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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10 years
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Conservation Status

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Red-headed woodpeckers were once very common throughout eastern North America, but have been decreasing in abundance. In the 1890's, the introduction of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) had a significant negative impact on red-headed woodpeckers. The starlings compete with these woodpeckers for their nesting holes, frequently driving them from their homes.

Also contributing to the decline of red-headed woodpeckers is the increased removal of dead trees containing potential nest sites. The increased use of automobiles has also led to declining numbers of red-headed woodpeckers, which are often struck by cars when swooping for prey. In order to conserve red-headed woodpeckers, their habitat needs to be protected and European starling populations must be controlled.

Red-headed woodpeckers are protected under the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act. They are listed as a near-threatened species by the IUCN.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Red-headed woodpeckers communicate using a wide array of calls and drumming. Both vocalizations and drumming seem to be used in a variety of social situations, including territorial encounters, courtship, copulation and communication between a mated pair. For example, mutual tapping (male tapping on the inside of the nest cavity while female taps on the outside) may play an important role in courtship.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Other Communication Modes: duets

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Red-headed woodpeckers sometimes feed on cultivated fruits and vegetables. This can cost small farmers.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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This bird is a favorite of birdwatchers and thus provides recreational value to humans.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Red-headed woodpeckers adults are vulnerable to predation by raptors, including Cooper’s hawks, and peregrine falcons, eastern screech-owls and red foxes. Eggs and chicks are predated by snakes, including black rat snakes and mammals, including raccoons and flying squirrels.

Adult red-headed woodpeckers respond to approaching predators by scolding them with a “churring” call.

Known Predators:

  • Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)
  • peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)
  • eastern screech-owls (Otus asio)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • black rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • flying squirrels (Glaucomys)
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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Male and female red-headed woodpeckers look alike. The entire head, neck, throat and upper breast are bright red. The wings and tail are bluish-black, and there are large square areas of white on the rear part of their wings and upper rump. The white on the wings makes them especially noticeable during flight. Immature birds also possess the white patches on their wings. However, immature red-headed woodpeckers have a buffy-brown head and neck, which becomes red after the first molt.

This woodpecker is relatively small compared to others in its family. Red-headed woodpeckers can range from 21 to 25 cm in length and have a wingspan of 33 to 37 cm. The bill is long and chisel shaped, which is important for drilling into trees. The average red-headed woodpecker weighs approximately 70 grams.

Average mass: 70 g.

Range length: 21 to 25 cm.

Range wingspan: 33 to 37 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 75 g.

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Red-headed woodpeckers have an impact on the plant and animal species they eat. For example, they may aid in the dispersal of plants whose seeds they cache if the seeds are not later retrieved. Red-headed woodpeckers also play an important role in creating nest cavities for other cavity-nesting birds and mammals that do not excavate their own nest holes.

Red-headed woodpeckers provide food for their predators. They also host a number of internal and external parasites.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Cavity nesting birds and mammals
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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Red-headed woodpeckers are one of the most omnivorous woodpecker species. Their diet includes a wide variety of insects, spiders, earthworms, nuts, seeds, berries, wild and cultivated fruit and occasionally small mammals. These woodpeckers are also known to eat young or eggs from the nests of bluebirds, house sparrows < and chickadees. Occasionally, they can also be seen eating bark.

Red-headed woodpeckers have many techniques for obtaining food. They perch on branches or utility poles watching for flying insects and then darting after them. They also spend time foraging on the ground or in shrubs. A common misconception is that all woodpeckers drill holes in trees to find the majority of their food. Although they occasionally drill dead trees for wood boring larvae, flying insects are more important in the diet of red-headed woodpeckers.

The majority of the food found by red-headed woodpeckers is stored in natural or anthropogenic crevices or holes that are not excavated by the woodpeckers themselves. If a piece of nut does not fit into the intended crevice, red-headed woodpeckers break the nut into pieces rather than modifying the crevice to fit the food. Some food stores are sealed with wood chips to protect the food from potential scavengers.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Annual adult survivorship is estimated to be about 62% in this species. The oldest known wild red-headed woodpecker lived at least 9 years and 11 months.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
12 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
119 months.

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Red-headed woodpeckers prefer open woodlands and forest edges and clearings. They are often found in deciduous woodlands, river bottoms, open woods, orchards, parks, open country, savannas and grasslands with scattered trees. They generally prefer habitat with few tall, large-diameter trees.

The winter habitat of this species is similar to the breeding habitat; red-headed woodpeckers spend the winter in mature forests containing large, old trees. Their winter distribution within the range is thought to be primarily dependent on the abundance of food, particularly acorns.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Red-headed woodpeckers are widely distributed throughout most of North America. They range east to west from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and north to south from Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba) and southern Ontario, to Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, and Florida. Once a common bird, this species is now found sporadically throughout its range.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Red-headed woodpeckers are thought to be monogamous, though polygyny may occur. There is little information available about formation or duration of pair bonds in this species, though some pairs are known to have mated together over several seasons.

Mating System: monogamous

These woodpeckers nest in cavities that they excavate with their beaks. The nest sites range from natural holes, to under roofs of buildings, to fence posts, or utility poles. Preferred nest sites are in dead trees. Both the male and female excavate the nest, though the male does most of the drilling. The cavity is 20 to 60 cm deep. The cavity entrance is 5-6 cm in diameter, but expands inside to nearly twice that width.

The eggs are laid between April and July, with clutch sizes of 3 to 10 eggs, most commonly 5 eggs. Incubation begins after the last egg is laid, and lasts 12 to 14 days. Both parents incubate, with males incubating at night. The chicks are altricial when they hatch; they are naked and their eyes don’t open for 12 to 13 days. The young are fed and brooded by both parents and leave the nest at 24 to 31 days old. The chicks are strong fliers and able to catch their own food soon after fledging. Chicks that remain near the nest after several weeks are chased away by the parents. The chicks will be able to breed the next summer.

Red-headed woodpeckers have one or two broods a year. Pairs may start a second nesting attempt while still feeding the first brood. Though the second brood can be raised in the same nest, a new nest cavity is usually found.

Breeding interval: Red-headed woodpeckers have one or two broods a year.

Breeding season: The breeding season spans from April to July.

Range eggs per season: 3 to 10.

Average eggs per season: 5.

Range time to hatching: 12 to 14 days.

Range fledging age: 24 to 31 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average eggs per season: 5.

