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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 5.9 years (captivity) Observations: This species can exhibit semelparity. In tropical savannah, males die off after mating and exhibit weight loss, fur loss, parasite infestation, increased testosterone levels and anaemia, though not increased corticosteroid levels (Oakwood et al. 2001). One captive specimen lived 5.9 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Trophic Strategy

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Dasyurus hallucatus is considered a carnivorous marsupial, although it primarily feeds on insects. Their diet also consists of other small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles and sometimes fleshy fruits. Cane toads (Rhinella marina), an invasive species to Australia, are a food item of particular interest because their toxins appear to be a major cause of decline in northern quolls' populations, even in areas where they are managed.

Animal Foods: mammals; insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Associations

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Predators of D. hallucatus include dingos (Canis lupis dingo), feral cats (Felis catus) and snakes, such as olive pythons (Liasis olivaceus), king brown snakes (Pseudechis australis) and possibly avian predators, such as owls (Strigiformes). Physiological decline after mating is speculated to cause male northern quolls to become susceptible to lice infestations.

Known Predators:

  • dingos (Canis lupis dingo)
  • feral cats (Felis catus)
  • olive pythons (Liasis olivaceus)
  • king brown snakes (Pseudechis australis)
  • owls (Strigiformes)
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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Morphology

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Northern quolls are medium sized Dasyurids and the smallest of the Australian quolls. They are sexually dimorphic, with males larger than females. Males may weigh as much as 1,200 g, although they usually range between 400 to 900 g (an average of 760 g). Females range between 300 to 500 g (an average of 760 g). Their total length is similar, although males are slightly longer, ranging from 12.3 to 31 cm; whereas females range from 12.5 to 30 cm. Their tail is long relative to their body, the average tail length for males is 12.7 to 30.8 cm; whereas female tail lengths range 20 to 30 cm.

In general, northern quolls are somewhat mouse-like in appearance. They have short coarse fur, with thin underfur. They are dusky grey-brown, with large white spots dorsally and cream to white fur ventrally. This species has well-defined serrated pads on their palms and soles and an unspotted tails. They have a hallux, with a total of five toes on their hind feet. Females have five to eight exposed teats, arranged in anterioposterior rows, surrounded by a marginal fold of skin (marsupium).

Range mass: 300 to 900 g.

Range length: 123 to 310 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 1.501 W.

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Life Expectancy

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Female northern quolls may live up to 3 years, although 1 to 2 years is more common. Males only live up to 1 year. Mating is extremely energetically costly for males, ultimately resulting in death within 2 weeks after mating. During the mating period, they experience weight loss, elevated androgens, loss of fur, and proliferation of parasites, increasing their risk of predation and vehicle collisions.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
3 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
1 to 3 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
1 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
5.9 years.

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Habitat

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Northern quolls are the most arboreal of the Australian quolls although they inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats. They are most often found in rocky escarpments and open eucalyptus forests of lowland savannahs. This species has experienced an overall decline in population throughout its range; however, the savannah habitats have experienced the most drastic population decline. Northern quolls have been known to den in tree hollows, rock crevices, logs, termite mounds and goanna burrows.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Distribution

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Northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) are native to a 150 kilometer band, across the northern Australian coast, from Pilbara in western Australia, to the northeast coast of Queensland. Since European settlement, the species has declined drastically over much of its range and has even become locally extinct on some Australian Islands. It is currently found in six isolated populations: in the Hamersley Range, northern and western Top End, North Cape York tip, Atherton Tableland and the Carnarvon Range.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Associations

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Northern quolls are predators of small mammals, which aides in the control of small mammal populations. They are also an ideal alternative host in the life cycle of many parasites. Although no particular parasitic species are known to favor northern quolls exclusively, males are commonly infested with lice (Boopia ucinata) before death. Other parasites that have been found on D. hallucatus include Bandicoot ticks (Haemaphysalis bremneri), trombiculid mites (Guntheria coorongensis) and fleas (Xenopsylla vexabilis). Sarcocystis species have been observed histologically in northern quolls.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • lice (Boopia ucinata)
  • ticks (Haemaphysalis bremneri)
  • trombiculid mites (Guntheria coorongensis)
  • fleas (Xenopsylla vexabilis)
  • Sarcocystis
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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Benefits

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A survey answered by scientists and wildlife handlers suggests that northern quolls, along with other quolls, have many characteristics that are ideal of a quality house pet. In addition, northern quolls may benefit agriculture by removing insect pests.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Benefits

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Quolls can be an agricultural annoyance and have been known to destroy poultry.

