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Japanese Millet

Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz

Comments

provided by eFloras
Echinochloa esculenta is cultivated both for grain and forage, like E. frumentacea, and the two are most easily distinguished by the color of the seeding heads. Echinochloa esculenta is thought to be a cultivated derivative of E. crusgalli that arose in China, Japan, and Korea.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 516 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description

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Annual. Culms robust, erect, 1–1.5 m tall. Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, 20–50 × 1.2–2.5 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. Inflorescence erect, lanceolate, 10–30 cm, axis robust, scabrous along edges and with tubercle-based hairs; racemes 2–6 cm, robust, usually branched, closely spaced and overlapping. Spikelets purplish, tardily deciduous, plump, ovate or obovate-elliptic, 3.5–4 mm, hispid along veins with tubercle-based hairs; lower glume 1/3 as long as spikelet, acute; upper glume slightly shorter than spikelet; lower lemma herbaceous, sterile, acute or with a 0.5–2 cm awn; upper lemma 2.8–3.5 mm. Caryopsis long persistent, eventually falling. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 54, 56, 72.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 516 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Habitat & Distribution

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A crop plant. Guizhou, Hubei, Yunnan [cultivated in warm-temperate regions of Asia and Africa; introduced in America].
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 516 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Synonym

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Panicum esculentum A. Braun, Index Sem. Hort. Berol. 1861(App.): 3. 1861; Echinochloa frumentacea Link subsp. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) Tzvelev; E. utilis J. Ohwi & Yabuno.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 22: 516 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Derivation of specific name

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
utilis: useful
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=106730
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Mark Hyde
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Bart Wursten
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Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades 2 or more cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade with prominently raised or widened midvein, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with na rrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence a panicle with digitately arranged spicate branches, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Inflorescence branches 1-sided, Rachis angular, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelet with 1 fertile floret and 1-2 sterile florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets secund, in rows on one side of rachis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes shorter than adjacent lemma, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes awned, awn 1-5 mm or longer, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemma coriaceous, firmer o r thicker in texture than the glumes, Lemma becoming indurate, enclosing palea and caryopsis, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins inrolled, tightly covering palea and caryopsis, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea longer than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
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Dr. David Bogler
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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USDA NRCS NPDC
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USDA PLANTS text

Echinochloa esculenta

provided by wikipedia EN

Echinochloa esculenta is a species of grass in the family Poaceae.[1][2][3] It is referred to by the common names Japanese barnyard millet or Japanese millet, is a species of Echinochloa that is cultivated on a small scale in India, Japan, China and Korea, both as a food and for animal fodder. It is grown in areas where the land is unsuitable or the climate too cool for paddy rice cultivation. However, the development of rice varieties that can withstand cold has led to a sharp decline in the cultivation of Japanese barnyard millet, in favor of rice. The earliest records of the domesticated form date to 2000 BC from the Jōmon period of Japan.

Japanese barnyard millet was domesticated from Echinochloa crus-galli.[4][5] As is common for grain domestication, it underwent grain enlargement. That part of the process took one to two thousand years, occurring in Japan.[4]

Etymology

Echinochloa esculenta from the Seikei Zusetsu agricultural encyclopedia

Echinochloa is derived from Greek and means 'hedgehog-grass'.[6]

Esculenta means ‘fit to eat’, ‘edible [by humans]’, or ‘full of food'.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  2. ^ "Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz". World Flora Online. The World Flora Online Consortium. n.d. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  3. ^ "Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz". Global Diversity Information Facility. GBIF Secretariat. n.d. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature. Nature Research. 457 (7231): 843–848. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN 0028-0836.
  5. ^ Hilu, Khidir W. (1994). "Evidence from RAPD markers in the evolution of Echinochloa millets (Poaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 189 (3): 247–257. doi:10.1007/BF00939730. S2CID 33838562.
  6. ^ a b Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). p 149, 158
Wikispecies has information related to Echinochloa esculenta.
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Echinochloa esculenta: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Echinochloa esculenta is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is referred to by the common names Japanese barnyard millet or Japanese millet, is a species of Echinochloa that is cultivated on a small scale in India, Japan, China and Korea, both as a food and for animal fodder. It is grown in areas where the land is unsuitable or the climate too cool for paddy rice cultivation. However, the development of rice varieties that can withstand cold has led to a sharp decline in the cultivation of Japanese barnyard millet, in favor of rice. The earliest records of the domesticated form date to 2000 BC from the Jōmon period of Japan.

Japanese barnyard millet was domesticated from Echinochloa crus-galli. As is common for grain domestication, it underwent grain enlargement. That part of the process took one to two thousand years, occurring in Japan.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia EN