Male and female red-headed woodpeckers share most of the parental responsibilities, including nest construction, incubation, feeding, brooding and otherwise caring for the young.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Axley, E. 2002. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Melanerpes_erythrocephalus.html
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Elizabeth J. Axley, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Kari Kirschbaum, Animal Diversity Web
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Alaine Camfield, Animal Diversity Web
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Melanerpes erythrocephalus

provided by DC Birds Brief Summaries

A medium-sized (8 ½ - 9 ½ inches) woodpecker, the Red-headed Woodpecker is most easily identified by its solid black upperparts, white wing patches, white belly, and all-red head. Among woodpeckers in its range, this is the only species with a completely red head, although several, particularly the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), have smaller amounts of red on the head. Unlike most woodpeckers, male and female Red-headed Woodpeckers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-headed Woodpecker is widely distributed as a breeding bird across the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northern populations move south in winter, vacating the upper Great Plains, northern Great Lakes, and most of New England while moving into southern Louisiana and Texas. This species is absent from higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, coastal portions of the Mid-Atlantic region, and south Florida. Red-headed Woodpeckers inhabit a variety of deciduous woodland habitats, shifting to more open habitats on the Great Plains. This species is found less frequently in urban and suburban environments than its relatives due to its preference for large dead branches or snags for feeding. Red-headed Woodpeckers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, berries, nuts, and seeds. In appropriate habitat, this species may be seen climbing trees and branches head-first while foraging for food. When moving from tree to tree, this species undertakes short, undulating flights through the canopy. Unlike other species of woodpecker, Red-headed Woodpeckers often catch insects in the air while in flight. This species is primarily active during the day.

Threat Status: Near Threatened

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Reid Rumelt

Melanerpes erythrocephalus

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A medium-sized (8 ½ - 9 ½ inches) woodpecker, the Red-headed Woodpecker is most easily identified by its solid black upperparts, white wing patches, white belly, and all-red head. Among woodpeckers in its range, this is the only species with a completely red head, although several, particularly the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), have smaller amounts of red on the head. Unlike most woodpeckers, male and female Red-headed Woodpeckers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Red-headed Woodpecker is widely distributed as a breeding bird across the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northern populations move south in winter, vacating the upper Great Plains, northern Great Lakes, and most of New England while moving into southern Louisiana and Texas. This species is absent from higher elevations in the Appalachian Mountains, coastal portions of the Mid-Atlantic region, and south Florida. Red-headed Woodpeckers inhabit a variety of deciduous woodland habitats, shifting to more open habitats on the Great Plains. This species is found less frequently in urban and suburban environments than its relatives due to its preference for large dead branches or snags for feeding. Red-headed Woodpeckers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, berries, nuts, and seeds. In appropriate habitat, this species may be seen climbing trees and branches head-first while foraging for food. When moving from tree to tree, this species undertakes short, undulating flights through the canopy. Unlike other species of woodpecker, Red-headed Woodpeckers often catch insects in the air while in flight. This species is primarily active during the day.

References

  • Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Smith, Kimberly G., James H. Withgott and Paul G. Rodewald. 2000. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/518
  • eBird Range Map - Red-headed Woodpecker. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Rumelt, Reid B. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Melanerpes erythrocephalus. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
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Robert Costello (kearins)
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Associated Plant Communities

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Common Names

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red-headed woodpecker
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Cover Requirements

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, habitat type, natural, snag, tree

Red-headed woodpeckers are cavity nesters. The most preferred nest sites are old snags or tree limbs that have been dead for several years, have little or no bark, few large limbs remaining, low canopy cover, and low ground cover [6,20,42,48,49,53,69,75,94]. Nests are most commonly found in dead longleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine (P. elliottii), pond pine (P. serotina), plains cottonwood, oaks, maples, birches (Betula spp.), and elms (Ulmus spp.) [5,7,33,35,36,42,48,54,94]. Utility poles and fence posts are used if other nesting sites are limited [43,44,63]. Red-headed woodpeckers typically nest in the largest trees [75] and show a strong preference for medium- to large-diameter nest cavities [15].

In Iowa, 88% of red-headed woodpecker nesting cavities was in snags [83]. Snags with <34% of the total branches remaining were highly favored for nesting. Snags with >66 % of branches remaining were used least [83]. This preference may be related to the softness of the wood due to decay [83,94]. In Wyoming, red-headed woodpeckers nested in limb cavities 80.6% of the time and in boles 19.4% of the time (P<0.001) [36]. Red-headed woodpeckers nested in significantly (P=0.02) more snags (72.2%) than nonsnags (27.8%) [36].

The table below summarizes mean red-headed woodpecker nest site characteristics:

State Habitat type Tree height (m) Tree DBH (cm) Cavity height (m) Diameter of trunk/limb at nest (cm) Arkansas shortleaf pine-post oak (Q. stellata) 14.8 33.4 11.0 .... [80] Colorado mature plains cottonwood 15.4 56.9-66.8 8.3-8.4 18.4 [7,75] Florida longleaf pine-turkey oak (Q. laevis) savanna 13.8 30.6 9.3 .... [94] Iowa mixed riparian habitats 14.6 .... 9.6 25.7 [84] Kansas American elm (U. americana)-eastern cottonwood-willow 10.9 .... 7.0 21.8 [48] Minnesota/Wisconsin closed-canopy mature oak forest 18 54 .... .... [33] Ohio mixed agricultural and forested habitat or oak-hickory (Carya spp.) stands bordering golf courses 18.3 56.9-58.8 10.2-14.1 20.7 [46,71] Wyoming mixed cottonwood-willow floodplain, irrigated cropland, and pastureland .... 59.2 10.0 21.2 [36] Virginia mature oak woodlot 29.5 95.0 17.5 38.0 [14]

Nest cavities in an Illinois study were 23 to 66 feet (7-20 m) in height and always in the bole of a snag [69]. All nest trees in Minnesota and Wisconsin had branch stubs and most had old cavities, <25% bark remaining, and at least one "significant dead portion" [33]. Nest trees in Minnesota and Wisconsin had significantly greater diameters (P<0.001) and were significantly taller (P<0.001) than adjacent trees [33].

Red-headed woodpeckers have strong nest site and nest tree fidelity [5,44]. Cavities may be reused from year to year [5,44,94]. In Ohio, 57.7% of nest cavities had been freshly excavated, while 42.3% were old excavations [46]. No natural cavities were used for nesting in Ohio [46]. In Colorado, both limbs and trunks were utilized nearly equally for nesting, as were old and new cavities [7]. Additionally, nest cavities previously excavated by other species, such as the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), may be reused by red-headed woodpeckers in subsequent years [20]. Red-headed woodpecker pairs occasionally take over cavities that were occupied by other species earlier in the same breeding season [20]. Rarely, red-headed woodpeckers complete excavation of cavities that were abandoned by other species [43].

Roost trees of nonbreeding individuals in a Florida study were located in longleaf pine and turkey oak snags and in a dead limb of a live turkey oak tree [5]. Juveniles showed a preference for roosting in turkey oaks while adults preferred roosting in longleaf pine snags [5].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Direct Effects of Fire

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More info for the terms: fire severity, forest, fuel, prescribed fire, severity, snag, tree

The direct effects of fire on red-headed woodpeckers are largely speculative. Fire is unlikely to have major effects on adult birds because adults can fly from smoke and flames [55]. However, fire could have detrimental effects on nestlings and eggs, since their mobility is limited [55].

Only one paper documenting the direct effects of fire on red-headed woodpeckers was found. In the study, a longleaf pine snag containing an active red-headed woodpecker nest ignited during a prescribed May fire in the Florida sandhills [4]. The snag fell on the day of the fire and the nestlings initially survived. The parents continually visited and fed the nestlings. However, by the fourth day, the nestlings had died and were covered with ants [4]. Based on these observations, it is plausible to conclude that the nestlings may have survived if they were within a few days of fledging.