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Conservation Status

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Northern quolls are considered ‘endangered’ under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (ICUN) list of threatened species. They have no special status in the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Behavior

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Young northern quolls vocalize as early as 35-days-old by making stereotypic isolation calls. Hearing doesn’t develop until approximately 65 days, which promotes call development to a more adult-like vocalization. Call duration in young last 100 to 200 ms; while adult calls last 1 to 2 s. Young communicate vocally with their mother, providing information regarding location and stress level. Adult communication is in the form of a “hiss”, acknowledging an encounter.

Scent marking has been commonly observed in D. hallucatus to mark territories and advertise their presence to mates. Both females and males rub their ventral surfaces on objects in their environment, to disperse their scent. They also urinate on the feces of other individuals and deposit scat in prominent places. When feces by another individual is found, it is picked up, sniffed and examined.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Untitled

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Dasyurus hallucatus was originally identified by Gould in 1942, under the genus Satenellus. Some still suggest that D. hallucatus be placed in a separate genus due to its basal characteristics.

Northern quolls are also known as the “little northern native cat”, “north Australian native cat”, and “njanmak”, a Mayali aboriginal word.

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Reproduction

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Males and females are promiscuous. The mating season corresponds with the Australian dry season, occurring in May and June. Females are intra-sexually territorial, with no observed overlap in territory, most likely maintained by mutual avoidance. Feces markers are more commonly observed during the mating season, advertising female presence both to other females and males. Females are visited by multiple males during the mating season, with short encounters occurring at night in the female's den. It is rare for a female not to breed in any given year. Males are non-territorial and attempt to breed with as many females as possible during the breeding season, often traveling long distances from one female to another, monitoring the onset of estrus. The mating process has yet to be observed, although it appears to be quite aggressive, with females often showing distinct scars from males biting the back of their neck and clasping their sides during copulation. Males are the largest mammal and the only Dasyurid known to experience complete semelparity, usually dying within two weeks of mating.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

After a 21 to 25 day gestation period, birth is completed synchronously among a single population within a four week period, with little annual variation. This period varies geographically, beginning as early as late May and ending as late as August. Evidence suggests that a combination of photoperiod and latitude affect the timing of this event for a given population.

When they are ready to give birth, females groom the area around their urogenital sinus, pouch and tail. Just before emergence of the young, a female will lift her posterior region and lick a cloudy mucus-like fluid, which is released from the urogenital sinus. During birth, females place their heads to the ground, keeping their urogenital sinus higher than the pouch region, with the base of their tail held away. The young are excreted in a gelatinous material and either drop to the ground or successfully climb their way along the mother to the pouch, aided by their senses and gravity.

Females may give birth to as many as 17 altricial offspring in one litter, although the average litter size is 5 to 8 and they have a maximum of 8 teats available for nursing young. The average weight of a newborn is 18 mg; with an average length of 5 mm. Offspring unsuccessful in latching to a teat soon perish. During birth, marginal ridges of skin develop around the teats and cover the young. Young are first released from this rudimentary pouch at two months of age for short periods of time. They are fully weaned at 4 months of age. Males and females become sexually mature at 11 months of age, although males reach their maximum weight at 7 months.

Breeding interval: Northern quolls breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Northern quolls have a mating season that lasts from late May to August.

Range number of offspring: 5 to 8.

Range gestation period: 21 to 25 days.

Average weaning age: 4 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 11 months.

Key Reproductive Features: semelparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 6.8.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
315 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
315 days.

