subsp. wiestii., 20-30 mm in subsp. barbata) and length of the lowest lemma (12-16 mm and 16-20 mm respectively). Subsp. wiestii also has a larger, more floriferous panicle.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 506 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Description

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Annual; culms 30-100 cm high, erect or ascending, slender to rather stout, simple. Leaf-blades up to 30 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, sparsely hairy to ciliate; ligules 2-5 mm long. Panicle subsecund, up to 30(-50) cm long and 12 cm wide, loose with smooth or faintly scaberulous branches. Spikelets 18-30 mm long, 2-3-flowered, the rhachilla articulated beneath each floret; glumes lanceolate, acuminate; lemmas 12-20 mm long, densely bearded with hairs up to 3 mm long around the callus, densely hairy with long stiff hairs up to the insertion of the awn, scabrid or asperulous on the nerves above, narrowed upwards and finely 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth aristulate with bristles 3-12 mm long; awn 3-6 cm long, geniculate, the column usually darker than the bristle, glabrous to faintly asperulous.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 506 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Distribution

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Distribution: Pakistan (Baluchistan & N.W.F.P.); southern Europe and the Mediterranean eastwards to Nepal and southern USSR.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 506 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Flower/Fruit

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Fl. & Fr. Per.: February-May.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 506 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Avena barbata Brot. Fl. Lusit. 1: 108. 1804
Culms relatively slender, commonly 1 meter tall; blades mostly narrower than in A . fatua, the panicle looser, the capillary branches and pedicels flexuous; spikelets drooping, the glumes narrower than in A. fatua; florets 2, or rarely 3, the lemmas conspicuously brownish-Iiispid Ijelow, attenuate, the apex with 2 setaceous teeth about 4 mm. long, the rather slender awn about 4 cm. long.
TvpB locality: Portugal.
Distribution: Weed in fields and waste places, Washington to California, Arizona, and Mexico; native of Europe.
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bibliographic citation
Albert Spear Hitchcock, Jason Richard Swallen, Agnes Chase. 1939. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(8). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems trailing, spreading or prostrate, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems solitary, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline , Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath hairy at summit, throat, or collar, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades more or less hairy, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet 3-10 mm wide, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or bet ween the florets, Rachilla or pedicel hairy, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemma similar in texture to glumes, Lemma coriaceous, firmer or thicker in texture than the glumes, Lemma 8-15 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 3 awns, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awn 2-4 cm long or longer, Lemma awn subapical or dorsal, Lemma awn twisted, spirally coiled at base, like a corkscrew, Lemma awn once geniculate, bent once, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma margins inrolled, tightly covering palea and caryopsis, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Lemma surface pilose, setose or bristly, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea shorter than lemma, Palea about equal to lem ma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Palea keels winged, scabrous, or ciliate, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis hairy all over.
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Dr. David Bogler
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Avena barbata

provided by wikipedia EN

Avena barbata is a species of wild oat known by the common name slender wild oat. It has edible seeds. It is a diploidized autotetraploid grass (2n=4x=28).[1] Its diploid ancestors are A. hirtula Lag. and A. wiestii Steud (2n=2x=14), which are considered Mediterranean and desert ecotypes, respectively, comprising a single species.[2] A westie and A. hirtula are widespread in the Mediterranean Basin, growing in mixed stands with A. barbata, though they are difficult to tell apart.

This is a winter annual grass with thin tillers (stems) growing up to 60 to 80 centimeters in maximum height, but known to sometimes grow taller. The bristly spikelets are 2 to 3 centimeters long, not counting the bent awn which is up to 4 centimeters in length. Avena barbata largely reproduces by selfing in natural populations, with very low rates of outcrossing.[3]

A. barbata is native to central Asia (as far east as Pakistan) and the Mediterranean Basin. As an introduced species it also occurs in other Mediterranean-like habitats of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay. In Europe it has been reported in Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Bulgaria, and Austria. In North America it is an introduced species and noxious weed, where it is especially widespread in California. In California it has displaced native species of grass.[4] It is also found in Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.[5]

Genetic evidence indicates that A. barbata in Argentina and California originated from Spain, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.[6]