The effects of fire on canopy nesting birds depend primarily on fire severity [55]. Severe surface fires and crown fires may cause injury or death to species nesting in the forest canopy, but such fires typically happen late in the breeding season presumably after many nestlings have fledged. Effects on reproductive success may depend upon the timing of a fire event and any attempts to raise a second brood [55]. See Timing of Major Life History Events for more information on the reproductive biology of the red-headed woodpecker.

Snags are both created and lost during fires. In a red-headed woodpecker study in the sandhills and wet pine flatwoods of central Florida, >33% of nest snags were created during past fires [5]. In other minor habitat types in the study, 83% of nest snags were also created by fire. Prescribed fire later destroyed approximately 50% of the nest snags in the wet pine flatwoods, 70% of nest snags in the sandhills, and no nest snags in the other habitats. The sandhills were dominated by longleaf pine, the flatwoods were dominated by pond pine and longleaf pine, and the other habitats were dominated by sand pine (P. clausa), loblolly pine, and loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) [5].

Fires that destroy nest trees may limit the reproductive potential of canopy-nesting birds. However, taking measures to protect nest trees may minimize the impact fire has on red-headed woodpeckers and their nests. In a review, Robbins and Myers [70] cited a North Carolina study in which red-cockaded woodpeckers were mildly affected by growing-season prescribed fires. Before the fires, flammable materials were cleared from the bases of nest trees. Four red-cockaded woodpecker nests in the study successfully fledged 9 young, while a fifth nest failed. Study recommendations for minimizing deleterious effects of growing-season fire on red-cockaded woodpeckers and their nests include: 1) burning only after nests have been identified; 2) burning only on sites with low fuel accumulation; 3) burning only on days with low ambient temperatures; 4) clearing fuels from the bases of nest trees; and 5) setting backfires to the windward side of nest trees [70]. Since red-headed woodpeckers share some nesting preferences and habitats with the red-cockaded woodpecker, such as the use of large trees for nesting in pine habitats, red-headed woodpeckers may incur similar benefits from prefire site preparation.

Short-term food availability may be improved by fire. Other flycatching birds, such as eastern phoebes (Sayornis phoebe), eastern wood-pewees (Cantopus virens), eastern kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), southern rough-winged swallows (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis), and purple martins (Progne subis), actively forage on the multitude of insects available in smoke [51]. Fruits, such as huckleberries and blackberries, that are also utilized as forage may be unavailable during the same year of a burn, but are often abundant during following years [86].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Distribution

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The range of the red-headed woodpecker extends from extreme southern Quebec and Ontario south to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. Occasional vagrants may travel outside this range [6,65].
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Food Habits

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More info for the terms: mast, natural

The red-headed woodpecker is omnivorous. Vegetative matter in the diet includes corn (Zea mays), dogwood (Cornus spp.) berries, huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.), strawberries (Fragaria spp.), blackberries and raspberries (Rubus spp.), mulberries (Morus spp.), elderberries (Sambucus spp.), wild and cultivated black cherries (Prunus serotina), chokecherries (P. virginiana), grapes (Vitis spp.), apples (Malus spp.), pears (Pyrus spp.), pawpaw (Asimina spp.), Carolina lauralcherries (Prunus caroliniana), pecans (Carya illinoensis), acorns, beechnuts, and other seeds [6,35,63,94,96]. Animal foods include beetles (Coleoptera), ants and wasps (Hymenoptera), true bugs (Heteroptera), grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera), butterfly and moth larvae (Lepidoptera), spiders (Araneae), myriapods (Myriapoda), mice (Rodentia), small lizards (Iguania), and bird (primarily Passeriformes and Piciformes) eggs and nestlings [6,35,63,94,96]. In winter, red-headed woodpeckers may remain in their summer habitats if sufficient acorn or beechnut mast is available [6]. Maple seeds are an important winter food source for red-headed woodpeckers when other foods are not available [69].

Red-headed woodpeckers exhibit a myriad of behaviors for obtaining and storing food. Perhaps the most conspicuous behavior is flycatching for beetles and other insects [6,48,56,63,91]. Flycatching is less frequent during winter due to a decrease in flying insects during colder months [94]. Red-headed woodpeckers also glean insects, particularly adult beetles, from bark [16,48,94] and feed on insects on the ground [48,69]. Acorns are harvested both directly from trees and from the ground [17,82]. Red-headed woodpeckers may eat acorns immediately after harvesting, or carry them off to a cache [82].

Foods, including acorns and insects, are commonly cached in natural crevices and cavities, which are sealed with wet bark or wood to prevent pillaging by others [6,49]. Insects, such as June beetles (Phyllophaga spp.) and grasshoppers, are cached while still alive and wedged in cracks so they cannot escape [6,35]. Acorns and beechnuts are also stored in cracks and crevices for later use [6].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Habitat-related Fire Effects

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More info for the terms: density, fire exclusion, hardwood, litter, prescribed burn, prescribed fire, restoration, surface fire, tree, woodland

Oak savanna and other woodland habitats utilized by red-headed woodpeckers historically experienced frequent light- to moderate-severity surface fires [10]. Perhaps relating to an adaptive response to historical FIRE REGIMES, red-headed woodpeckers respond favorably toward sites restored through prescribed fire. For instance, red-headed woodpeckers increased in oak savanna restoration sites in Minnesota where prescribed fire was applied every 1 to 2 years over a 32-year period. The increase was likely due to an increase in standing dead trees on the site. The burn units with the highest dead:live tree ratio (0.623:0.865), lowest tree density (74-80 trees/ha), and lowest leaf area index (0.44-0.64) were most suitable to red-headed woodpeckers [19]. In Indiana, red-headed woodpeckers in a 60- to 120-year-old oak-hickory stand were present in prescribed surface fire sites but not in the unburned sites. The fires reduced understory woody vegetation by 40% to 80% and leaf litter by 50% to 80% [2]. Likewise, red-headed woodpeckers in Illinois were more abundant in oak savanna habitats restored through prescribed fire (3.1 individuals/10-point counts) than in closed-canopy forests that had not been burned (0.8 individual/10-point counts) [9].

In a Kansas tallgrass prairie, red-headed woodpeckers on average were observed in low abundance (0.3 bird/km) in unburned watersheds, while none were observed in burned watersheds. Less woody vegetation was present in the burned sites than in the unburned sites, which may account for the lack of forest-dependent red-headed woodpeckers [100].

In a mature longleaf pine-loblolly pine-shortleaf pine stand with an open hardwood understory, more nonbreeding red-headed woodpeckers were observed in stands burned under prescription during the dormant season (0.16/plot) compared to the number observed in stands burned under prescription during the growing season (0.07/plot) in Georgia. However, the results were not statistically significant (P=0.53). Stands were burned every 3 years [50]. The opposite result was seen in a North Carolina study, where higher densities of red-headed woodpeckers were observed in plots burned under prescription during the growing season than in plots burned under prescription during the dormant season [25].