Both sexes put forth most of their reproductive energy in their first breeding season, which is when they are at their highest fitness level. Females care for the young on their own because there is no paternal care. Little is known about parental care in this species, but studies indicate that the female will move from the rockier areas of her home range to the woodland areas near creeks when the young are around 2 months old. This is the time at which the young will first detach from their mother. The female will leave the young in a succession of nursery dens for periods of time, while foraging at night. When the young are weaned, the female will move them back to the rockier areas. Dispersal of young is not yet fully understood.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents; inherits maternal/paternal territory

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Black, J. 2013. "Dasyurus hallucatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_hallucatus.html
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Jenna Black, University of Manitoba
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Management

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In Australia, the Northern Quoll is threatened by the invasion of the highly toxic Cane Toad, Bufo marinus. Following toad invasion, quoll populations have become extinct across Northern Australia and consumption of these toads has been suspected as a major cause. O'Donnell et al. (2010) report watching quolls attacking large toads, then convulsing and dying. Because eliminating the toads is likely impossible, O'Donnell et al. decided to explore the possibility of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), i.e., teaching quolls to avoid the toads. In this case, they offered a small non-toxic toad that had been dosed with the nausea-inducing chemical thiabendazole in powdered form. A single experience with this chemical resulted in a significant reduction in attacks on toads and a significant increase in apparent survival in the field. The authors note that CTA has wider potential applications. For example, it could be used to mitigate the impacts of invasive vertebrate predators on threatened native fauna. When invasive predators cannot be eradicated, CTA might provide a feasible way to maintain populations of endangered fauna in the presence of the invader. (O'Donnell et al. 2010)

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Northern quoll

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The northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), also known as the northern native cat, the North Australian native cat or the satanellus is a carnivorous marsupial native to Australia.

Taxonomy

The northern quoll is a member of the family Dasyuridae, and is often stated to be the most distinctive Australian quoll. There are three other quoll species found in Australia, and another two species found on the island of New Guinea, all of which are currently placed in the genus Dasyurus. The northern quoll was first described in 1842 by naturalist and author John Gould, who gave it the specific epithet hallucatus, indicating that it has a notable first digit. This species has sometimes been placed in a separate genus, Satanellus.

Four distinct morphological forms of the northern quoll were recognised in the 1920s,[4] however more recent population genomic analysis has shown that these forms do not conform to the underlying genetic differentiation shown across the species distribution[5].Three broad population genomic clusters are present in the species, which broadly correspond to populations in the regions of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.[5] This population genomic structure conforms to known biogeographic barriers across northern Australia, including the Carpentarian Gap and Ord Arid Region. Finer scale population structure shows differentiation of the Groote Eylandt and Pilbara populations of quolls.[5]

Life history

The northern quoll is the smallest of the four Australian quoll species.[6] Females are smaller than males, with adult females weighing between 350 and 690 g (12 and 24 oz) and adult males 540 and 1,120 g (19 and 40 oz). Head and body length ranges from 27–37 cm (11–15 in) for adult males and 25–31 cm (9.8–12.2 in) for adult females. The tail length ranges between 20 and 35 cm (7.9 and 13.8 in).

Northern quolls feed primarily on invertebrates, but also consume fleshy fruit (particularly figs), and a wide range of vertebrates, including small mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, and frogs. They also scavenge on roadkills, around campsites, and in garbage tins.

A remarkable feature of this species is that the males show complete die-off after mating, leaving the females to raise the young alone. Females have eight teats in a pouch, but apparently give birth to more than eight young which must wriggle their way to the pouch and compete for a teat to survive.[7] In a study in Western Australia's Kimberley region, the testosterone levels of males peaked in July, and females gave birth in July or August.[8]

In the wild, males live for about one year, while the maximum recorded for a wild female was about three years of age.[6] In rocky habitats, the lifespan of both sexes appears to be increased to two or three years, and individuals are larger than those living in savanna habitats, possibly due to better habitat and reduced predation.[6]

A February 2023 study published in Royal Society Open Science found that "reduced resting behaviour among males could explain the post-breeding death as the deterioration in appearance reflects that reported for sleep-deprived rodents."[9]

Range and habitat

The northern quoll occurs from the Pilbara region of Western Australia across the Northern Territory to south east Queensland. Their historical range extended uninterrupted from S.E Queensland to the Kimberleys in Western Australia.[10] There are several disjunct populations. This quoll species is most abundant in rocky ranges and open eucalypt forest. Analysis of occurrence records for the species shows that rocky areas are important for the species.[11][12]

Northern quolls have declined substantially since European colonisation of Australia, with one study in the Northern Territory finding a roughly 60% contraction in their extent of occurrence.[12] Of the nine species analysed, this decline was only exceeded by that of the brush-tailed rabbit-rat, the sole remaining species in the genus Conilurus. In the Northern Territory, northern quolls appear to be declining towards geographic areas of higher vegetation complexity, lower elevation, and milder temperatures,[12] suggesting that, in these areas, threats may be mediated or better tolerated.

