The name "otter shrew" is a double misnomer; African otter shrews are among the most distantly related eutherian mammals to both otters and shrews. Instead, the three members of Potamogalinae share common recent ancestors with the tenrecs of Madagascar and the golden moles of southern Africa. This group is now recognized as Afrosoricida.
Olfactory perception in M. lamottei has been greatly reduced in comparison with other tenrecids, but relatively less reduced than Micropotamogale ruwenzori and Potamogale velox. This reduction in olfactory structures is observed in many water-adapted mammals and is correlated with an enlarged medulla oblongata, a presumed consequence of the increased development of the trigeminal tracts in the nervous system. In M. lamottei, vibrissae are innervated by thick trigeminal nerves, rendering the vibrissae capable of acting as vibration receptors under water. It is thought that this trigeminal system has evolved to replace the olfactory sensory system in M. lamottei. Modes of communication in Nimba otter shrews are not reported.
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
The Nimba otter shrew is classified as Endangered by the IUCN based on the criteria that its geographic extent of occurrence is less than 5,000 km2 and is characterized as being severely fragmented and in a state of continuing decline in extent and habitat quality.
Micropotamogale lamottei was discovered and described in 1954, with only a handful of records known into the 1970’s. Since then, limited efforts to assess the size and health of the population have been initiated, but a complete assessment has proven difficult to accomplish due to the presumed small population size and elusiveness of the species. The IUCN first classified M. lamottei as Endangered in 1990 (the first conservation status assessment of the species) based on the criterion that their entire range was limited to less than 5,000 km2 and subject to continuous habitat loss and degradation as agriculture and industry encroach on the forests of the Nimba and Putu mountains.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
Though there is little indication of a significant negative economic impact on humans, Nimba otter shrews often become entangled in local fish traps, nets, and pots.
There is little to no evidence for a positive economic importance for humans from Micropotamogale lamottei.
Little is known about the ecological function and roles that M. lamottei play in the communities of the Nimba mountains. However, it is likely that the Nimba otter shrew has an impact on aquatic community structure resulting from predation on crabs, crustaceans, and small fish.
When hunting on land, M. lamottei gleans creek beds and vegetated riverbanks for soft-shelled crabs and other invertebrates. Crabs are hunted both underwater and on land. M. lamottei attacks the crab from behind so as to avoid the pincers and quickly kills it by striking the articulation of the abdomen and the cephalothorax. When hunting in water, M. lamottei begins by using the specialized trigeminal nerves of its vibrissae to detect underwater prey. In one observation, before diving, and M. lamottei individual held its head just over the surface of the water with its vibrissae contacting the water’s surface, perhaps detecting underwater vibrations of potential prey. After a successful dive, M. lamottei returns to land to kill and eat its prey.
Animal Foods: fish; insects; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )
The Nimba otter shrew, Micropotamogale lamottei, is endemic to the Nimba mountains shared between Liberia, Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire. Populations are also known to exist in the Putu mountain range of Liberia less than 400 km south of the Nimba mountains. The Nimba otter shrew is limited to an absolute range of less than 5,000 km2, and likely a realized range of less than 1,500 km2.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Micropotamogale lamottei requires the riparian montane forests (primary or secondary) of Liberia, Guinea, and Cote d’Ivoire directly associated with small rivers, mountain streams or swampy marshes. Based on dietary information, M. lamottei prefers forests associated with crustacean-rich bodies of freshwater. Records indicate M. lamottei also occurs in the waterways associated with densely vegetated plantations as well as rice fields.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial ; freshwater
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams
Wetlands: marsh
Other Habitat Features: riparian
The lifespan of Micropotamogale lamottei is not known.
Of the three extant members of the subfamily Potamogalinae, Micropotamogale lamottei bears the least resemblance to the otters from which their common names originate (otter-shrew). Instead it resembles muskrats and other aquatic rodents (at least superficially) with uniform brown pelage, rounded body, relatively short legs, a long, muscular tail, and overall small size. Lacking the partially webbed feet of Micropotamogale ruwenzori and the laterally compressed tail of Potamogale velox, M. lamottei is arguably the least adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle of the Potamogalinae. However, the enlarged upper lip and robust specialized vibrissae are characteristic of semi-aquatic foraging. It is thought that the relatively reduced level of aquatic specialization allows M. lamottei to exploit a broader ecological niche than M. ruwenzori or P. velox. M. lamottei appears to be sexually dimorphic, with males being up to 10% larger than females. The male M. lamottei skull is much more robust and dense than that of the female. Males possess a more pronounced nuchal crest than females, as well as a sagittal crest not present in females.