Mean observations of red-headed woodpeckers were higher in longleaf pine-loblolly pine-shortleaf pine/grassland restoration stands (0.14 detection/point count) than in traditionally managed longleaf pine-loblolly pine-shortleaf pine sawtimber stands (0.06 detection/point count) in Mississippi. The difference was nearly significant (P=0.08). The mixed pine-grassland restoration sites were even-aged stands with rotations ≥70 years, a prescribed burn interval of 2 to 3 years, and mid-story hardwood removal. Traditionally managed mixed pine sawtimber sites in the same study were subject to a 35-year rotation, prescribed burn intervals of 4 to 7 years, and no hardwood removal [98].

Red-headed woodpecker abundance was highest at the beginning of a fire exclusion regime in a loblolly pine-shortleaf pine stand in Florida. The lowest red-headed woodpecker abundance was continuously observed 6 to 15 years after fire exclusion was initiated. Hardwoods had created a thick mid-story up to 16 feet (5 m) following 15 years of fire exclusion [26]. In another Florida study, red-headed woodpeckers were most commonly observed in mature burned sandhills of naturally seeded longleaf pine (>50 years old) where burning had occurred within the last 3 years and at least 1 growing season had passed since the last fire. Red-headed woodpeckers were also regularly observed in mature flatwoods that had been burned within the past 5 years in Florida [90].

The use of silvicultural treatments in addition to fire may alter the postfire response of the red-headed woodpecker. The combined effects of fire and other silvicultural treatments in a Florida longleaf pine habitat were examined. Two years after an initial prescribed burn, experimental treatments of herbicide (hexazinone) and chainsaw felling-girdling of most hardwoods and all sand pine were applied. A burn-only site and a control site were also monitored. A second prescribed burn was conducted in the spring 2 years after the other experimental treatments were applied. The herbicide-treated plots had the lowest abundance of red-headed woodpeckers in the year after the final prescribed burn, but the highest abundance among all treatments a year later. The burn-only plots and the felling-girdling plots had intermediate abundance of red-headed woodpeckers during both years of observation. No red-headed woodpeckers were observed in control plots. None of the differences were significant (P>0.05) [68].

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where the red-headed woodpecker is important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant plant species listed below.

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) maple-beech Acer-Fagus spp. 684-1,385 [13,95] maple-beech-birch Acer-Fagus-Betula spp. >1,000 silver maple-American elm Acer saccharinum-Ulmus americana <5 to 200 sugar maple Acer saccharum >1,000 sugar maple-basswood Acer saccharum-Tilia americana >1,000 [95] birch Betula spp. 80-230 [87] plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. <35 [67,99] sugarberry-America elm-green ash Celtis laevigata-Ulmus americana-Fraxinus pennsylvanica <35 to 200 beech-sugar maple Fagus spp.-Acer saccharum >1,000 black ash Fraxinus nigra 95] green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica <35 to >300 [24,95] cedar glades Juniperus virginiana 3-22 [37,67] yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera <35 shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 2-15 shortleaf pine-oak Pinus echinata-Quercus spp. <10 slash pine Pinus elliottii 3-8 slash pine-hardwood Pinus elliottii-variable <35 sand pine Pinus elliottii var. elliottii 25-45 [95] South Florida slash pine Pinus elliottii var. densa 1-15 [64,81,95] longleaf-slash pine Pinus palustris-P. elliottii 1-4 [64,95] longleaf pine-scrub oak Pinus palustris-Quercus spp. 6-10 pocosin Pinus serotina 3-8 pond pine Pinus serotina 3-8 eastern white pine-northern red oak-red maple Pinus strobus-Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum 35-200 loblolly pine Pinus taeda 3-8 loblolly-shortleaf pine Pinus taeda-P. echinata 10 to <35 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 10 to <35 Virginia pine-oak Pinus virginiana-Quercus spp. 10 to <35 sycamore-sweetgum-American elm Platanus occidentalis-Liquidambar styraciflua-Ulmus americana <35 to 200 [95] eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides <35 to 200 [67] black cherry-sugar maple Prunus serotina-Acer saccharum >1,000 oak-hickory Quercus-Carya spp. <35 northeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. 10 to <35 [95] oak-gum-cypress Quercus-Nyssa-spp.-Taxodium distichum 35 to >200 [64] southeastern oak-pine Quercus-Pinus spp. <10 white oak-black oak-northern red oak Quercus alba-Q. velutina-Q. rubra <35 northern pin oak Quercus ellipsoidalis <35 bear oak Quercus ilicifolia <35 bur oak Quercus macrocarpa <10 [95] oak savanna Quercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium 2-14 [67,95] chestnut oak Quercus prinus 3-8 northern red oak Quercus rubra 10 to <35 post oak-blackjack oak Quercus stellata-Q. marilandica <10 live oak Quercus virginiana 10 to<100 [95] cabbage palmetto-slash pine Sabal palmetto-Pinus elliottii <10 [64,95]
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: cover, swamp

SAF COVER TYPES [30]:




14 Northern pin oak

20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple

25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch

26 Sugar maple-basswood

27 Sugar maple

28 Black cherry-maple

31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech

39 Black ash-American elm-red maple

40 Post oak-blackjack oak

42 Bur oak

43 Bear oak

44 Chestnut oak

51 White pine-chestnut oak

52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak

53 White oak

55 Northern red oak

57 Yellow-poplar

58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock

59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak

60 Beech-sugar maple

62 Silver maple-American elm

63 Cottonwood

65 Pin oak-sweetgum

69 Sand pine

70 Longleaf pine

71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak

72 Southern scrub oak

73 Southern redcedar

74 Cabbage palmetto

75 Shortleaf pine

76 Shortleaf pine-oak

78 Virginia pine-oak

80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine

81 Loblolly pine

82 Loblolly pine-hardwood

83 Longleaf pine-slash pine

84 Slash pine

85 Slash pine-hardwood

87 Sweetgum-yellow-poplar

88 Willow oak-water oak-diamondleaf (laurel) oak

89 Live oak

91 Swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak

92 Sweetgum-willow oak

93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash

94 Sycamore-sweetgum-American elm

95 Black willow

96 Overcup oak-water hickory

98 Pond pine

108 Red maple

110 Black oak

111 South Florida slash pine

235 Cottonwood-willow

236 Bur oak
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

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ECOSYSTEMS [32]:




FRES10 White-red-jack pine

FRES11 Spruce-fir

FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine

FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine

FRES14 Oak-pine

FRES15 Oak-hickory

FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress

FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood

FRES18 Maple-beech-birch

FRES30 Desert shrub

FRES32 Texas savanna

FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES38 Plains grasslands

FRES39 Prairie

FRES40 Desert grasslands
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

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KUCHLER [52] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:




