This shrike is a medium-sized passerine. As with many song birds, the Loggerhead Shrike has several different colors whose arrangement is considered important in attracting a mate (along with displayed hunting prowess). The shrike's greyish back and black wings are evident against its white breast and other body areas. Most prominent, however, is the Loggerhead's black mask which extends around the eyes and down into the forehead. This shrike also has a slightly hooked beak somewhat similar to that of a falcon's beak which is used for impaling its prey, though unlike many birds of prey lacks talong or claws.
It is eight to ten inches long and has a wing span of approximately 12 inches, making it about the size of an average robin.
The male and female of the species are similar in appearance.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average mass: 46 g.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 150 months.
Except when nesting, both sexes of the species will prefer to spend most of their time in open places hiding in order to search for prey and surprise it. Thus, the Loggerhead will prefer a country field bordered with trees or replete with brush / thickets to almost any other.
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland
Prominent in many parts of central Canada, border states of Canada, and in the Greater Midwest of the United States. During its spring / summer migration, however, it can sometimes be seen as far south and west as California though in ever decreasing numbers. For example, its predicted range of migration to and from the state of Indiana is: Arrival from March 15 to 25, and Return from about November 1 to 15.
There are some exceptions to the Shrike's migration, such as its noted presence in the well-suited Florida environment. Thus, habitat and environment are more important in determining migratory patterns for this species than the standard geographic range, especially as suitable hunting grounds become increasingly scarce.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Loggerhead shrikes are the only known predatory songbird. They prey on both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, but due to their lack of talons or claws they must impale their prey. Impaling is done with the slightly hooked beak, often against either a tree or into barbed wire. While its diet consists mostly of mice, it will also eat insects, small amphibians, and even small birds.
May eat potentially harmful insects.
Though not directly having much of an effect either negatively or positively, the fact that the Loggerhead is an endangered species with very specific hunting patterns means that any area in which a Loggerhead is found to reside is instantly zoned for its protection, even if it is a residential area. Such a zoning occured in 1993 in a suburb of Los Angeles.
Overall, loggerhead shrikes have a large population size and a large range. One subspecies, the San Clemente loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Also, migrant loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus migrans) are listed as endangered in the state of Michigan. Loggerhead shrikes are protected by the U.S. Migratory Bird Act.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: endangered; no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: endangered
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
During its April to July breeding season, the male Loggerhead will often kill prey it does not otherwise need in order to display its power. This will hopefully attract a female who seeks a dominant male who is capable of providing food for itself and the offspring.
As for the offspring themselves, nests for eggs are always built in trees, usually about 8 to 15 feet above the ground. The nests are cup-shaped, and house approximately four to seven dull white to light grey spotted eggs.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average time to hatching: 11 days.
Average eggs per season: 5.
A medium-sized (9 inches) shrike, the Loggerhead Shrike is most easily identified by its gray body, dark wings, and large hooked bill. Other field marks include a black tail with white edges, a black eye-stripe, and white “wrists” visible on the underside of the wings. This species may be separated from the Northern Shrike (Lanius excubitor) by the latter species’ faintly barred breast and from the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) by that species’ large white wing patches. Male and female Loggerhead Shrikes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Loggerhead Shrike breeds across the southern and southwestern United States as well as the Great Plains and locally in the Great Lakes region. Breeding populations also exist at higher elevations in northern and central Mexico. Northern Loggerhead Shrike populations are migratory, moving south in winter as far as Mexico. Loggerhead Shrikes inhabit a variety of open habitats, including grasslands, agricultural fields, and deserts. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer, especially those populations which are non-migratory. Loggerhead Shrikes eat a variety of small animals, including insects, small mammals, and birds. Loggerhead Shrikes are most easily observed perching in prominent areas, such as on bare branches, while watching for prey. This species impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire, and birdwatchers who stumble across one of these “larders” would likely find a Loggerhead Shrike nearby. This species is primarily active during the day.
The Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), the only member of the Family Laniidae, is a predatory songbird of North America. It is slightly smaller than a robin, weighing 1.2-1.8 g at birth, to 35-50 g at maturity. There are 11 subspecies in North America, with 3 located in Canada. Loggerhead Shrikes in northern regions migrate south (Hobson & Wassenaar 2001), while birds residing in the lower United States and Mexico remain in place for the winter. Two subspecies, L.l. mearnsi and L.l. anthonyi are island birds residing on the Channel Islands of California, with the former listed as endangered and the latter listed as special concern (ECOS 2013). As a species, with a global breeding population of 5.8 million (PIF 2012), Lanius ludovicianus is identified of Least Concern by the IUCN, although their populations decreased 3.2% per year from 1966-2010 (CLO 2015).
The subspecies of Loggerhead Shrike are similar in appearance, with a notable black mask across the beak and eyes.These birds show no sexual dimorphism. They are gray bodied with white underbellies, and have black wings and tail that contain white patches. Their wingspan is 28-32 cm and length of 20-23 cm. Their larger heads give them their common name “loggerhead” which translates to “blockhead”, but is their toothed beaks and keen eyesight that give them their predatory identity. Unlike most predatory birds, however, they do not have talons.
Loggerhead Shrikes are found in the open areas of grassland and low shrubbery of Lower Canada, U.S., and Mexico. They spend most of their time hunting, both for food purposes and mating. They perch where they can observe their prey, but also where there they can impale their prey, such as thorny shrubs and barbed wire, as their claws are not strong enough to hold the victim. Stock piling their kill is often used to attract a mate. They feed on insects, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, and small birds.
In addition to small stockpiles of food, Loggerhead Shrikes also perform short flights of display to attract a partner. Together, male and female build a nest out of twigs, bark, and dried grasses in shrubs or trees in open areas. Their clutch of 4-8 eggs, “grayish white to pale bluff, with spots of brown and gray often concentrated at large end” (AFG 2001) is incubated by the female while the male supplies her with food. Chicks hatch naked and blind, taking take flight between 17-21 days, and remain with parents for an additional 3-4 week. The longest recorded lifespan for a Loggerhead Shrike was 12.5 years (Klimkiewicz, et al. 1983).