Conservation status

1863 illustration by Elizabeth Gould (illustrator)

The northern quoll is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN.[2]

The species is now absent from many parts of its former range, particularly the savanna country. In 2005 it was listed as Endangered under Australian Commonwealth legislation (EPBC Act). Threats are predation by feral cats, dingoes and foxes, particularly after fire or grazing has removed protective ground cover. Destruction, degradation, and fragmentation of the quoll's habitat due to land clearing, grazing, pasture improvement, and mining are also significant.[6] Quolls are also susceptible to being run over on roads.[6]

The current major threat to the northern quoll in the northern and western portion of its range is the spread of cane toads. Like many other native Australian species, northern quolls are poisoned after eating or mouthing cane toads.[13] Cane toads were originally introduced in Queensland, but have now occupied the Top End of the Northern Territory, including Kakadu National Park and the Darwin area, and entered the Kimberley region of Western Australia, where they are established around Kununurra and Lake Argyle.

Immediately after cane toad invasion of Kakadu, quolls became extinct at one study site and declined from 45 individuals to five at another site. The northern quoll may cease to exist in most areas in the Top End once the cane toad population completely overlaps the northern quoll's range. However, remnant populations of northern quolls still persist in Queensland where cane toads have been present for decades. These persisting Queensland quoll populations are naturally toad averse (as observed on remote cameras). One of the northern quoll populations studied in Kakadu during the recent cane toad invasion, had a few individuals survive the invasion. These individuals were, likely similar to the Queensland quolls, genetically averse to the toads.[14] In 2003, to help protect northern quolls, numerous quolls were transferred to the toad-free English Company Islands (Astell and Pobassoo Islands), off the coast of Arnhem Land. Quolls thrived on these islands, with an estimated population of 2193 female northern quolls on Astell Island by 2014.[15] In 2017, quolls from Astell Island were collected, trained via conditioned taste aversion to avoid attacking cane toads and reintroduced to Kakadu National Park. This reintroduction attempt saw the release both toad-trained (22) and toad-naive (9) northern quolls to an area of Kakadu that previous had quolls but where they had recently gone locally extinct due to the invasion of cane toads. Although the toad-trained quolls survived longer than those that received no toad training, ultimately this reintroduction population rapidly went extinct because of dingo predation.[16] Subsequently, research comparing antipredator behaviours of quolls from Astell Island and mainland Queensland determined that quolls conserved on this island had lost their ability to recognise and avoid both dingo and cats, predators they have co-evolved with on mainland Australia for at least 3500 and 150 years respectively. This study suggests that animals conserved in complete isolation from predators can rapidly lose evolved antipredator behaviours, in this case in only 13 generations, when they are no longer maintained via natural selection.[17]

In Aboriginal language and culture

The Northern Quoll is known as njanjma[18] in the Indigenous Kundjeyhmi, Kundedjnjenghmi and Mayali languages, djabbo in Kunwinjku,[19][20][21] and wijingarri in Wunambal.[22] The Kunwinjku people of Western Arnhem Land (Northern Territory) regard djabbo as "good tucker".[23][24]