K081 Oak savanna

K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100

K083 Cedar glades

K084 Cross Timbers

K089 Black Belt

K090 Live oak-sea oats

K098 Northern floodplain forest

K099 Maple-basswood forest

K100 Oak-hickory forest

K101 Elm-ash forest

K102 Beech-maple forest

K103 Mixed mesophytic forest

K104 Appalachian oak forest

K106 Northern hardwoods

K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest

K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest

K109 Transition between K104 and K106

K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest

K111 Oak-hickory-pine

K112 Southern mixed forest

K113 Southern floodplain forest

K114 Pocosin

K115 Sand pine scrub

K116 Subtropical pine forest
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, hardwood

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [78]:




731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma

732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)

801 Savanna

802 Missouri prairie

803 Missouri glades

804 Tall fescue

805 Riparian

808 Sand pine scrub

809 Mixed hardwood and pine

810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills

811 South Florida flatwoods

812 North Florida flatwoods

814 Cabbage palm flatwoods

815 Upland hardwood hammocks

816 Cabbage palm hammocks

817 Oak hammocks
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Management Considerations

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More info for the terms: competition, density, forest, fruit, snag, tree

A steep decline in the global population of red-headed woodpeckers has been documented since 1966 [73]. Nationally, the average decline of the red-headed woodpecker was 2.6% annually between 1966 and 2005. From 1980 to 2005 the average decline was 4.2% annually. The declines for both periods are significant (P<0.01) [73]. In the Midwest, red-headed woodpeckers have declined 3.3% per year for a total decline of 63.8% between 1966 and 1993 [40]. Red-headed woodpecker declines in Florida are of high concern [90].

Collisions with automobiles [6,35] and competition for nesting cavities with other species, particularly European starlings and other woodpeckers, may be contributing to population decline [35,46]. In the past, red-headed woodpeckers were shot because they were considered agricultural pests in fruit groves and cornfields [6,35]. Red-headed woodpeckers also do considerable damage to utility poles and were shot as a result [6].

Habitat loss is likely the primary cause of the decline of the red-headed woodpecker population. Predicted responses of habitat changes on red-headed woodpeckers are [83]:

All woody vegetation removed, resulting in pastures or hayfields Woody vegetation reduced to narrow strips along streams Woody canopy partly removed Woody canopy partly removed and shrubs/saplings thinned Shrubs/saplings thinned Snags removed Extirpated from community Negative Positive Positive Positive Negative

Snag removal from wooded habitats has a drastic effect on the nesting potential of primary and secondary cavity nesters [83]. Red-headed woodpeckers respond negatively to snag removal [14,21,54,94]. Management recommendations for red-headed woodpeckers in Virginia include retaining snags in woodlots and planting young trees over time to encourage replacement when large trees die [14]. Failing to carry out this recruitment cycle may result in the elimination of mature woodlots in Virginia and the disappearance of the red-headed woodpecker in those areas [14]. Illustrating this point, approximately 53.1% of tree cavities utilized by red-headed woodpeckers were no longer usable after 5 years in a cottonwood bottomland forest in Colorado [76].

In loblolly pine habitat in South Carolina, red-headed woodpeckers were most common where no coarse woody debris was removed (6.8 breeding territories/40 ha) [54]. Red-headed woodpeckers were less common in plots where all down coarse woody debris was removed (3.6 breeding territories/40 ha) and least common in plots where all down coarse woody debris and all standing snags were removed (0.7 breeding territories/40 ha). The differences in breeding territory densities between the 3 stands were significant (P=0.023) [54]. The optimal number of snags required by red-headed woodpeckers in longleaf pine-loblolly pine stands in South Carolina is at least 7 snags/100 acres [39]. At least 1 snag/100 acres is required for red-headed woodpeckers to be present at all in longleaf and loblolly pine stands in South Carolina [39].

Red-headed woodpeckers in Texas were found in clearcuts with standing snags, but not in clearcuts without standing snags [21]. A minimum of 5 snags/ha was assumed adequate for nesting in a clearcut, but a higher density of snags may promote more foraging and nesting on a site. A possible management strategy is to leave large numbers of hardwoods standing during harvesting operations and then killing the standing trees over time to provide a continual recruitment of snags for cavity nesters [21].

Snags should be retained whenever possible [94]. Since tree cavities are ephemeral, recruitment of new snags is crucial for red-headed woodpecker populations to persist.
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Predators

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Snakes and mammals commonly predate red-headed woodpecker nests [20]. Northern raccoons (Procyon lotor), eastern racers (Coluber constrictor), and gray ratsnakes (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) prey on eggs and nestlings [6,44,47]. Flying squirrels (Glaucomys spp.) will consume eggs of the red-headed woodpecker and then take over the nest cavity [3]. Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) may prey upon eggs and nestlings, although predation by this species has not been directly observed [7,23].

Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperi), northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) also prey upon red-headed woodpeckers [27,28,29,35,89].

Nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) is extremely rare [31].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Preferred Habitat

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More info for the terms: association, basal area, cover, density, forb, forest, habitat type, hardwood, herbaceous, mast, snag, species richness, swamp, tree

Primary habitats used by red-headed woodpeckers include oak (Quercus spp.) savanna and mature open bottomland forest [10,15,35,63,69,83]. Red-headed woodpeckers are also found in upland forests, woodlots, shelterbelts along agricultural fields, residential areas, golf courses, and other habitats containing mature open hardwoods with snags or trees with dead limbs [14,35,38,58,63,69,71,83]. The use of herbaceous habitats or stands with high canopy cover or a dense mid-story is infrequent [38,83]. During periods of cold and deep snow cover, red-headed woodpeckers may move from the bottomlands to the uplands [34].

Red-headed woodpeckers show a preference for mature open canopy forests with large trees, a high basal area, and little understory [14,15]. In a Texas study, 79% of red-headed woodpeckers were observed in a bottomland hardwood forest that had high crown closure in the overstory and low understory and mid-story growth. Hardwood-dominated ridges adjacent to the bottomland forest housed nearly 17% of the red-headed woodpeckers observed. Mixed pine (Pinus spp.)-hardwood forests and pine uplands were occupied by approximately 2% of the observed red-headed woodpeckers each [18]. Red-headed woodpeckers frequent savannas and forest edges during the breeding season, and mostly avoid the interior of forest patches >30 acres unless fire, wind damage, or some other event creates gaps in the forest interior [35]. In Illinois, red-headed woodpeckers preferred the forest edge from late summer to early winter and the interior forest during the rest of the year [91]. Red-headed woodpecker nests in Ohio were associated with low ground cover within a mosaic of agricultural and forested habitats [46]. Oak woodlots with an abundance of "overmature" trees with dead branches and cavities support red-headed woodpeckers during years of high acorn mast [63]. In South Dakota, red-headed woodpeckers were observed in riparian habitat adjacent to black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies [77].

