Mauritian tomb bats communicate primarily through audible calls, chirruping while at rest but screeching when encountering aggressive situations. Whenever another member of a roosting group approaches, the members of the group already in the roost will emit three-syllable calls at 2-3 second intervals. The reason for these particular social calls is currently unknown. Like most other mammals, they are likely to use chemical cues and touch as well in social communication.
Mauritian tomb bats perceive their environment in different ways depending on the amount of light available. During daylight hours, they rely primarily on vision to identify intruders or prey that come too close to the roost. Once darkness has completely fallen, they rely on orally emitted echolocation sounds to forage.
Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; echolocation ; chemical
Mauritian tomb bats are widespread throughout Africa and neighboring islands. They are not listed as requiring special conservation action under any current programs.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse affects of T. mauritianus on humans.
Mauritian tomb bats help humans by controlling pest populations. The insects they consume may carry diseases that harm humans or may simply be considered nuisance species.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Mauritian tomb bats are important in controlling pest populations in the ecosystems they occupy. They consume large numbers of insects nightly. Mauritian tomb bats also host parasites in the genus Anchitrema.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Although they have been observed to dart from their perches during daylight hours to capture and eat prey items that wander too close, T. mauritianus is primarily a night-foraging species. Moths found close to their daytime roosts are the staple of their diet, supplemented by termites, butterflies, and a variety of other insects. They typically do not return to their roost to feed during nighttime foraging, which is evidenced by the lack of prey debris or droppings beneath roosting points.
Mauritian tomb bats use vision to pick out potential prey during daylight hours, rather than echolocation. At night, they use orally emitted echolocation sounds to detect prey at long range over open areas.
Animal Foods: insects
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Mauritian tomb bats (Taphozous mauritianus) are found widely distributed throughout the middle to southern regions of Africa, as well as on several offshore islands. Individuals have also been recorded on the islands of Madagascar and Bourbon, as well as a handful of islands in the Indian Ocean.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Although generally found in moist, open habitats, T. mauritianus can also be found in savanna regions south of the Sahara that receive at least 500 mm of rainfall each year. Records of T. mauritianus in areas with less rainfall are usually close to swamps and rivers. These bats may be dependent on open water for hunting.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: riparian
There is little research information available regarding the lifespan of T. mauritianus in the wild or in captivity.
Mauritian tomb bats are distinguishable from other bats by an entirely white ventral surface, combined with mixed-gray dorsal pelage. They have sleek, short hair. Their wings are long and narrow, generally with a pale, parchment-like coloration, and are attached at the ankle. The long, narrow tip of the wing is shortened somewhat to facilitate crawling when the wings are folded. The ears are erect, triangle-shaped, with rounded edges and no papillae on the inner margins.
Mauritian tomb bats do not exhibit sexual dimorphism in coloration or size, although there is evidence of geographic variation in size. In South Africa, the measurements (in mm) of males and females, respectively, are: length of head and body, 101 to 109, 105 to 116; length of forearm, 61 to 63, 61 to 66; and length of tail, 17 to 25, 20 to 23. A typical male body mass (in g) in Southern Africa is 20 to 36, while an average female mass is 27.5 to 31.6. The average wingspan is 181 to 204 mm.
Range mass: 20 to 36 g.
Range length: 101 to 116 mm.
Range wingspan: 181 to 204 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Snakes as well as nocturnal raptors occasionally prey on Mauritian tomb bats, although specific predators are rarely named in the literature. Mauritian tomb bats occasionally host parasites in the genus Anchitrema. These parasites may be transferred to them by African sheath-tailed bats, Coleura afra, which sometimes roost with Mauritian tomb bats.
Known Predators:
There is little published research dealing specifically with the mating systems of T. mauritianus. It is likely that they are similar to other Taphozous species in this regard, with individuals engaging in polygynous relationships during mating seasons.
Mating System: polygynous
There is conflicting evidence regarding reproductive cycles of T. mauritianus. Some research suggests the breeding season is in December, with births in April to May. Other research suggests that they are either polyestrous or breed throughout the year in some regions of Africa, with births occurring from March to April, as well as November to December. Given the wide geographic range of this species, it is likely that different reproductive strategies occur in different parts of the range. Females give birth to a single young, which clings to its mother’s abdomen at all times until it is old enough to fly and forage on its own.