The Loggerhead Shrike has long been considered an indicator species, and is often found near areas of agriculture (Yosef 1994). It is unknown why their numbers are decreasing, although habitat loss, predation, and pesticides are commonly addressed (Boal et al. 2003). In 2014 they were listed as a Common Bird in Steep Decline (Parmley 2015). Of research interest, island subsubspecies. L.l. mearnsi located on San Clemente Island is endangered according to the U.S. Endangered Species Act and IUCN. Although Loggerhead Shrikes high reproductive rate makes them more likely to rebound, this subspecies population is threatened by one of its natural predators, the island fox (Urocyon littoralis), which is also an endangered species (Roemer & Wayne 2003).
A medium-sized (9 inches) shrike, the Loggerhead Shrike is most easily identified by its gray body, dark wings, and large hooked bill. Other field marks include a black tail with white edges, a black eye-stripe, and white “wrists” visible on the underside of the wings. This species may be separated from the Northern Shrike (Lanius excubitor) by the latter species’ faintly barred breast and from the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) by that species’ large white wing patches. Male and female Loggerhead Shrikes are similar to one another in all seasons. The Loggerhead Shrike breeds across the southern and southwestern United States as well as the Great Plains and locally in the Great Lakes region. Breeding populations also exist at higher elevations in northern and central Mexico. Northern Loggerhead Shrike populations are migratory, moving south in winter as far as Mexico. Loggerhead Shrikes inhabit a variety of open habitats, including grasslands, agricultural fields, and deserts. This species utilizes similar habitats in winter as in summer, especially those populations which are non-migratory. Loggerhead Shrikes eat a variety of small animals, including insects, small mammals, and birds. Loggerhead Shrikes are most easily observed perching in prominent areas, such as on bare branches, while watching for prey. This species impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire, and birdwatchers who stumble across one of these “larders” would likely find a Loggerhead Shrike nearby. This species is primarily active during the day.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
El paniega americana ye una especie d'ave paseriforme perteneciente a la familia de los paniegues (Laniidae).[1] Distribúise per Norteamérica (dende'l sur de Canadá al sur de Méxicu).[2]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. El paniega americana ye una especie d'ave paseriforme perteneciente a la familia de los paniegues (Laniidae). Distribúise per Norteamérica (dende'l sur de Canadá al sur de Méxicu).
El botxí americà[1] (Lanius ludovicianus) és un ocell de la família dels lànids (Laniidae) que habita zones obertes d'Amèrica del Nord], des del sud de Canadà, a Alberta, Nova Brunsvic i Nova Escòcia, cap al sud, a través dels Estats Units fins a la major part de Mèxic.
El botxí americà (Lanius ludovicianus) és un ocell de la família dels lànids (Laniidae) que habita zones obertes d'Amèrica del Nord], des del sud de Canadà, a Alberta, Nova Brunsvic i Nova Escòcia, cap al sud, a través dels Estats Units fins a la major part de Mèxic.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cigydd pendew (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cigyddion pendew) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Lanius ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Loggerhead shrike. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cigyddion (Lladin: Laniidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Mae'r cigydd pendew yn perthyn i deulu'r Cigyddion (Lladin: Laniidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cigydd brith Somalia Lanius somalicus Cigydd brown Lanius cristatus
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cigydd pendew (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cigyddion pendew) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Lanius ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Loggerhead shrike. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cigyddion (Lladin: Laniidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Ťuhýk americký (Lanius ludovicianus) je středně velký druh pěvce z čeledi ťuhýkovitých. Ťuhýk americký je endemit Severní Ameriky. Pro jeho výraznou masožravost se mu v angličtině přezdívá butcherbird, neboť loví obojživelníky, hmyz, ještěrky, drobné savce a ptáky. Vzhledem ke své malé velikosti a slabým pařátům tento pták někdy nabodává svoji kořist na trny nebo ostnatý plot pro snazší konzumaci. Počet ťuhýků amerických v posledních letech výrazně klesl.
Ťuhýk americký je středně velký pěvec. Od zobáku k ocasu měří přibližně 23 cm. Délka křídla a ocasu je asi 3,82 až 3,87 centimetrů. Váží v průměru 50 gramů. Zbarvení dospělého peří je nahoře šedé, s bílou až světle šedou náprsenkou a dolní partie jsou černé. Pták má černou masku, která sahá přes oči až po zobák, čímž se liší od podobného, ale o něco většího, ťuhýka severního. Křídla jsou černá s výraznou bílou skvrnou na letovém peří. Ocas je černý, lemovaný bílou barvou. Zobák je krátký, černý a výrazně zahnutý, s jehož pomocí, podobně jako mnohem větší dravci, může trhat kořist. Odlišení samce od samičky je obtížné, neboť jsou stejně zbarveni, nicméně několik studií jistý sexuální dimorfismus ve zbarvení peří a velikosti uvádí. Mláďata mají bledší šedé opeření s mírně zvlněným vzorkem. Ťuhýk americký se dožívá až 12,5 let
I když patří mezi pěvce, je zároveň predátorem, který loví ve dne. Požírá především hmyz, ale také pavouky, plazy, obojživelníky, hlodavce, netopýry, a malé ptáky. Velikost kořisti se pohybuje v rozmezí od 0,001 g hmyzu do 25 g myší nebo plazů.
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Loggerhead shrike na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu ťuhýk americký ve Wikimedia Commons
Ťuhýk americký (Lanius ludovicianus) je středně velký druh pěvce z čeledi ťuhýkovitých. Ťuhýk americký je endemit Severní Ameriky. Pro jeho výraznou masožravost se mu v angličtině přezdívá butcherbird, neboť loví obojživelníky, hmyz, ještěrky, drobné savce a ptáky. Vzhledem ke své malé velikosti a slabým pařátům tento pták někdy nabodává svoji kořist na trny nebo ostnatý plot pro snazší konzumaci. Počet ťuhýků amerických v posledních letech výrazně klesl.
