Description
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Pristimantis euphronides is a moderate-sized frog for its genus. Males have been known to have a maximum snout to vent length (SVL) of 27mm while females at 39.4mm. Labial areas are typically mottled, while a brown dorsum and cream venter are also exhibited. There exists a supratympanic stripe of dark shade that runs from the corner of the eye to the armpit. The thighs of the species are characterized by an orange-brown to red color, while the upper iris is bronze.The 2n = 32 chromosome complement is of a ZW/ZZ sex determination and displays an unusually large heterochromatic W chromosome. The findings of Schmid et al. (2002) classified the species as possessing one of the smallest genomes coupled with one of the largest W chromosomes among all amphibians.
- Germano, J. M., Sander, J. M., Henderson, R. W., and Powell, R. Powell. (2003). ''Herpetofaunal communites in Grenada: A comparison of variously altered sites and an annotated checklist of Grenadian amphibians and reptiles.'' Caribbean Journal of Science, 39(1), 68-76.
- Hedges, S.B. (1999). ''Distribution patterns of amphibians in the West Indies.'' Regional Patterns of Amphibian Distribution: A Global Perspective. W. E., Duellman, eds., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 211-254.
- Kaiser, H. and Henderson, R.W. (1994). ''The conservation status of lesser Antillean frogs.'' Herpetological Natural History, 2(2), 41-56.
- Schmid, M., Feichtinger, W., Steinlein, C., Rupprecht, A., Haff, T., and Kaiser, H. (2002). ''Chromosomal banding in Amphibia. XXIII. Giant W sex chromosomes and extremely small genomes in Eleutherodactylus euphronides and Eleutherodactylus shrevei.'' Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 97(1-2), 81-94.
- Schwartz, A. (1967). Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Lesser Antilles. Natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, Amsterdam.
Distribution and Habitat
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This species is most commonly found in mesic forests at elevations of over 300 meters on Granada (Kaiser and Henderson 1994) . More generally, the species may be located within altitudes of 300-840m, which has been listed as its elevational range (Hedges 1999) . An account has also been described near sea level at St. George’s (Schwartz 1967) .
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Males of species Pristimantis euphronides and Eleutherodactylus johnstonei have been documented as calling side by side in the Grand Etang forest interior by (Germano et al. 2003) . The grayish eggs of P. euphronoides may be distinguished by their large diameter, relative to those of E. johnstonei.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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While Kaiser et al. (1994b) reported a drop of this species population coupled with the encroachment of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei, Germano et al. (2003) documented the lack of a significant decline upon P. euphronides by the presence of E. johnstonei in the Grand Etang Forest Reserve.
Pristimantis euphronides
provided by wikipedia EN
Pristimantis euphronides is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Grenada, an island in the Lesser Antilles, the Caribbean.[1][3] Is sometimes known as the Grenada frog.[4] It was originally described[2] as a subspecies of Eleutherodactylus urichi (=Pristimantis urichi), but since 1994 it has been recognized as a full species.[3][5]
Description
Adult males measure 18–27 mm (0.7–1.1 in) and adult females 19–39 mm (0.7–1.5 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is rounded. The tympanum is distinct. Males have a subgular vocal sac.[5]
Pristimantis euphronides has a dark brown dorsal surface, and a cream-colored ventral surface, with orange tinting on the rear of its thighs. Its lips are mottled, and its upper iris is bronze. A dark supra-tympanic stripe runs from the corner of its eye to its armpit.[5]
Males call around dusk, usually from high perches. Females are usually seen near the ground.[5][6]
Distribution and habitat
Distribution of Pristimantis euphronides is limited to central and southeast Grenada at elevations between 300 and 840 m (980 and 2,760 ft) above sea level. Its natural habitats are rainforests as well as forest edges and montane meadows surrounded by agriculture. The eggs are deposited on the ground and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage[7]).[1]
Pristimantis euphronides is moderately common in suitable habitat, but its range is small. Moreover, it is threatened by habitat loss primarily caused by urbanization and tourism development, but also by agriculture. The invasive Eleutherodactylus johnstonei represents a potential threat. This species is found in the Grand Etang Forest Reserve.[1]
References
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^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2021). "Pristimantis euphronides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T56593A3043096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T56593A3043096.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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^ a b Schwartz, Albert (1967). "Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus in the Lesser Antilles". Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands. 24 (91): 1–62. [Eleutherodactylus urichi euphronides: p. 6–13]
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^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Pristimantis euphronides (Schwartz, 1967)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
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^ Hedges, S. Blair (2015). "Grenada". Caribherp: Amphibians and reptiles of Caribbean Islands. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
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^ a b c d Kaiser, Hinrich; Hardy, Jerry D. & Green, David M. (1994). "Taxonomic status of Caribbean and South American frogs currently ascribed to Eleutherodactylus urichi (Anura: Leptodactylidae)". Copeia. 1994 (3): 780–796. doi:10.2307/1447195. JSTOR 1447195.
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^ Malhotra, Anita & Thorpe, Roger S. (1999), Reptiles & Amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean, Macmillan Education Ltd., pp. 105–106, ISBN 0-333-69141-5
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^ Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 166.
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Pristimantis euphronides: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Pristimantis euphronides is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Grenada, an island in the Lesser Antilles, the Caribbean. Is sometimes known as the Grenada frog. It was originally described as a subspecies of Eleutherodactylus urichi (=Pristimantis urichi), but since 1994 it has been recognized as a full species.
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