Range mass: 53 to 70.6 g.
Average mass: 64.2 g.
Range length: 244 to 258 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Little is known about the interactions between the Nimba otter shrew and its predators in the mountains of west Africa, although some speculative anti-predator adaptations have been described. The nocturnal lifestyle of M. lamottei is likely an adaptation in response to the presence of diurnal predators. However, it is also possible that a nocturnal lifestyle benefited the Nimba otter shrew by increasing the success rate of hunting and foraging, rather than being a response to diurnal predation. Micropotamogale lamottei can stay submerged for up to 15 minutes (average 10 minutes) when threatened. They are able to do this by lowering their metabolic rate.
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Gestation: at least 50 days
Average litter size: 2.6 (range 1–4)
Lactation: at least 40 days
Female otter shrews have mammae on the lower abdomen, central abdomen, and on their pectoral muscles.
Little is known about the breeding behavior of any of the African otter shrews, though it is believed that males of this subfamily undergo a rut and may cover large distances in search of mates.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Though there are few observations from the wild and no successful attempts at captive breeding, it is believed that the female Nimba otter shrews have a relatively high parental investment compared to similarly sized mammals, with at least 40 days of lactation. Young are born naked and blind with vibrissae already present. Body fur emerges approximately 11 days after birth, and eyes open 23 days after birth.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The Nimba otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei) is a dwarf otter shrew and belongs to the mammal family Potamogalidae. Otter shrews are shrew-like afrotherian mammals found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are most closely related to the tenrecs of Madagascar.[2] This species belongs to the genus Micropotamogale, literally meaning "tiny river weasel". It is native to the Mount Nimba area which rests along the border of Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in West Africa.
The Nimba otter shrew is a small-bodied mammal. Weighing only about 125 g (4.4 oz) it has a body length of 15–22 cm (5.9–8.7 in) with a quarter to a third of its body size being its tail. It has been described as a "miniature sea otter with a rat tail".[3] Its pelage is long, hiding its ears and eyes, and almost always universally colored (usually brown, but black and gray otter shrews have been spotted).[4]
The Nimba otter shrew is classified as a member of Potamogalidae, which is related to afrotherian tenrecs, based on morphological structures. Molecular data also support the relationship.[5] Unfortunately, due to heavy mining operations for iron ore in the Mount Nimba area, the fossil record is all but destroyed. It is also difficult for scientists to gain access because the mountain crosses the borders of three different countries.[6]
The Nimba otter shrew is nocturnal and semiaquatic.[4] It resides in soft soils around creek beds and streams. It is a solitary creature and has only been seen with other shrews during mating seasons and when a mother is nursing newly born young.[7] The breeding pattern of the Nimba otter shrew is also unknown, but believed to be polygamous; as there have been no witnessed accounts of breeding in the wild and the Nimba otter shrew has not mated in captivity.[8]
The IUCN had listed the Nimba otter shrew as endangered in 1990, but in 2018 the status was changed to vulnerable.[1] The species is confined to an area of less than 5,000 km² on Mount Nimba, which is currently fragmented due to mining and wetland rice agriculture. The mining operations also produce runoff into the creeks and streambeds that is highly toxic.[8] The current population is decreasing at a rate of 1 per 10 km² (almost 500 otter shrews per year).[1] Although an exact number is unknown at this time, there is believed to be less than 2500–3500 individuals in the wild; there are none in captivity.[9] At this rate the Nimba otter shrew was predicted to be extinct between 2017 and 2020.[10] The population within Liberia's East Nimba Nature Reserve was reported healthy in 2013.[1] The species is also present in the Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve of Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, but this reserve is adjacent to a mining operation and is not fully protected from poaching.[1]
The Nimba otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei) is a dwarf otter shrew and belongs to the mammal family Potamogalidae. Otter shrews are shrew-like afrotherian mammals found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are most closely related to the tenrecs of Madagascar. This species belongs to the genus Micropotamogale, literally meaning "tiny river weasel". It is native to the Mount Nimba area which rests along the border of Liberia, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in West Africa.