Der Louisianawürger (Lanius ludovicianus) ist ein Vogel aus der Familie der Würger. Er zählt zu den gefährdeten Vogelarten. Sein Bestand ist vor allem aufgrund von Habitatverlust und dem Einsatz von Pestiziden zurückgegangen. Trotz der insgesamt großen Population und des sehr großen Verbreitungsgebietes wird der Louisianawürger insgesamt als gering gefährdet eingestuft.[1] Für einzelne Unterarten sind Schutzmaßnahmen eingeleitet worden.
Der Louisianawürger ist der einzige Vertreter unter den insgesamt etwa 30 Arten der Würger, der ausschließlich in Nordamerika vorkommt.[2]
Louisianawürger erreichen durchschnittlich eine Körperlänge von 23 Zentimeter.[3] Sie sind durch einen großen hakenförmigen Schnabel gekennzeichnet. Kopf und Rücken sind grau befiedert. Die Flügel und der Schwanz sind schwarz mit weißen Federpartien auf den Flügeln und auf der äußeren Schwanzfeder. Die schwarze Gesichtsmaske dehnt sich auch oberhalb des Schnabels aus. Dadurch unterscheidet er sich vom Raubwürger, dem er ansonsten sehr ähnelt.
Jungvögel sind heller als die Altvögel und leicht bräunlich überhaupt mit einer feinen Querstreifung am ganzen Körper.[3]
Der Louisianawürger ist ein Vogel des nordamerikanischen Kontinents. Sein Brutrevier erfasst die halboffenen Regionen im südlichen Ontario, in Québec und Alberta und reicht bis nach Mexiko. Die Art nistet in dicht belaubten Bäumen oder Sträuchern. Das Weibchen legt vier bis acht Eier in einem napfförmigen, großen Nest, das aus Zweigen und Gras gebaut ist.
Im südlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ist der Louisianawürger ein Standvogel. Die im nördlichen Verbreitungsgebiet lebenden Populationen migrieren während des Winterhalbjahrs weiter nach Süden. Wo Louisianawürger Standvögel sind, besetzen sie gewöhnlich als Paar ein festes Territorium, das sie ganzjährig verteidigen.[2]
Die typische Jagdform für die Louisianawürger ist die Ansitzjagd. Von einer Warte aus beobachten sie ihre Umgebung und stoßen von dort auf ihre Beute herab. Sie fressen vor allem größere Insekten sowie Nagetiere und kleinere Vogelarten. Ihre Beute spießen sie an Dornen auf, da ihnen die Krallen fehlen, wie sie beispielsweise den Falken zu eigen sind.
Auf der San Clemente Island, die zu den Kanalinseln von Kalifornien gehört, brütet eine der Unterarten des Louisiana-Würgers, der sogenannte "San-Clemente-Würger". Diese Insel, die als Militärstützpunkt der United States Navy dient, ist auch Heimat einer der Unterarten des Insel-Graufuchses. Diese endemische Fuchsart, die sich aus dem Graufuchs entwickelte und typische Inselverzwergung aufweist, ist ebenfalls sehr gefährdet. Die Insel-Graufüchse, zu deren Eigenarten es gehört, auf Bäume zu klettern, fressen unter anderem Vögel und auch die brütenden Louisianawürger gehören zu ihrem Beutespektrum. Bis zum Jahr 2000 fing und tötete die Navy die auf San Clemente lebenden Füchse, um auf diese Weise den Louisianawürger zu schützen. Seit dem Jahr 2000 wiesen Naturschützer darauf hin, dass der Insel-Graufuchs infolge menschlicher Habitateingriffe ebenfalls massiv bedroht ist. Die Navy hat daraufhin ihre Schutzmaßnahmen zugunsten dieser Unterart des Louisianawürgers umgestellt. Die Füchse werden zwar nach wie vor eingefangen, jetzt jedoch während der Brutzeit gefangen gehalten. Die Brutreviere des Würgers werden außerdem geschützt, indem elektrische Zäune um sie herum errichtet werden, die die Füchse fernhalten sollen.
Es werden insgesamt 10 Unterarten unterschieden, die sich in ihrer Schnabelform und ihrer Gefiederfärbung leicht unterscheiden.[3]
Um die Unterart Linius ludovicianus migrans im Osten Kanadas zu stabilisieren, wurde sowohl im Zoo von Toronto als auch an der McGill University 1997 je eine in Gefangenschaft gehaltene Population etabliert. 2001 wurden im Rahmen eines Programms von Wildlife Preservation Canada in Gefangenschaft aufgezogene Louisianawürger freigelassen. Dazu wurden Brutpaare aus den Beständen des Toronto-Zoos und der McGill University in Ontario in großen eingezäunten Habitaten gehalten. Dort aufgewachsene Jungvögel wurden zu einem Zeitpunkt in die Freiheit entlassen, zu dem sie sich auch unter normalen Lebensbedingungen aus dem Brutrevier der Elternvögel emigriert wären. Seit 2004 wurden jährlich etwa 90 Jungvögel freigelassen. Zwischen 2 und 6,5 Prozent dieser Jungvögel zogen in Überwinterungsgebiete und kehrten im nächsten Jahr zum Brüten zurück.[4]
Der Louisianawürger (Lanius ludovicianus) ist ein Vogel aus der Familie der Würger. Er zählt zu den gefährdeten Vogelarten. Sein Bestand ist vor allem aufgrund von Habitatverlust und dem Einsatz von Pestiziden zurückgegangen. Trotz der insgesamt großen Population und des sehr großen Verbreitungsgebietes wird der Louisianawürger insgesamt als gering gefährdet eingestuft. Für einzelne Unterarten sind Schutzmaßnahmen eingeleitet worden.
Der Louisianawürger ist der einzige Vertreter unter den insgesamt etwa 30 Arten der Würger, der ausschließlich in Nordamerika vorkommt.