Breeding interval: Mauritian tomb bats breed up to twice a year in some parts of their range.
Breeding season: Birth generally occur from March to April and November to December, although local patterns may vary.
Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .
Average gestation period: 2 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Parental investment in T. mauritianus is restricted to the female of any mating pair, and is similiar to the majority of other bat species. The female gives birth to a single young, with remains with the mother at all times until it is able to fly on its own. Although there is little to no research in this particular area, it is possible that this time spent with the mother allows the offspring time to observe hunting behavior and to learn other necessary behaviors for later in life.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
The Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus)is native to central and southern Africa as well as Madagascar.Its range expands over grasslands, tropical and semi-arid habitats. It is by no means restricted to the inside of a dark, dingy tomb. They prefer the outer walls of tombs instead.
The dorsal side of these bats is mottled inappearance– consisting of brown, grey and white.The distinguishing feature for these little tykes is a completely white underbelly.The wing membranes are furless and brown.When the bat is not in flight, the wings will contract and stick to the sides of the body to allow the bat to crawl freely.
Mauritian tomb bats are primarilynocturnal foragers.Moths found near their roost are the favourite food item of these bats but they will supplement this staple with butterflies, termites and other insects.These bats use their vision to pick out potential prey species during the day then emit echolocation sounds to find prey at long range at night.
Mauritian tomb bats roost singly or in small groups ofup to 5 individuals.These groups usually consist of one sex.Females tend to roost in larger numbers but do not clump together like other bats.Instead, they prefer to roost with plenty space between individuals.Frequently used roosts become stained by secretions from the gular sac.
Mauritian tomb bats provide avaluable serviceto people – they keep insect populations low.Sometimes the insect populations are kept low enough to reduce the cases of malaria and insect bites.
TheIUCN Red Listclassifies Mauritian tomb bats as a species of Least Concern due to its wide distribution range and its tolerance for habitat modification.
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The Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae that is found in central and southern Africa and Madagascar. It was discovered in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and is characterized by an all-white ventral surface, grizzled dorsal coloration, and conical face. It has exceptionally good eyesight, a trait which is common in old world bats and enables it to find roosting locations. It has adapted itself to a wide range of habitats including subarid scrub to semi-tropical savanna and can be found throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara, including many of the surrounding islands. They often seek out refuge in cool dry areas. Mauritian tomb bats help control pest populations, including insects that carry human diseases. These bats tend to be nocturnal hunters and their normal prey consists of moths, butterflies, and termites. Not prone to large-scale roosting, T. mauritianus is most often spotted on the sides of buildings or on the trunks of trees in groups of around five individuals. They breed on average once or twice a year and rear usually one pup, though twins are occasionally reported. They usually deposit their hungry offspring in areas where they can feed ferociously, most often in berry bushes. This species is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due their wide distribution and stable population.
The French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire identified the Mauritian tomb bat in 1818 when he compared the at the time unknown specimen to another newly described bat from Egypt, the Egyptian tomb bat.[2] The Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforatus) is the same size as its Mauritian cousin but does not have the completely white belly that the latter possess.[3]
The name "tomb" bat and the genus name Taphozous is derived from the Greek word for a tomb or grave. Mauritianus simply means "of Mauritius," where it was first discovered. Though the name would suggest a dark, closed-in habitat, the Mauritian tomb bat lives in a variety of environments and is not restricted tombs or caves.[4] The term "tomb bat" was given because the genus is commonly seen on the walls of old tombs in their respective ranges.
Synonyms for the Mauritian tomb bat include Taphozous mauritianus, T. leucopterus, T. dobsoni, and T. maritianus var. vinerascens.[5] The Afrikaans word for this species is witlyfvlermuis, which refers to the white ventral surface that is characteristic of the species.