Mean habitat characteristics of a plains cottonwood-peachleaf willow (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera-Salix amygdaloides) riparian stand in Colorado and 2 eastern cottonwood/Rocky Mountain juniper (P. deltoides/Juniperus scopulorum) stands in North Dakota inhabited by red-headed woodpeckers were:

Location Basal area
(m&sup2/ha) Canopy cover
(%) Mean canopy height
(m) Large tree density
(trees/ha) Medium tree density
(trees/ha) Small tree density
(trees/ha) North Dakota 15.3-18.5 70.0-85.0 20.0-21.0 7.7-14.8 95.8-103.7 79.0-82.0 [41] Colorado 11.3 26.6 .... 8.1 75.0 54.8 [75]

Red-headed woodpecker habitat in a bottomland hardwood forest in Texas had an average of 4.3 trees greater than 15 inches (38 cm) DBH/0.04 ha and a dominant vegetation height of 108.9 feet (33.2 m) [16]. In Illinois, there was a positive relationship between the number of red-headed woodpeckers and the number of oaks greater than 10 inches (25 cm) DBH (r=0.909, P<0.05 in year 1; r=0.961, P<0.01 in year 2) [35]. More than half of all plains cottonwoods in a Colorado stand had an average DBH of 9 to 20 inches (24-52 cm) [74]. Optimal stand structure for red-headed woodpeckers in longleaf pine-loblolly pine (Pinus palustris-P. taeda) stands in South Carolina would likely be DBH of 16 to 24 inches (40-61 cm) for cavity trees [39]. Red-headed woodpeckers in Iowa responded negatively (R=&sup2=0.113, P≤0.01) to tree density but positively (R&sup2=0.113, P≤0.01) to snag density. Red-headed woodpeckers also responded positively (R&sup2=0.113, P≤0.01) to tree size and forb species richness. Snags with an average DBH of 20 to 30 inches (51-75 cm) were highly favored (R&sup2=0.113, P≤0.01) [83].

In late seral stage stands in South Dakota, little mid-story vegetation was present. Average vegetation characteristics of late seral and late-intermediate seral stands in the plains cottonwood/willow (Salix spp.) riparian habitats occupied by red-headed woodpeckers were [72]:

  Late intermediate seral stage Late seral stage % cover of vegetation <1 m tall 54.6 79.9 Number of cottonwood seedlings/acre 123.5 2.5 Number of willow seedlings/ha 46.2 8.4 Number of cottonwood trees/ha 949.7 116.5 Number of small snags/ha 52.1 0.0 Number of large snags/ha 0.7 6.1 Basal area of cottonwoods (m&sup2/ha) 332.6 766.0 DBH of cottonwoods (cm) 17.0 67.3 % overstory canopy cover 58.7 48.5

Snags are essential habitat components that are utilized for nesting, roosting, and foraging [35,38,69]. American beaver (Castor canadensis) ponds, open wooded swamps, rivers bordered by hardwoods, and other riparian or wetland areas where snags are plentiful provide valuable habitat [69,97]. Similarly, trees killed by flooding as well as those bordering lakes, marshes, and other frequently flooded areas support red-headed woodpecker populations [63]. In addition, red-headed woodpeckers are highly attracted to forested areas that have been treated with herbicides and contain numerous standing snags [38]. Snag densities averaged 0.66/ha in a plains cottonwood-dominated stand in Colorado [74]. An average of 2.7 snags was present within 0.04-ha plots in a Texas bottomland hardwood forest. Average snag DBH was 9.5 inches (24.1 cm) [16].

Red-headed woodpeckers utilize live and dead trees for foraging [16]. Foraging activities most often occurred in association with live trees (48.5%) followed by nest snags (29.5%) and other snags (22.1%) in Florida [94]. Mean foraging height for the red-headed woodpecker depends on the condition of the trees used. In a Texas study, mean foraging height in live trees was 43 feet (13 m); in dead snags red-headed woodpeckers foraged at 39 feet (12 m) on average; and mean forage height was 41 feet (12.5 m) in live trees with dead limbs [16]. Red-headed woodpecker activity was strongly restricted to the canopy, between 24.9 feet (7.6 m) above ground level to the canopy top, in a Louisiana bottomland hardwood forest [22].

Territory size/density: Small forest tracts are utilized if the habitat provides adequate nesting sites, roosting sites, and food. Red-headed woodpeckers in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest were most commonly detected in 0.5-ha gaps and least common in 0.06-ha gaps. Differences were not significant (P=0.26) [60]. In Arkansas and Oklahoma, no red-headed woodpeckers were observed in forest gaps ranging 0.54 to 2.62 acres in size. However, red-headed woodpeckers were detected at an average density of 0.3 bird/acre in clearcuts 35 to 40 acres in size [88]. In Virginia, red-headed woodpeckers nested in oak woodlots as small as 2 ha, while oak woodlots as small as 3 ha supported 2 breeding pairs [14].

Red-headed woodpeckers were observed at a rate of 0.59 bird/ha in late-seral cottonwood forests in South Dakota and at 0.05 bird/ha in late intermediate-seral forests during the breeding season [72]. The difference was significant (P≤0.15) [72]. No red-headed woodpeckers were detected in the early and early intermediate-seral stages in South Dakota [72].

Red-headed woodpecker densities and territory sizes vary greatly depending on location, habitat, and season. Densities during the breeding season are reported in the following table:

Location Habitat type Average number of individuals Average number of breeding pairs Area Colorado mature plains cottonwood bottomland forest 9-16 .... 100 ha [74,76] plains cottonwood floodplain 20.0 .... 40 ha [7] Illinois urban and suburban residential 0-25 .... 100 acres oak-maple (Acer spp.) forest 3-6.0 .... 100 acres grazed bottomland woods 4 .... 100 acres mature bottomland forest 3.4 .... 100 acres mature upland forest 0.4 .... 100 acres second-growth hardwood forest 5.9-27 .... 100 acres savanna 18 .... 100 acres orchards 0-4.4 .... 100 acres shrublands 0-28 .... 100 acres swamp prairie 14.3 .... 100 acres pasture 0-5.9 .... 100 acres oak-maple forest edge 13.7 .... 1 mile of edge [35] Iowa tallgrass prairie, mowed edge 1.15 .... 1,000 m of edge tallgrass prairie, burned edge 0.80 .... 1,000 m of edge tallgrass prairie, untreated edge 0.36 .... 1,000 m of edge [93] Louisiana water oak (Q. nigra)-loblolly pine-spruce pine (P. glabra) 11.0 .... 100 acres [61] North Dakota eastern cottonwood/Rocky Mountain juniper floodplain .... 4.3 40 ha [41] Oklahoma shortleaf pine (P. echinata)-mixed oak upland forest .... 6.6 100 acres [11] South Carolina longleaf pine-loblolly pine .... 2.3 100 acres [39]

Breeding territories in Florida ranged from 3.1 to 8.5 ha [94]. Average territory size in Illinois was 5.5 to 11.0 ha [91].

Red-headed woodpecker densities during winter are reported in the following table:

Location

Habitat type

Average number of individuals Area Illinois urban residential 0-0.5 100 acres oak-maple forest 12.5 100 acres [35] mature bottomland forest 33.7-34.2 100 acres mature upland forest 8.2-8.4 100 acres [34,35] grazed bottomland forest 1.3 100 acres shrubby field 0-7 100 acres oak-maple forest edge 6.8 1 mile of edge [35] Maryland pin oak-ash-black locust (Q. palustris-Fraxinus spp.-Robinia pseudoacacia) 12 1.25 ha [49]

Actual red-headed woodpecker population densities across all winter habitats in Illinois ranged from 0 to 89 individuals/100 acres [35].