Agache-écreuhèle migratrice (Lanius ludovicianus )
The loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is a passerine bird in the family Laniidae. It is the only member of the shrike family endemic to North America; the related northern shrike (L. borealis) occurs north of its range, however it is also found in Siberia. It is nicknamed the butcherbird after its carnivorous tendencies, as it consumes prey such as amphibians, insects, lizards, small mammals and small birds, and some prey end up displayed and stored at a site, for example in a tree.[3] Due to its small size and weak talons, this predatory bird relies on impaling its prey upon thorns or barbed wire for facilitated consumption.[4] The numbers of loggerhead shrike have significantly decreased in recent years, especially in Midwestern, New England and Mid-Atlantic areas.[5]
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the loggerhead shrike in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Louisiana in the United States. He used the French name La pie-griesche de la Louisiane and the Latin Lanius ludovicianus.[6] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not usually conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[7] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[7] One of these was the loggerhead shrike. Linnaeus included a brief description, adopted the binomial name Lanius ludovicianus (identical to Brisson's Latin name) and cited Brisson's work.[8] The specific name ludovic is Late Latin for "Louis" and the epithet "-ianus" is to describe something being of another or possessed by it. When translated, its scientific name means something alongside the lines of "Louis’ butcher".[9] "Loggerhead," a similar word to "blockhead," refers to the unusually large head to body ratio of this bird.[10]
There are seven recognized subspecies:[11]
Miller, in 1931, suggested that the wing-chord-to-tail-length ratio was an important indicator for distinguishing between subspecies.[12] Lanius ludovicianus migrans, found in eastern North America, can be distinguished from the western subspecies, L. l. excubitorides by wing length, tail length, and colour. L. l. migrans have a paler forehead than the top of the head.[13] According to Mundy et al.’s 1997 study, there is a substantial genetic difference between the island subspecies L. l. mearnsi and the mainland subspecies L. l. gambeli due to a gene flow barrier between the two species.[14]
The loggerhead shrike is a medium-sized passerine.[15] "Loggerhead" refers to the relatively large size of the head as compared to the rest of the body. The wing and tail length are about 3.82 in (9.70 cm) and 3.87 in (9.83 cm) long, respectively.[15] It weighs on average 1.8 oz (50 g), with a range of 1.6–2.1 oz (45–60 g) for a healthy adult shrike.[16]
The adult plumage of the loggerhead shrike is grey above with a white to pale grey breast and black tarsi and feet. The bird possesses a black mask that extends across the eyes to its bill. The wings are black with a distinct white patch on the primaries. The tail is black edged with white and the irises are brown.[13] The beak is short, black, and hooked, and contains a tomial tooth to help tear into prey.[12] It is difficult to sex an adult loggerhead shrike in the field as they are sexually monochromatic.[18] However, several studies have reported sexual dimorphism in plumage and size traits.[12][18][19] Juveniles possess a paler gray plumage that is subtly vermiculated.[20]
The loggerhead shrike can be distinguished from the northern shrike by its smaller size, darker grey plumage, and larger black face mask that covers the eye completely. It also has a shorter bill with less prominent hook. Their calls are similar.[20]
Their vocal range is broad and varied, and has been described as harsh and jarring.[21] The shrike's notes include squeaky whistles, shrill trills, and guttural warbles.[15] The trills sung by males during breeding season vary in rhythm and pitch. When alarmed, a shrike will produce a "schgra-a-a" shriek while spreading out its tail feathers. A distinctive alarm call is often given when threats from above are detected. Nestlings will make "tcheek" and "tsp" sounds shortly after hatching.[22] During courtship feedings, females may ask for food with "mak" begging notes; conversely, males emit "wuut" or "shack" sounds to offer food.[23] The male emits a territorial, harsh shriek, while the female's song is pitched lower and softer than the male's. Generally, the male is far more vocal than the female.[13][22]
Loggerhead shrikes were once widely distributed across southern Canada, the contiguous USA and Mexico.[12] However, their populations have heavily declined since the 1960s.[19] Four subspecies reside in southern coastal California: mearnsi, gambeli, grinnelli and anthonyi.[24] L. l. mearnsi is only found on San Clemente Island in California, whereas L. l. gambeli breeds on the mainland and L. l. anthonyi breeds on the Channel Islands.[14] L. l. excubitorides is found in central North America, whereas the non-migrating L. l. ludovicianus resides in southeastern North America.[19] The distribution of L. l. migrans ranges from north to eastern North America; however, its range has been diminishing since the 1940s.[13]
The bird requires an open habitat with an area to forage, elevated perches, and nesting sites.[25] They are often found in open pastures or grasslands and appear to prefer red-cedar and hawthorn trees for nesting.[26] The hawthorn's thorns and the cedar's pin-like needles protect and conceal the shrike from predators.[27] It may also nest in fence-rows or hedge-rows near open pastures and requires elevated perches as lookout points for hunting.[25][26] Open pastures and grasslands with shorter vegetation are preferred by loggerhead shrikes, as they increase the bird's hunting efficiency. Longer vegetation often requires more time and energy to be spent searching for prey, so these birds gravitate towards areas of shorter vegetation.[28]
Loggerhead shrikes have been repeatedly observed killing prey larger than themselves by spearing the neck or head of the animal and twisting. The speed at which this occurs causes a whiplash injury to the animal. The neck strength of the shrikes compensates, making their talon weakness inconsequential.[29]
Although loggerhead shrikes are passerines, they are a predatory species that hunt during the day. They primarily eat insects, but also consume arachnids, reptiles, amphibians, rodents, bats and small birds.[30][31] They have even eaten venomous snakes such as the water adder. The size of prey ranges from 0.001 g (3.5×10−5 oz) insects to 25 g (0.88 oz) mice or reptiles.[3]