Genetic studies of Californian populations

Californian populations of Avena barbata represent one of the most extensively studied examples of putative "ecotypes" in the plant literature. Its population genetics and evolution have been extensively examined since 1967,[7] primarily in the laboratories of R.W. Allard and Subodh Jain and their many students in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s at U.C. Davis,[8][9][10][3][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and more recently by Robert Latta at the University of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia.[22][23]

The general pattern that emerged from these earlier studies was that throughout the Central Valley of California, consisting of semiarid grasslands and oak savannahs, and extending south to San Diego, populations of this species were dominated by a monomorphic phenotype possessing dark/black seeds with hairy lemmas, as well as smooth leaf sheaths; these morphological characters were correlated with a specific isozyme pattern as well as a specific ribosomal DNA genotype. This "ecotype" is called the "xeric" type. Populations outside the Central Valley, along the coastal strip, the intermontane regions of the coast ranges, and the higher foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, were either monomorphic for white seeds with generally smooth lemmas and hairy leaf sheaths or were polymorphic with varying mixtures of the seed and leaf sheath characters. These populations were also either monomorphic or polymorphic for isozyme patterns and ribosomal DNA genotypes other than the xeric type; they are called the "mesic" type. The mesic type has never apparently been observed south of approximately the same latitude as Monterey, either in coastal ranges, the Central Valley, or the foothills of the Sierras. When the morphological traits as well as the allozyme and ribosomal DNA genotypes were considered together, it is argued that there are six ecotypes in the otherwise "mesic" classification.[21]

Whole-plant studies also showed that the xeric and mesic types differed from each other for many characters such as the flag leaf, primary stem height, number of tillers, weight and number of seeds, dry weight, and flowering time, with the mesic ecotype being generally larger and more fecund, overall, than the xeric type; further, the flag leaves of the xeric type were consistently smaller than the mesic type under many conditions.[16][17] It was further shown that xeric populations that were monomorphic for the seed and leaf sheath characters and allozymes had a less genetic variation for quantitative genetics characters than mesic populations; however, quantitative genetic variation existed in all xeric or mesic populations that were studied.[19] Consequently, with all genetic characters studied, xeric populations of the xeric ecotype were more similar to each other than they were to the music ecotype, and the evidence indicated that the various ecotypes represented significant linkage disequilibrium and coadapted genetic complexes.[24]

For field identification purposes, the leaf sheath pubescence in the seedling stage and lemma color at seed maturity as well as the flag leaf dimensions would reliably separate the xeric from the mesic ecotypes throughout California.

Early on it was speculated that the genetic patterns observed in A. barbata were highly correlated with rainfall and temperature. The general pattern at both a macro and micro geographical scale was that the monomorphic "xeric" type occurred in those regions with between 250mm and 500mm of rainfall, while the polymorphic and monomorphic "mesic" populations occurred in those areas of California with greater than 500mm.[3][13][21]

Regardless of the correlations found with the mesic and xeric genotypes with rainfall in California, greenhouse experiments have not shown that the xeric type has greater reproductive capacity or other physiologic[25] superiority to the mesic under artificially induced wet or dry conditions. In fact Latta argues that the mesic type is superior to the xeric, and may be supplanting the xeric in those areas where the xeric has been dominant, at least in Northern California.[26]

Genetic studies of Mediterranean populations

Avena barbata has been studied in Spain, Israel, and Morocco by students and colleagues of R.W. Allard at U.C. Davis, Pèrez de la Vega and Pedro Garcia of the University of Leon, and E. Nevo in Israel ([27][28][29]).[30] The general pattern that has emerged is that there is more genetic variability in the Mediterranean populations than there are in Californian populations. Further, the multi-locus genotypes found in California are unique to California. The Mediterranean populations have their own unique sets of multi-locus genotypes. There is a unique 14-locus allozyme genotype specific to the colder regions of Spain.

Neither the "xeric" nor monomorphic "mesic" genotypes described in California are found in Spain.

Genetic studies of Argentinian populations

Both Californian and Argentinian populations represent a subset of the genetic variability found in Spain, on a locus by locus comparison. However, unlike Spain, Argentina has one widespread 14 locus allozyme genotype called the "Pampeano" type, which is not found in Spain; it differs from the Californian "xeric" type at three of the 14 loci examined. The "xeric" Californian type is found in 6% of the plants examined in Argentina; the "xeric" type also occurs in Chile.