Winter territories in an Ohio beech (Fagus spp.) grove averaged 0.05 ha for adults and 0.03 ha for juveniles [23]. In Florida, winter territories averaged 1.00 ha for adults and 0.95 ha for juveniles in palmetto (Sabal spp.) scrub and oak scrub habitats [62]. In Louisiana, winter territories averaged 0.8 to 1.2 ha [57].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [8]:




13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

14 Great Plains

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

States or Provinces

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(key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATES AL AR CO DE FL GA IL IN IA KS KY LA MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK PA SC SD TN TX VA WV WI WY DC
CANADA MB ON
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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Timing of Major Life History Events

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Red-headed woodpeckers are temperate migrants with migratory habits that are largely influenced by the availability of mast in winter [6,40,63]. Migrants typically travel south and east in autumn if the mast fails at breeding sites. If mast is plentiful, however, red-headed woodpeckers often overwinter at or near their breeding sites [80]. Fall migration occurs from late August to early November with a peak in September [6,35,63,80]. Spring migration commences in mid-February with a peak from late April to mid-May [6,35,80].

Red-headed woodpeckers are highly territorial and aggressive [6,49,63]. Confrontations between conspecifics and other species are common [6,42,69]. Red-headed woodpeckers usurp nests from northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) and red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) [42,45]. In turn, red-headed woodpecker nests are occasionally usurped by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) [42,43,45]. Despite their aggressive temperaments, red-headed woodpeckers occasionally share a nest tree with other species including red-bellied woodpeckers, northern flickers, European starlings, American kestrels (Falco sparverius), and Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) [43,44,53,69,94].

Although solitary in winter [57,62], red-headed woodpeckers are monogamous and may remain paired for several breeding seasons [44]. Red-headed woodpeckers are primary cavity nesters that excavate their own nest and roost cavities [80,83]. However, they also use existing holes for nesting and roosting [5,20,80]. Nesting is typically initiated from early May to mid-June, but it may begin as early as February in the Southeast [42,45,69,85]. Excavation of nest cavities begins during the second half of April, peaks in early May, and continues until the end of July [35,42]. Egg laying begins in early May and usually ends by mid-August [7,35,42,48]. Clutches contain 4 to 5 eggs on average, with 3 to 10 eggs possible [6,35,42,48,59,96]. Some pairs raise 2 broods in a season [6,42,43,44]. Clutch size is typically larger during first brood attempts than second brood attempts [42].

Incubation lasts 12 to 14 days [6,7,48,59,69]. Asynchronous hatching may occur if incubation begins before all eggs are laid [48]. Nestlings are present from mid-May to late August with a peak in early to mid-June in the southern extent of the range and a mid-July peak in the northern extent [42,45]. Fledging occurs from the second week of June to the first week of September [7,35,42,45]. Nestlings fledge at approximately 24 to 30 days of age [6,7,59,69]. Pairs in Mississippi fledged 2.1 to 2.3 young/brood on average [42]. Parents drive juveniles from the nest several weeks after fledging [7,62].

Red-headed woodpeckers generally have high nesting success. In Colorado, red-headed woodpeckers experienced 50% to100% nesting success [7]. Average nest success was 78% throughout the United States [59].

Red-headed woodpecker mortality is highly variable. Winter mortality of red-headed woodpeckers in Ohio was 7% [23]. Annual mortality of adult red-headed woodpeckers was reported as 38% in a review [59]. Adult mortality was low in a Colorado study [7]. Red-headed woodpeckers may succumb to exposure in winter. Both adult and juvenile red-headed woodpeckers were found dead in Illinois after heavy snowfall and severe cold. Immature red-headed woodpeckers may fare worse than adults [34].

The maximum life span of the red-headed woodpecker is unknown. One red-headed woodpecker was recaptured 9 years and 11 months after banding [12]. However, most red-headed woodpeckers probably do not live more than 2 years [35].

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Use of Fire in Population Management

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More info for the terms: fire regime, prescribed fire, short-term effects, snag

Fires during late spring to mid-summer would likely cause the greatest mortality of nestlings and eggs. Timing prescribed fires outside the height of the nesting season would minimize direct mortality.

Red-headed woodpeckers respond favorably to snag recruitment and retention. Using fire to create new snags and maintain an open habitat would provide nesting sites and facilitate foraging opportunities. Additionally, protecting existing nesting and roosting trees by removing fuels from the bases would minimize the immediate and short-term effects on red-headed woodpecker habitat. If existing snags are destroyed by fire or some other event, recruiting new snags through prescribed fire or mechanical means may allow a red-headed woodpecker population to return to the site in the future.

FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

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Luensmann, Peggy. 2006. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/bird/meer/all.html

Red-headed woodpecker

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Adult males and females are identical in size and plumage

The red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) is a mid-sized woodpecker found in temperate North America. Its breeding habitat is open country across southern Canada and the east-central United States. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered species, having been down-listed from near threatened in 2018.[2]

The red-headed woodpecker should not be confused with the red-bellied woodpecker, which is similar in size but has a vibrant orange-red crown and nape; the red-bellied woodpecker is named for the pale reddish blush of its lower belly and has a distinctly patterned black and white back rather than the solid black one of the red-headed woodpecker.

Taxonomy

The English naturalist Mark Catesby described and illustrated the red-headed woodpecker in his book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, which was published between 1729 and 1732. Catesby used the English name "The Red-headed Wood-pecker" and the Latin Picus capite toto rubro.[3] In 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae to its tenth edition. He included the red-headed woodpecker and coined the binomial name Picus erythrocephalus, citing Catesby's book.[4] The specific epithet combines the Classical Greek ἐρυθρός, eruthros, meaning "red", and κεφαλή, kephalos meaning "headed".[5] The type locality is South Carolina.[6] The red-headed woodpecker is one of 24 species now placed in the genus Melanerpes, which was introduced by the English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1832 specifically to accommodate the red-headed woodpecker.[7][8] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognized.[8]

Description

Adults are distinctly tricolored, with a black back and tail, a white belly and rump, and a red head and neck. The wings are black with white secondary remiges. Adult males and females are identical in plumage.[9] Juveniles have similar markings, but their heads are grey.[9] Red-headed woodpeckers are entirely crimson above their shoulders.

These are mid-sized woodpeckers. Both sexes measure from 19 to 25 cm (7.5 to 9.8 in) in length, with a wingspan of 42.5 cm (16.7 in).[10][11] They weigh from 56 to 97 g (2.0 to 3.4 oz), with an average of 76 g (2.7 oz).[12] Each wing measures 12.7–15 cm (5.0–5.9 in); the tail measures 6.6–8.5 cm (2.6–3.3 in), the bill measures 2.1–3 cm (0.83–1.18 in) and the tarsus measures 1.9–2.5 cm (0.75–0.98 in).[13] The maximum longevity in the wild is 9.9 years.[12]

This species gives a tchur-tchur call or a drum on its territory.