They are not true birds of prey, as they lack the large, strong talons used to catch and kill prey.[4] Instead, they are sit-and-wait hunters that stalk prey by hawking and diving from elevated perches. By scanning their vicinity from a perch instead of flying, the shrike does not exhaust its energy during the search. Preferred perches are approximately 13 ft (4.0 m) off the ground, and are usually outer branches of trees or telephone wires.[3][32] In winter, prey availability is low due to the shrike's preference for insects and poikilothermic prey; during this time, shrikes may be energetically stressed and underweight.[3] Insects are consumed in mid-flight, but vertebrates usually require more handling time and therefore more energy.[4] Due to the shrike's small size in proportion to the size of its prey, it must rely on specialized adaptations to facilitate its hunting. The powerful, hooked beak of the loggerhead shrike allows it to sever the neck of a small vertebrate. Larger prey are subjected to impaling, in which they are pushed down into a sharp projection, such as a thorn or barbed wire. The bird can then tear off flesh by using the projection as an anchor.[4] The shrike may also use the thorn to fasten and store its food to return to at a later time.[3]
The motion of impalement appears to be instinctive, as parent shrikes do not demonstrate the behavior to their nestlings. However, a young shrike must experience impaling prey upon an actual projection during a critical developmental period; otherwise, it will not learn to use the instinctive impaling action upon an actual projection.[33] Kleptoparasitism has also been observed in nature, in which the shrike chased down another bird and stole its recently-caught prey.[34]
Loggerhead shrikes are monogamous birds. However, males are known to begin second nesting attempts with a second female before his first clutch has fledged. They begin breeding during their first spring.[13] During this time, the male performs a courtship ritual that occurs in flight. He dances erratically in the air, flying rapidly up and down and occasionally chasing the female. He presents himself to his potential mate by fanning out his tail and fluttering his wings.[4][12][35] Females may respond to the fluttering display with begging notes, similar to those of juveniles begging for food; this encourages the male to feed her.[4]
The bird breeds in semi-open areas in southern Ontario, Quebec, and the Canadian prairie provinces, south to Mexico. It nests in isolated or small clusters of dense trees and shrubs from near ground level to over 4m in height. There is an increase in average clutch size as latitude increases. Shrikes begin incubation after laying the second to last egg, resulting in asynchronous hatching. Incubation, on average, lasts 16 days. The female lays 4 to 8 eggs in a bulky cup made of twigs and grass. Once hatched, nestlings are fed by both the male and female parent. Average fledging period is about 19 days. Young may then remain nearby and dependent on adults for 3 to 4 weeks. After that, they begin to forage independently. Oftentimes, nestlings do not survive long past hatching. In the case of dead nestlings, adult shrikes may eat or discard their bodies or else feed them to their remaining young.[36] The oldest recorded age of a loggerhead shrike was 12 years and 6 months.[37]
Loggerhead shrike populations have been decreasing in North America since the 1960s. Reasons behind the decline remain unclear, although suggestions include habitat loss, pesticide contamination, and human disturbance.[19] The eastern loggerhead shrike (L. l. migrans) is critically endangered in Canada, with fewer than 35 known breeding pairs in Canada.[38] The San Clemente Island shrike, L. l. mearnsi, is critically endangered, with a population as low as 5–10 individuals during 1983–1988.[14] Although only this island subspecies is legally listed as endangered in the United States, the species is declining continent-wide and no longer occurs in most of the northeastern U.S.; it is extirpated from every state in New England, as well as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.[2][39] A captive population was established at the Toronto Zoo and McGill University in 1997. In 2001, an experimental field breeding and release program managed by Wildlife Preservation Canada was established. "Field breeding" refers to moving captive pairs from their wintering cages at the Toronto Zoo and McGill to large enclosures within shrike habitat in Ontario where the pairs nest and raise their young. The young then are released to the wild when they'd naturally disperse from their parents. Since 2004, over 90 young have been released annually and between 2% and 6.5% of young released have successfully migrated and returned to breed in the subsequent year.[40][41]
The loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) is a passerine bird in the family Laniidae. It is the only member of the shrike family endemic to North America; the related northern shrike (L. borealis) occurs north of its range, however it is also found in Siberia. It is nicknamed the butcherbird after its carnivorous tendencies, as it consumes prey such as amphibians, insects, lizards, small mammals and small birds, and some prey end up displayed and stored at a site, for example in a tree. Due to its small size and weak talons, this predatory bird relies on impaling its prey upon thorns or barbed wire for facilitated consumption. The numbers of loggerhead shrike have significantly decreased in recent years, especially in Midwestern, New England and Mid-Atlantic areas.
La Nordamerika lanio (Lanius ludovicianus) estas mezgranda paserina birdo kiu apartenas al plej tipa genro Lanius de la familio de Laniedoj. Ĝi estas la ununura membro de la familio de Laniedoj kiu estas endemia de Nordameriko; la rilata Granda lanio (L. excubitor) loĝas norde de ties teritorio sed ankaŭ en la Palearktiso.
Tiu birdo havas grandan hokoforman bekon; la tre granda kapo kaj dorso estas grizaj kaj la subaj partoj estas blankaj kun tre helgriza nuanco en flankoj. La flugiloj kaj vosto estas nigraj, kun blankaj makuloj en flugiloj kaj blankaj eksteraj vostoplumoj. La nigra masko etendas super la beko, do pli ol ĉe la pli granda Granda lanio, sed ne ĝis la frunto do ne tiom kiom ĉe la eŭrazia Nigrafrunta lanio. La beko estas mallonga, larĝa ĉebaze kaj hokoforma en pinto de supra makzelo, kiel ĉe aliaj lanioj.
Tiu birdo reproduktiĝas en duonmalfermaj areoj en suda Ontario, Kebekio kaj Alberto en Kanado, suden tra Usono al Meksiko. Ili nestumas en densa arbaro kaj arbustaro. La ino demetas 4 al 8 ovojn en diketa tasforma nesto el branĉetoj kaj herbo.
Tiu specio estas de loĝantaj birdoj en la suda parto de la teritorio; dum nordaj birdoj migras iom pli suden.
Tiu birdo gvatas sur ripozejo super malferma rigardokampo kaj eksaltas suben por kapti predojn. Ties precipa manĝo estas grandaj insektoj; ili manĝas ankaŭ lacertojn kaj malgrandajn birdojn. Konata en multaj lokoj kiel "Buĉista birdo", ĝi palisumas sian predon ĉe dornoj aŭ pikdratoj antaŭ manĝi ilin, ĉar ili ne havas la ungojn de la pli grandaj rabobirdoj.
La populacio de tiu nearktisa specio malpliiĝis en la nordorientaj partoj de sia teritorio, eble pro perdo de taŭga biotopo kaj uzado de pesticidoj.