References

Cited references

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Oakwood, M.; Woinarski, J.; Burnett, S. (2016). "Dasyurus hallucatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6295A21947321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6295A21947321.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Dasyurus hallucatus — Northern Quoll, Digul [Gogo-Yimidir], Wijingadda [Dambimangari], Wiminji [Martu]".
  4. ^ Thomas, O. (1926). "The local races of Dasyurus hallucatus". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (18): 543–544. doi:10.1080/00222932608633550.
  5. ^ a b c von Takach, Brenton; Ranjard, Louis; Burridge, Christopher P.; Cameron, Skye F.; Cremona, Teigan; Eldridge, Mark D. B.; Fisher, Diana O.; Frankenberg, Stephen; Hill, Brydie M.; Hohnen, Rosemary; Jolly, Chris J.; Kelly, Ella; MacDonald, Anna J.; Moussalli, Adnan; Ottewell, Kym (2022). "Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads". Molecular Ecology. 31 (21): 5468–5486. doi:10.1111/mec.16680. ISSN 0962-1083. PMC 9826391. PMID 36056907.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Dasyurus hallucatus — Northern Quoll" (website). Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  7. ^ Nelson, John E.; Robert T. Gemmell (2003). "Birth in the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 51 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1071/ZO02016.
  8. ^ Schmitt, L.H.; Bradley, A.J.; Kemper, C.M.; Kitchener, D.J.; Humphreys, W.F.; How, R.A. (April 1989). "Ecology and physiology of the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae), at Mitchell Plateau, Kimberley, Western Australia". Journal of Zoology. 217 (4): 539–558. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02510.x.
  9. ^ Clemente, Cristofer (1 February 2023). "Resting disparity in quoll semelparity: examining the sex-linked behaviours of wild roaming northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) during breeding season". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (2). doi:10.1098/rsos.221180. S2CID 256416912.
  10. ^ Menkhorst. P, Knight. F "A field Guide to the Mammals of Australia" Oxford University Press South Melbourne, 2001, p. 48 ISBN 0-19-550870-X
  11. ^ Moore, Harry A.; Dunlop, Judy A.; Valentine, Leonie E.; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Ritchie, Euan G.; Watson, David M.; Nimmo, Dale G. (2019). Santini, Luca (ed.). "Topographic ruggedness and rainfall mediate geographic range contraction of a threatened marsupial predator". Diversity and Distributions. 25 (12): 1818–1831. doi:10.1111/ddi.12982. ISSN 1366-9516. S2CID 202850580.
  12. ^ a b c von Takach, Brenton; Scheele, Ben C.; Moore, Harry; Murphy, Brett P.; Banks, Sam C. (2020). "Patterns of niche contraction identify vital refuge areas for declining mammals". Diversity and Distributions. 26 (11): 1467–1482. doi:10.1111/ddi.13145. ISSN 1366-9516. S2CID 221758373.
  13. ^ "New populations of endangered species found". Australian Geographic. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  14. ^ Kelly, Ella; Phillips, Ben L (2018). "Targeted gene flow and rapid adaptation in an endangered marsupial". Conservation Biology. 33 (1): 112–121. doi:10.1111/cobi.13149. PMID 29896894.
  15. ^ Woinarski, John C. Z.; Brennan, Kym; Rankmore, Brooke; Griffiths, Anthony D. (21 August 2017). "Demographic evaluation of translocating the threatened northern quoll to two Australian islands". Wildlife Research. 44 (3): 238–247. doi:10.1071/WR16165. ISSN 1448-5494. S2CID 89771753.
  16. ^ Jolly, Christopher J.; Kelly, Ella; Gillespie, Graeme R.; Phillips, Ben; Webb, Jonathan K. (2018). "Out of the frying pan: Reintroduction of toad-smart northern quolls to southern Kakadu National Park". Austral Ecology. 43 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1111/aec.12551. ISSN 1442-9993.
  17. ^ Jolly Chris J.; Webb Jonathan K.; Phillips Ben L. (30 June 2018). "The perils of paradise: an endangered species conserved on an island loses antipredator behaviours within 13 generations". Biology Letters. 14 (6): 20180222. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0222. PMC 6030597. PMID 29875211.
  18. ^ "njanjma". Bininj Kunwok Dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  19. ^ Garde, Murray. "djabbo". Bininj Kunwok Online Dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
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  23. ^ Reverend Peterson Nganjmirra, personal comment
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General references

  • Braithwaite, R.W. & R.J. Begg (1995), "Northern Quoll", in Strahan, Ronald, The Mammals of Australia, Reed Books
  • Oakwood, M. 2000. Reproduction and demography of the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, in the lowland savanna of northern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 519–539.
  • Oakwood, M. and Spratt, D. 2000. Parasites of the northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in tropical savanna, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 79–90.
  • Oakwood, M., Bradley, AJ., and Cockburn, A. 2001. Semelparity in a large marsupial. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. 268, 407–411.
  • Oakwood, M. 2004. Death after sex. Biologist 51, 5–8.
  • Oakwood, M. 2004. Case of the disappearing spots. Nature Australia 26, 26–35.

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Northern quoll: Brief Summary

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The northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), also known as the northern native cat, the North Australian native cat or the satanellus is a carnivorous marsupial native to Australia.

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