Behavior

The red-headed woodpecker is omnivorous, eating insects, seeds, fruits, berries, nuts, and occasionally small rodents―even the eggs of other birds.[9] About two-thirds of its diet consists of plants.[9] Red-headed woodpeckers keep food caches.[14] This behavior is only seen in three other species of woodpeckers: the acorn woodpecker, the downy woodpecker, and the red-bellied woodpecker.[14] They have been known to stuff food in tree cavities, crevices, and under tree bark.[14] This keeps them well fed throughout the year.[14]

During the breeding season, a mature male red-headed woodpecker will establish a territory and begin calling and drumming to attract a mate.[15] Once the male has paired with a female, the relationship is believed to be mostly monogamous, and that they will remain paired for multiple breeding seasons.[16][14] It is uncertain whether these relationships are truly monogamous as there have been reports of polygyny.[16] When in an established territory, the parents become very territorial.[17] They have been known to destroy nests and eggs of other birds in their territory.[17] Females choose the location of their new nesting cavity, indicating their choice by tapping on a site.[15] This site could be a natural cavity, the wintering cavity used by the male, a cavity used the season before, a fence post, utility poles, or a dead tree.[15][14] If the chosen site does not already have a nesting cavity, then both parents will drill out the nesting cavity, though the male will do most of the work.[15][16] The chosen locations of these cavities are mostly in dead trees or utility poles between 2.45 and 24.5 m (8.0 and 80.4 ft) above the ground.[9] In early May, the female lays four to seven white eggs, which are incubated for two weeks.[9] The female incubates the eggs during the day and the male takes over at night.[15] After hatching, the young are cared for by both parents.[15] The young will stay in the nest until they are old enough to fledge, which is usually after 27 to 31 days.[15] After the first brood leaves the nest, the parents may start a second brood while still taking care of the fledglings from the first brood, though the first brood will not need as much care.[15][16] This second brood may be raised in the same nesting cavity as the first, but it is common for the parents to make a fresh nesting cavity.[15] The fledglings are proficient flyers, and most are able to feed and care for themselves without too much help from the parents.[16] Most of the fledglings will disperse on their own within a couple of weeks, but if a fledgling is still in the territory after a few weeks the parents will chase them out to force them to disperse.[16] Two broods can be raised in a single nesting season.[9] By late October, northern birds begin to migrate to the southern parts of the range to overwinter. Most will return to their breeding range by late April.[18][19] Southern birds may not migrate.

Status

The red-headed woodpecker was returned to a designation of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered Species in 2018, having been downgraded to near threatened in 2004 after it appeared to have experienced a 65.5% decline in population over 40 years.[1] From 1966 to 2015 there was a greater than 1.5% annual population decline throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys and central Florida.[20] Most of the decline in red-headed Woodpeckers can be attributed to loss of habitat and the competition for nesting cavities with the invasive European starling.[14][21]

Increased habitat management is claimed to have helped in part in stabilizing its numbers, leading to its down-listing.[2]

The red-headed woodpecker was historically a common species in southern Canada and the east-central United States. Consistent long-term population declines have resulted in red-headed woodpecker's threatened status in Canada and several states in the US. Throughout most of its range, it inhabits areas that have been heavily altered by humans. Factors attributed to the red-headed woodpecker's decline include loss of overall habitat and, within habitats, loss of standing dead wood required for nest sites,[22] limitations in food supply,[23] and possible nest-site competition with other cavity nesters such as European starlings or red-bellied woodpeckers.[24][25]

Of the 600 Canadian Important Bird Areas, only seven report the red-headed woodpecker in their area: Cabot Head, Ontario, on the Georgian Bay side of the tip of Bruce Peninsula; Carden Plain, Ontario, east of Lake Simcoe; Long Point Peninsula and Marshes, Ontario, along Lake Erie near London, Ontario; Point Abino, Ontario, on Lake Erie near Niagara Falls; Port Franks Forested Dunes, Ontario, northeast of Sarnia on Lake Huron; Kinosota/Leifur, Manitoba, on the northwest side of Lake Manitoba south of The Narrows and east of Riding Mountain National Park; and along the South Saskatchewan River from Empress, Alberta to Lancer Ferry in Saskatchewan.[26]

Popular culture

In 1996, the United States Postal Service issued a 2-cent postage stamp depicting a perched red-headed woodpecker.[27] The stamp was discontinued at some time thereafter, but re-issued in 1999 and remained available for purchase until 2006.[28]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Melanerpes erythrocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680810A131390783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680810A131390783.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b BirdLife International. "Red List: Northern Bald Ibis, Pink Pigeon making a comeback". BirdLife. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  3. ^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 20, Plate 20.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 113.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1948). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 158.
  7. ^ Swainson, William John (1831). Richardson, John (ed.). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America : containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.: Part 2, The Birds. p. 316. The title page gives the date as 1831 but the volume was not actually published until the following year.
  8. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Woodpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Porter, Eloise F.; James F. Parnell; Robert P. Teulings; Ricky Davis (2006). Birds of the Carolinas (Second ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8078-5671-0.
  10. ^ Red-headed Woodpecker. All About Birds.
  11. ^ Red-headed woodpecker. biokids.umich.edu
  12. ^ a b Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P. W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.
  13. ^ Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A. and Nurney, David (1995) Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "Red-headed Woodpecker". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Red-headed Woodpecker". Audubon. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Axley, Elizabeth J. "Melanerpes erythrocephalus (red-headed woodpecker)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  17. ^ a b "Creature Feature: The Striking Red-headed Woodpecker". Forest Preserve District of Will County. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  18. ^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
  19. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ^ "Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  21. ^ "The Red-headed Woodpecker Doesn't Make Sense". Audubon. 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  22. ^ Smith, K. G., J. H. Withgott, and P. G. Rodewald. (2000). Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online, Ithaca.
  23. ^ Ontario Partners in Flight. (2008). Ontario Landbird Conservation Plan: Lower Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Plain, North American Bird Conservation Region 13. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bird Studies Canada, Environmental Canada. Draft Version 2.0.
  24. ^ Ingold, D. J. (1989). "Nesting phenology and competition for nest sites among Red-headed and Red-bellied Woodpeckers and European Starlings". Auk. 106: 209–217.
  25. ^ Ingold, D. J. (1994). "Influence of nest-site competition between European Starlings and woodpeckers". Wilson Bulletin. 106: 227–241.
  26. ^ Important Bird Area Canada, Site Catalogue Query
  27. ^ "America's 1996 Stamps Program (1996)". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2006-01-31.
  28. ^ USA Philatelic (2006). "Red-headed Woodpecker". USA Philatelic. 11 (1): 31.
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Red-headed woodpecker: Brief Summary

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Adult males and females are identical in size and plumage

The red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) is a mid-sized woodpecker found in temperate North America. Its breeding habitat is open country across southern Canada and the east-central United States. It is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List of Endangered species, having been down-listed from near threatened in 2018.

The red-headed woodpecker should not be confused with the red-bellied woodpecker, which is similar in size but has a vibrant orange-red crown and nape; the red-bellied woodpecker is named for the pale reddish blush of its lower belly and has a distinctly patterned black and white back rather than the solid black one of the red-headed woodpecker.

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