La Nordamerika lanio estas draste endanĝerita en Kanado (kvankam ne en Usono). Kaptiva populacio setlis ĉe la Toronta Zoo kaj en la McGill Universitato en 1997. Oni bredis dek idojn kiuj estis liberigitaj kiel eksperimento.[1]
La Nordamerika lanio (Lanius ludovicianus) estas mezgranda paserina birdo kiu apartenas al plej tipa genro Lanius de la familio de Laniedoj. Ĝi estas la ununura membro de la familio de Laniedoj kiu estas endemia de Nordameriko; la rilata Granda lanio (L. excubitor) loĝas norde de ties teritorio sed ankaŭ en la Palearktiso.
El alcaudón americano o verdugo americano (Lanius ludovicianus)[2][3] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Laniidae propia de Norteamérica,[4] desde el sur de Canadá al sur de México.
El alcaudón americano o verdugo americano (Lanius ludovicianus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Laniidae propia de Norteamérica, desde el sur de Canadá al sur de México.
Lanius ludovicianus Lanius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Laniidae familian sailkatua dago.
Lanius ludovicianus Lanius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Laniidae familian sailkatua dago.
Amerikanisolepinkäinen (Lanius ludovicianus)[2] on lepinkäisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Amerikanisolepinkäistä tavataan Kanadan eteläosissa, Yhdysvalloissa, Meksikossa ja Keski-Amerikan pohjoisosissa. Se on muuttolintu levinneisyysalueensa pohjoisosissa. Lajin kannan kooksi on arvioitu 4,2 miljoonaa sukukypsää yksilöä. Se luokitellaan silti silmälläpidettäväksi, koska kannan koko on suhteellisen voimakkaassa laskussa.[1]
Amerikanisolepinkäinen (Lanius ludovicianus) on lepinkäisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Lanius ludovicianus
La Pie-grièche migratrice (Lanius ludovicianus) est une espèce de passereau aux mœurs alimentaires prédatrices, appartenant à la famille des Laniidae.
Cet oiseau de 20 à 25 cm de long est gris sur les parties supérieures et blanc sur les parties inférieures, avec un masque noir s'étendant du bec à la région auriculaire. Le bec, assez fort, est crochu. De petites taches blanches parsèment la partie du dos proche des ailes, ainsi que la croupe. Les ailes sont brun sombre, de même que la queue.
Les juvéniles sont marronâtres, avec des rayures sur le dessous du corps.
Cette pie-grièche se nourrit essentiellement d'insectes et araignées d'assez grande taille, comme des sauterelles. Lorsque ces derniers se font rares, elle est capable de s'attaquer à des lézards, oisillons ou à de petits rongeurs[1] pesant jusqu'à 40% de leur propre poids[2]. La proie est alors attrapée par le cou et vigoureusement secouée ce qui provoque un mouvement ondulatoire de la moelle épinière qui semble généralement assez endommagée pour paralyser l'animal. Comme le font toutes les pies-grièches, la nourriture excédentaire est empalée sur des épines de végétal ou de fil barbelé, en attente d'être consommée.
Les vocalisations peuvent être des bziii bziiii grondeurs, ou des chants qui répète des séries de phrases musicales couplées, telles que kwidl kwidl.
Cet oiseau vit dans les savanes, déserts et milieux dégagés possédant suffisamment de perchoirs élevés pour observer les environs. Il affectionne particulièrement les taillis ou la végétation de bord de route.
On peut le rencontrer du sud du Canada (au sud de la forêt de résineux) jusqu'au Mexique.
Lanius ludovicianus
La Pie-grièche migratrice (Lanius ludovicianus) est une espèce de passereau aux mœurs alimentaires prédatrices, appartenant à la famille des Laniidae.
L'averla americana (Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Laniidae[2].
Il nome scientifico della specie, ludovicianus, deriva dal latino e significa "proveniente dalla Louisiana", in riferimento all'areale di distribuzione di questi uccelli.
Misura 18-22 cm di lunghezza, per 43-54 g di peso[3].
Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto robusto, muniti di grossa testa ovale e allungata che sembra incassata direttamente nel torso, becco robusto dall'estremità adunca, ali arrotondate, forti zampe artigliate e coda di media lunghezza e dall'estremità vagamente romboidale.
Nel complesso, l'averla americana somiglia molto all'affine averla settentrionale, dalla quale può essere riconosciuta per la taglia minore, la colorazione generalmente più scura e la mascherina facciale più estesa (l'occhio in questa specie è completamente circondato dal nero facciale), oltre che per il becco più corto e meno uncinato[4].
Il piumaggio si presenta di color grigio topo su fronte, vertice, nuca, dorso, scapolare e codione, mentre gola, basso ventre e sottocoda sono bianchi e petto, ventre e fianchi mostrano diffuse sfumature di colore grigio chiaro: le ali e la coda sono di colore nero, le prime con specchietto alare bianco sulle remiganti primarie e dalla base delle copritrici dello stesso colore, la seconda con orlo anch'esso di colore bianco. La mascherina facciale si estende dai lati del becco all'area periauricolare e alla guancia ed è di colore nero, sormontata superiormente nella sua parte anteriore da un sottilissimo sopracciglio bianco.
Il dimorfismo sessuale è presente ma appena accennato e difficile da verificare sul campo, coi maschi dalla colorazione più accesa rispetto alle femmine[5][6].
In ambedue i sessi le zampe ed il becco sono di colore nero, mentre gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro.
L'averla americana è un uccello dalle abitudini di vita diurne e perlopiù solitarie, che vive in un territorio ben definito che provvede a difendere accanitamente da eventuali intrusi: questi animali, infatti, passano gran parte del proprio tempo appollaiati su di un posatoio in evidenza posto in genere attorno ai 4 m d'altezza[7] a controllare i dintorni, vocalizzando di tanto in tanto per avvertire gli eventuali intrusi nelle vicinanze di non sconfinare[8]. Allo stesso tempo, grazie alla posizione favorevole, l'animale può facilmente avvistare anche potenziali prede nelle vicinanze.
I richiami dell'averla americana sono aspri e acuti, simili a un pigolio metallico o al verso di qualche grosso insetto: i maschi sono generalmente più vocali e possiedono inoltre un repertorio più vario rispetto alle femmine, che invece vocalizzano in maniera più sommessa.