The Mauritian tomb bat is distinguished from other species of bat by a completely white ventral area. The dorsal surface of T. mauritianus is a mottled color consisting of several shades of brown, gray, and white, which creates a grizzled "salt and pepper" appearance. Its fur is sleek and short, and the wing membranes are beige and primarily translucent. The wings are long, narrow, and shorten when not in flight in a way that facilitates crawling, a trait unique to this genus. Sexes are similar in color and size. Adults are generally lighter in color than juveniles, who have more of a gray hue. This species has a conically shaped face, which is covered in a thin layer of hair. The area below and in front of the eyes is bare, and the frontal portion of the face is sunken around the eyes. The eyes are large (2–3 mm). The ears are triangular-shaped, erect, and have rounded edges. The inner margins of the ear lack papillae, which is the inner sensory surface of the bat's ear. One of the larger species in the Microchiroptera suborder, fully grown adults weigh anywhere from 25 to 36 grams (0.88 to 1.27 oz), with its forearm measuring 58 to 64 millimetres (2.3 to 2.5 in). The total length is from 10 to 11 centimetres (3.9 to 4.3 in).[6]
T. mauritianus does not display an abundance of visual sexual dimorphism concerning their size or coloration. Outside of the breeding season, the male reproductive organs are held in the abdominal cavity. During the breeding season, the genitals appear and become darker in color. The males possess a gular sac that lies at the base of the jaw. This gland releases secretions that help males mark their territories and attract females during the mating season.[7] The gular sac is present in some females, depending on which region Africa the bat is found. In areas such as Nigeria and Mozambique, the sac is absent in females, in West Africa it is reduced to a vestigial pouch, and in the Sudan it is fully present in both sexes, just more developed in males. In females, the genitals are located on the ventral side of the abdomen and are marked by two pigmented patches. During the mating season, they become deeply pigmented and extend out, becoming more prominent before and just after mating.[7]
The Mauritian tomb bat is widely distributed from the middle to the southern regions of Africa, as well as on many of the surrounding islands. They are found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Réunion, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Special kidney adaptations that aid in water conservation allow the Mauritian tomb bat to survive in the often dry, semi-arid regions of countries such as the Sudan and Chad. The bat's kidneys have a mean renal index of 5.55. This means that the bat's inner medulla, the part of the kidney that collects waste, is very large compared to the overall size of the organ, so that the animal can remove much of the waste out the water it drinks. The bats have a predicted mean maximum urine concentration of 3,921 mosmol/kg,[7] which means the urine they produce is very concentrated. From this, scientists have tentatively come to the conclusion that this species' kidneys offer valuable water conservation.[7]
Mauritian tomb bats are occasionally found in grassland biomes[8] as well as in semi-arid and tropical regions. They can be found in forests, rain forests, and grasslands. These bats can be found in the Sahara, which receives less than 500 mm of rainfall per year. The bats prefer open, moist savanna with plenty of maneuvering room with close proximity roosting sights. Often this species can be found near open swamps and rivers, where there is a steady food supply. They may need the open water for hunting. T. mauritianus avoids the thicker parts of tropical forests due to its somewhat limited turning maneuverability. In some countries, such as Sao Tomé and Principe, groups of this species find homes in the cocoa trees of the large plantations, which offer an excellent environment with roosts, adequately spaced trees, and many insects to feed upon.
The tomb bat prefers sites where there is overhead shelter, but are situated in exposed positions for easier take off. T. mauritianus's natural roosting locations include the trunks of palm trees, caves, and crevices.[9] With the arrival of humans, they have adapted to a variety of new locations such as the sides of buildings and, as their name implies, tombs. They prefer buildings with bare brick surfaces as opposed to painted ones, as it offers better grip.[10] They choose their day roosts so that take-off is unhindered by obstacles inhibiting flight.
The Mauritian tomb bat is often found in groups of around five individuals. These groups are usually either made up of entirely male or female individuals; when they are found in mixed-gender groups, the two sexes are separated by at least 10 centimetres (3.9 in).[10] Females live together in groups of three to thirty, while males live alone except during the mating season.[11] Unlike some species of bats, they do not roost close together in tight packs; instead they are found spaced out loosely, with the exception of a mother and her offspring. There are places where groups of at least a hundred bats have been found, one example being the Shai Hills Resource Reserve in Ghana.