The genetic evidence indicates that Avena barbata came to both Argentina and California from southwest Spain.[6]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "The genetics of the diploidized tetraploid Avena barbata". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
  2. ^ Allard, R.W.; Garcia, P.; Saenz-de-Miera, L.E.; Perez, de la Vega (1993). "Evolution of multilocus genetic structure in Avena hirtula and Avena barbata". Genetics. 135 (4): 1125–1139. doi:10.1093/genetics/135.4.1125. PMC 1205744. PMID 8307328.
  3. ^ a b c Hamrick, J.L.; Allard, R.W. (1972). "Microgeographical variation in allozyme frequencies in Avena barbata". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69 (8): 2100–2104. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2100H. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2100. PMC 426877. PMID 16592002.
  4. ^ California Invasive Plant Council
  5. ^ "Avena barbata (slender oat)". CABI. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  6. ^ a b Guma, Irma-Rosana; Pèrez de la Vega, Marcelino; Garcia, Pedro (2006). "Isozyme variation and genetic structure of populations of Avena barbata from Argentina". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 53 (3): 587–601. doi:10.1007/s10722-004-2682-2. S2CID 35868886.
  7. ^ Jain, S. K.; Marshall, D.R. (1967). "Population studies in predominantly self-pollinating species. X. Variation in natural populations of Avena fatua and Avena barbata". American Naturalist. 101 (917): 19–33. doi:10.1086/282465. S2CID 84512527.
  8. ^ Marshall, D.R.; Jain, S.K. (1969). "Genetic polymorphism in natural populations of Avena fatua and A. barbata". Nature. 221 (5177): 276–278. Bibcode:1969Natur.221..276M. doi:10.1038/221276a0. S2CID 4298517.
  9. ^ Marshall, D.R.; Allard, R.W. (1970). "Maintenance of isozyme polymorphisms in natural populations of Avena barbata". Genetics. 66 (2): 393–399. doi:10.1093/genetics/66.2.393. PMC 1212502. PMID 17248512.
  10. ^ Marshall, D.R.; Allard, R.W. (1970). "Isozyme polymorphisms in natural populations of Avena fatua and A. barbata". Heredity. 25 (3): 373–382. doi:10.1038/hdy.1970.38.
  11. ^ Clegg, M.T.; Allard, R.W. (1972). "Patterns of genetic differentiation in the slender wild oat". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69 (7): 1820–1824. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.1820C. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.7.1820. PMC 426810. PMID 16591999.
  12. ^ Allard, R.W.; Babbel, G.R.; Clegg, M.T.; Kahler, A.L. (1972). "Evidence for coadaptation in Avena barbata". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69 (10): 3043–3048. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.3043A. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.10.3043. PMC 389703. PMID 4342975.
  13. ^ a b Miller, R.D. (1977). "Genetic Variability in the Slender Wild Oat Avena barbata in California". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  14. ^ Allard, R.W.; Miller, R.D.; Kahler, A.L. (1978). The relationship between degree of environmental heterogeneity and genetic polymorphism. IN: 'Structure and functioning of plant populations'. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Naturkunde, Tweede Reeks, deel 70.
  15. ^ Hakim-Elahi, A. (1980). "Temporal changes in the population structure of the slender wild oat (Avena barbata) as measured by allozyme polymorphisms". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  16. ^ a b Price, S.C. (1980). "Polymorphism and phenomorphism in the tetraploid slender wild oat Avena barbata". Ph.D. Dissertation University of California, Davis.
  17. ^ a b Hutchinson, E.S. (1982). "Genetic markers and ecotypic differentiation of Avena bartata Pott ex Link". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  18. ^ Pinero, D. (1982). "Correlations between enzyme phenotypes and physical environment in California populations of Avena barbata and Avena fatua". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  19. ^ a b Cluster, P.D. (1984). "Correlation between genetic variation for allo- zyme markers and quantitative characters in Avena barbata Pott. ex. Link". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
  20. ^ Price, S.C.; Shumaker, K.M.; Kahler, A.L.; Allard, R.W.; Hill, J.E. (1984). "Estimates of population differentiation obtained from enzyme polymorphisms and quantitative characters". Journal of Heredity. 75 (2): 141–142. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109889.