L'averla americana è un uccello carnivoro: la dieta di questi uccelli è composta in maniera preponderante (oltre il 70%[3]) da insetti ed altri invertebrati, soprattutto di grossa taglia come ortotteri, coleotteri, ragni e blatte, mentre la rimanente parte si compone di piccoli invertebrati come topolini, piccoli rettili, anfibi, piccoli uccelli[9] e persino pipistrelli[10].
Questi uccelli cacciano soprattutto a vista: dal proprio posatoio in evidenza essi possono facilmente osservare i dintorni in attesa che una potenziale preda si trovi a passare nei dintorni. A questo punto, l'averla spicca il volo dalla propria postazione, planando sulla vittima dall'alto e finendola a colpi di becco: le prede volanti possono essere catturate al volo.
L'averla americana è in grado di sopraffare prede di dimensioni maggiori rispetto alla propria, pesanti fino a oltre 25 grammi: l'animale è solito beccare ripetutamente la testa o la nuca della preda e scuotere vigorosamente la testa nella ferita in maniera tale da strappare pezzetti di carne e causare un colpo di frusta, aiutato in questo dai potenti muscoli del collo[11] e dal forte becco uncinato[12].
Le prede di grosse dimensioni vengono generalmente impalate su supporti appuntiti, come spine vegetali o filo spinato: in tal modo, in assenza di artigli per trattenere la preda l'averla può utilizzare la spina come supporto per poterla spezzettare con calma. Anche il cibo in surplus viene conservato impalato.
L'averla americana mostra inoltre di tanto in tanto cleptoparassitismo, rubando le prede appena catturate ad altri piccoli uccelli o il cibo impalato da altre averle in loro assenza[13].
Si tratta di uccelli monogami, la cui stagione riproduttiva va dalla fine di febbraio a luglio[3]: le coppie della parte settentrionale tendono a riprodursi fino a un mese e mezzo più tardi rispetto a quelle della porzione meridionale.
Il maschio corteggia la femmina effettuando voli rituali con sporadiche picchiate verso la potenziale partner, dopodiché si posiziona al suo fianco sul posatoio dispiegando la coda e tenendo le ali aperte verso il basso: a questo punto la femmina, se interessata all'accoppiamento, comincia a pigolare mimando la richiesta di cibo da parte dei nidiacei, alla quale il maschio risponde con altri richiami corti e acuti e con l'offerta rituale di cibo[14]. Durante il periodo riproduttivo i maschi non di rado effettuano predazione in eccesso, al fine di dimostrare alle potenziali compagne di poter essere in grado di provvedere sufficientemente al nutrimento della prole[15].
Il nido è piuttosto massiccio e a forma di coppa, e viene costruito utilizzando rametti e fibre vegetali e foderando l'interno con materiale più soffice anche di origine animale: alla sua costruzione collaborano entrambi i partner, che favoriscono per la sua ubicazione il folto dei rami di un albero o un cespuglio a 2-5 m dal suolo, scegliendo come luogo di nidificazione piante spinose[16] con spazi aperti nei dintorni ma in genere non completamente isolate (come ad esempio alberi in filari o viali oppure siepi[17]).
All'interno del nido, la femmina depone 4-8 uova (con tendenza a un aumento delle uova deposte in direttrice N-S[4]) di colore bianco sporco con rade screziature brune concentrate sul polo ottuso, che provvede a covare per circa 16 giorni. I pulli sono ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa, e vengono alimentati da ambedue i genitori: in tal modo, essi diventano in grado d'involarsi attorno ai 19 giorni di vita, pur rimanendo nei pressi del nido (continuando a chiedere, sebbene sempre più sporadicamente, l'imbeccata ai genitori) fino a circa un mese di vita. Una volta resisi indipendenti, i giovani si allontanano dal territorio natio, cercando di stabilirsi in un proprio territorio: essi diverranno pronti per riprodursi durante la primavera successiva, sebbene raramente i maschi riescano a riprodursi al primo anno di vita.
Le averle americane sono solite praticare il cannibalismo durante la stagione riproduttiva, utilizzando i propri piccoli deceduti come cibo per sé stesse e per la rimanente prole[18].
La speranza di vita di questi uccelli è attorno ai 10 anni, con l'età massima registrata che è di 12 anni e mezzo[4].
L'averla americana, come intuibile dal nome comune, è diffusa in America settentrionale e centrale, occupando un vasto areale che va dagli Stati Uniti centrali (grossomodo dallo Stato di Washington al Maryland) a sud fino all'istmo di Tehuantepec, attraverso il Gran Bacino, la California, le Grandi Pianure, gli Stati Uniti meridionali, la penisola di Bassa California e gran parte del Messico: sebbene buona parte della popolazione di questi uccelli sia residente nel proprio areale, le popolazioni più settentrionali possono spingersi a nord per riprodursi fino ai Grandi Laghi ed all'estuario del San Lorenzo ad[19][20] ed al sud di Alberta, Saskatchewan e Manitoba ad ovest[21], mentre quelle più meridionali possono spostarsi verso le aree costiere durante il periodo invernale[3].
L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalle aree aperte con presenza di macchie alberate o cespugliose (con predilezione per le macchie a prevalenza di biancospino e cedro gigante[22]), staccionate, pali della luce o comunque luoghi in evidenza dai quali dominare visivamente i dintorni: essi colonizzano senza grossi problemi le aree antropizzate, stabilendosi nelle aree periferiche e in quelle coltivate, in parchi, giardini e viali alberati, mentre evitano le zone ad erba alta, la quale rende la ricerca del cibo energeticamente inefficiente[23].
La specie venne individuata e descritta scientificamente da Mathurin Jacques Brisson nel 1760[24]: fu in seguito Linneo a correggerne la nomenclatura aggiungendola assieme ad altre 240 specie (sempre descritte dal Brisson) nella dodicesima edizione del suo Systema Naturae[25].