They usually roost with their ventral side flat against a surface. The Mauritian tomb bat is nocturnal and rests during the day; however, it does not sleep much and remains watchful while roosting. If disturbed, they will fly off to another site or move quickly up under the eaves of the building. Very rarely do they travel far from their day roosting site, and roosts are often recolonized. Over time these sites become stained with gular sack secretions and urine. The stains are typically a rectangular brown shape roughly 150 mm long and 100 mm wide.[10]
The semi-diurnal activity of tomb bats has led to the evolution of relatively good eyesight, unlike most echolocating bats. Their vision is very similar to the eyesight found in that of Old-World bats.[12] The presence of the dim-light (RH1) gene in both the tomb bats and Old-World bats suggests convergent evolution of this gene in a similar light-rich environment.[12] The Mauritian tomb bat can detect movement from a distance away, which suggests that the bat's eyesight is superior to that of other insect-eating bats. This advanced eyesight plays a large role in finding a suitable roost for the day and detecting predators.[10] The Mauritian tomb bat is, for the most part, a nocturnal hunter, though it does occasionally forage during the day.[9] They prefer to hunt in open spaces such as over an open field or body of water, so they can easily swoop down and grab the insects they feed on. The Mauritian tomb bat captures its prey and consumes it while in flight.[11]
Their preferred food is moths, though during daylight hours they will prey upon butterflies and termites.[9] In regions where the bats live, they often are a factor in keeping pest populations down. This is important since the bats inhabit areas often plagued by insect-borne diseases such as malaria. They usually wait for complete darkness before foraging. Over open areas, they can detect their prey at long ranges. They periodically make dives when hunting, and with each dive, they increase the rate of echolocation.
The bats use audible calls to communicate with each other. When at rest, they chirrup; when faced with an aggressive situation, they screech. They use social communication, touch, and chemical cues. In its home continent of Africa, it is well known for the squeaks, chirrups, and other noises that it makes that are barely audible to humans.
When it is dark, they use echolocation calls to forage. During daylight hours, they can rely on vision to look for prey and intruders. The echolocation in T. mauritianus is unique in that their frequency pulses are emitted in patterns of twos and threes separated by long intervals of silence. This helps observers distinguish the species from other kinds of bats. The bats can adjust the frequency they emit to fit a given situation. For example, the bat can decrease the frequency to less than 20 Hertz to hunt insects that are attuned to bat echolocation, which gives them an advantage and increases their number of potential food sources. They are capable of emitting frequencies more than 25 Hertz, which allows them to hunt in less open habitats. This increases their range of habitats, and allows them to be flexible in their choice of environments.
Mauritian tomb bats are polygamous. Depending on the region, they mate either once or twice per year. Tomb bats of the Southern African subregion often produce two pups: one in February or March and another in October through December.[10] Others mate in December with a gestation period of four to five months, and give birth in April or May. Mothers give birth to a single pup in a litter. Mothers take care of the young after birth; the males take no part in raising it. The pup clings to its mother's abdomen during flight and when perched. The young will remain with the mother, clinging to her chest wherever she goes, until it is able to fly. The mother nurses the young during this time. The young drink their mother's milk until they are weaned onto their adult diet of insects. The time spent with the mother allows the young to observe hunting behavior as well as learn other skills necessary for survival as an adult. Once the young bat is able to fly, it can forage for itself. It may stay with the mother's colony or find another when it is grown.
The Mauritian tomb bat is of "Least Concern (LC)" on the IUCN Red List.[13] Although its population and the population trend are unknown, the bat is easily found throughout its range.[13] Mauritian tomb bats are widespread throughout Africa and neighboring islands. They are not listed as requiring special conservation action under any current programs.
The Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae that is found in central and southern Africa and Madagascar. It was discovered in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and is characterized by an all-white ventral surface, grizzled dorsal coloration, and conical face. It has exceptionally good eyesight, a trait which is common in old world bats and enables it to find roosting locations. It has adapted itself to a wide range of habitats including subarid scrub to semi-tropical savanna and can be found throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara, including many of the surrounding islands. They often seek out refuge in cool dry areas. Mauritian tomb bats help control pest populations, including insects that carry human diseases. These bats tend to be nocturnal hunters and their normal prey consists of moths, butterflies, and termites. Not prone to large-scale roosting, T. mauritianus is most often spotted on the sides of buildings or on the trunks of trees in groups of around five individuals. They breed on average once or twice a year and rear usually one pup, though twins are occasionally reported. They usually deposit their hungry offspring in areas where they can feed ferociously, most often in berry bushes. This species is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due their wide distribution and stable population.