  21. ^ a b c Cluster, P.D.; Allard, R.W. (1995). "Evolution of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genetic structure in colonial Californian populations of Avena barbata". Genetics. 139 (2): 941–954. doi:10.1093/genetics/139.2.941. PMC 1206392. PMID 7713443.
  22. ^ Latta, RG; Gardner, KM; Staples, DA (2010). "Quantitative trait locus mapping of genes under selection across multiple years and sites in Avena barbata: epistasis, pleiotropy, and genotype-by-environment interactions". Genetics. 185 (1): 375–85. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.114389. PMC 2870971. PMID 20194964.
  23. ^ Latta, RG (2009). "Testing for local adaptation in Avena barbata: a classic example of ecotypic divergence" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 18 (18): 3781–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04302.x. PMID 19674308. S2CID 37571921. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2011.
  24. ^ Allard, Robert W. (1999). "History of Plant Population Genetics". Annual Review of Genetics. 33: 1–27. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.1. PMID 10690402.
  25. ^ Sherrard, Mark E.; Maherali, Hafiz (2006). "The adaptive significance of drought escape in Avena barbata, an annual grass". Evolution. 60 (12): 2478–2489. doi:10.1554/06-150.1. PMID 17263110. S2CID 23508155.
  26. ^ Latta, R.G. (2009). "Testing for local adaptation in Avena barbata: a classic example of ecotypic divergence". Molecular Ecology. 18 (18): 3781–3791. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04302.x. PMID 19674308. S2CID 37571921.
  27. ^ Kahler, A.L.; Allard, R.W.; Krzakowa, M.; Nevo, E. (1980). "Associations between isozyme phenotypes and environment in the slender wild oat (Avena barbata) in Israel". Theor. Appl. Genet. 56 (1–2): 31–47. doi:10.1007/bf00264424. PMID 24305669. S2CID 11926218.
  28. ^ Garcia, P.; Morris, M.I.; Sàenz-de-Miera, L.E.; Allard, R.W.; Pèrez de la Vega, M.; Ladinsky, G. (1991). "Genetic diversity and adaptedness in tetraploid Avena barbata and its diploid ancestors Avena hirtula and Avena wiestii". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88 (4): 1207–1211. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.1207G. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.4.1207. PMC 50986. PMID 1996323.
  29. ^ Allard, R.W.; Garcia, P.; Sàenz-de-Miera, L.E.; Pèrez de la Vega, M. (1993). "Evolution of multilocus genetic structure in Avena hirtula and Avena barbata". Genetics. 135 (4): 1125–1139. doi:10.1093/genetics/135.4.1125. PMC 1205744. PMID 8307328.
  30. ^ Benchacho, M.R.; Guma, R.; Pèrez de la Vega, M. (2002). "The genetic structure of tetraploid Avena: a comparison of isozyme and RAPD markers". Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 7 (2A): 465–469. PMID 12378251.

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Avena barbata: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Avena barbata is a species of wild oat known by the common name slender wild oat. It has edible seeds. It is a diploidized autotetraploid grass (2n=4x=28). Its diploid ancestors are A. hirtula Lag. and A. wiestii Steud (2n=2x=14), which are considered Mediterranean and desert ecotypes, respectively, comprising a single species. A westie and A. hirtula are widespread in the Mediterranean Basin, growing in mixed stands with A. barbata, though they are difficult to tell apart.

This is a winter annual grass with thin tillers (stems) growing up to 60 to 80 centimeters in maximum height, but known to sometimes grow taller. The bristly spikelets are 2 to 3 centimeters long, not counting the bent awn which is up to 4 centimeters in length. Avena barbata largely reproduces by selfing in natural populations, with very low rates of outcrossing.

A. barbata is native to central Asia (as far east as Pakistan) and the Mediterranean Basin. As an introduced species it also occurs in other Mediterranean-like habitats of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Uruguay. In Europe it has been reported in Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Bulgaria, and Austria. In North America it is an introduced species and noxious weed, where it is especially widespread in California. In California it has displaced native species of grass. It is also found in Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.

Genetic evidence indicates that A. barbata in Argentina and California originated from Spain, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

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