Se ne riconoscono sette sottospecie[2]:
Alcuni autori riconoscerebbero inoltre le sottospecie gambeli della contea di Calaveras, nevadensis della contea di Inyo, sonoriensis dei monti Chiricahua (tutte sinonimizzate con excubitorides), miamensis della contea di Miami-Dade (sinonimizzata con la nominale) e nelsoni della Baja California Sur (sinonimizzata con mexicanus)[3].
La sottospecie anthonyi, invece, mostra una certa distanza genetica dalle altre e potrebbe costituire una specie a sé stante[26][27].
L'averla americana (Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Laniidae.
De Amerikaanse klapekster (Lanius ludovicianus) is een vogel uit de familie der klauwieren (Laniidae).
Deze soort komt wijdverspreid voor in Noord- en Midden-Amerika en telt 8 ondersoorten:
De Amerikaanse klapekster (Lanius ludovicianus) is een vogel uit de familie der klauwieren (Laniidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dzierzba siwa (Lanius ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny dzierzb (Laniidae). Poluje najczęściej z czatowni. Często gromadzi zdobycz nabijając ją na ciernie.
Dzierzba siwa (Lanius ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny dzierzb (Laniidae). Poluje najczęściej z czatowni. Często gromadzi zdobycz nabijając ją na ciernie.
Wygląd Duża głowa, dziób czarny, stożkowaty i hakowaty. Wierzch ciała szary. Skrzydła oraz ogon czarne. W okolicach nadgarstka i na brzegu ogona białe plamy. Pasek oczny czarny. Spód szarawobiały. Obie płci są podobne. Rozmiary 21–26 cm Zasięg, środowisko Półotwarte tereny południowej i środkowej części Ameryki Północnej. Zimuje w południowej części tego kontynentu.Amerikansk törnskata[2] (Lanius ludovicianus) är en fågel i familjen törnskator inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Amerikansk törnskata delas in i elva underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad (LC).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör amerikansk törnskata.
Wikispecies har information om Lanius ludovicianus.
Amerikansk törnskata (Lanius ludovicianus) är en fågel i familjen törnskator inom ordningen tättingar.
Bách thanh đầu to (danh pháp hai phần: Lanius ludovicianus) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Bách thanh (Laniidae).[1] Chúng là thành viên duy nhất của Họ Bách thanh đặc hữu Bắc Mỹ, phía Bắc liên quan đến bách thanh xám lớn (L. excubitor) hiện diện ở phía bắc của phạm vi của nó mà còn ở các miền Cổ bắc.
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Bách thanh này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Bách thanh đầu to (danh pháp hai phần: Lanius ludovicianus) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Bách thanh (Laniidae). Chúng là thành viên duy nhất của Họ Bách thanh đặc hữu Bắc Mỹ, phía Bắc liên quan đến bách thanh xám lớn (L. excubitor) hiện diện ở phía bắc của phạm vi của nó mà còn ở các miền Cổ bắc.
Lanius ludovicianus Linnaeus, 1766
Ареал
Америка́нский жула́н[1] (Lanius ludovicianus) — птица семейства сорокопутовых.
Птицы отличаются большим крючковатым клювом. Оперение головы и спины серое. Крылья и хвост чёрные с белыми перьями. Чёрная маска лица тянется также поверх клюва. Этим он отличается от серого сорокопута, на которого он в остальном очень похож.
Американский жулан — это птица североамериканского континента. Гнездовой ареал охватывает полуоткрытые регионы в южном Онтарио, в Квебеке и Альберте и тянется до Мексики. Вид гнездится на густо покрытых листьями деревьях или кустах. Самка откладывает от 4 до 8 яиц в большом чашеобразном гнезде, построенном из веток и травы.
В южной области распространения американский жулан — это оседлая птица. Живущие в северной области распространения популяции мигрируют во время зимнего полугодия дальше на юг.
Типичная для американского жулана форма охоты — это охота из засады. Из засады они наблюдают за окрестностью и оттуда нападают на свою добычу. Они питаются, прежде всего, большими насекомыми, а также грызунами и меньшими по размеру видами птиц. Они накалывают свою добычу на шипы, так как когти у них отсутствуют.
Американский жулан находится под угрозой из-за сокращения области распространения и применения пестицидов. На острове Сан-Клементе, который принадлежит к группе островов Чаннел, гнездится один из подвидов американского жулана. Этот остров, который служит военной базой Военно-морских сил США является родиной одного из подвидов островной лисицы. Этот эндемичный вид лис, который получил развитие от островной лисицы имеет типичную островную карликовость, также находится под угрозой. Островные лисицы, особенностью которых является то, что они способны влезать на деревья, питаются среди прочего птицами, а также гнездящимися американскими жуланами. До 2000 года Военно-морские силы США ловили и убивали живших на острове лисиц, чтобы защитить таким образом американского жулана. С 2000 года сторонники охраны природы указали на то, что островная лисица вследствие человеческого вмешательства также находится под угрозой. ВМС США изменил затем свои мероприятия по охране в пользу этого подвида американского жулана. Лисиц по-прежнему отлавливают и держат в период гнездования в неволе. Кроме того, районы гнездования охраняются сооружёнными вокруг них электрическими заборами, которые отпугивают лисиц.
Америка́нский жула́н (Lanius ludovicianus) — птица семейства сорокопутовых.
呆头伯劳（学名：Lanius ludovicianus）是伯劳科伯劳属的一种。该种是伯劳科中北美地区唯一的特有种，分布于加拿大、墨西哥和美国。其自然栖息地为干燥的稀树草原以及亚热带或热带的干燥疏灌丛等。
呆头伯劳（学名：Lanius ludovicianus）是伯劳科伯劳属的一种。该种是伯劳科中北美地区唯一的特有种，分布于加拿大、墨西哥和美国。其自然栖息地为干燥的稀树草原以及亚热带或热带的干燥疏灌丛等。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 科 : モズ科 Laniidae 属 : モズ属 Lanius 種 : アメリカオオモズアメリカオオモズ（学名：Lanius ludovicianus）は、スズメ目モズ科に分類される鳥類の一種。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。 アメリカオオモズ（学名：Lanius ludovicianus）は、スズメ目モズ科に分類される鳥類の一種。
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