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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 25 years (captivity)
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Associations

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There is little available information about the ecosystem roles of apostlebirds. They act as predators and are prey for their predators.

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Behavior

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Apostlebirds give contact calls that consist of piping whistles. Their alarm call is mainly harsh screeches and chattering, sounding like a scratchy 'ch-kew, ch-kew' with a nasal 'git-out.'

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Conservation Status

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Apostlebirds are considered a species of least concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Benefits

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Due to their habit of digging in soil and leaf litter as they forage, apostlebirds may be a nuisance to some humans, such as gardeners. Otherwise, there are no known adverse effects of apostlebirds on humans.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Benefits

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Little is known about benefits apostlebirds provide to humans.

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Trophic Strategy

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Apostlebirds forage on the ground, eating mainly insects and seeds. The insects they consume include grasshoppers, weevils, shield-bugs, and ants. They are opportunistic, eating insects during the summer and seeds during the winter. They will even catch and eat house mice (Mus musculus) if they have the opportunity. They steady their food by standing on it.

During the non-breeding season, aggregations of up to 50 birds gather at a common food source. While they do not behave aggressively toward each other at this time, they do not form a cohesive flock, and fly off in separate groups when disturbed.

Animal Foods: mammals; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore ); herbivore (Granivore )

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Distribution

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Apostlebirds (Struthidea cinerea) are found in eastern Australia, on the western side of the Great Dividing Range. They occur only on the mainland and are non-migratory.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Habitat

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Preferred apostlebird habitat is generally grassland and open eucalyptus woodlands. They require a nearby water source, such as a stream, in order to obtain mud for nest building.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Life Expectancy

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There is little available information regarding the lifespan of wild or captive apostlebirds.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
25.0 years.

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Morphology

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Apostlebirds are 29 to 47 cm in length, and weigh 110 to 130 g. Their plumage is soft and dark gray with paler gray streaks, their wings are brown, and their tails are black. They have stout bills. Males and females are sexually monomorphic in plumage and size. Iris color varies with age; fledglings have brown eyes, yearlings have gray eyes, and adults (at least 2 years old) have gray eyes with a thin yellow outer ring. This ring becomes more apparent as the birds age.

Range mass: 110 to 130 g.

Range length: 29 to 47 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Associations

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Apostlebirds have a harsh, screeching alarm call that they use when they are disturbed. They fly into the nearest tree and protest noisily. Their nests have been known to fail due to predation by brown goshawks (Accipiter fasciatus) and grey butcherbirds (Cracticus torquatus). Newly hatched young can also be overtaken by meat ants (Iridomyrmex purpureus).

Known Predators:

  • brown goshawks (Accipiter fasciatus)
  • grey butcherbirds (Cracticus torquatus)
  • meat ants (Iridomyrmex purpureus)
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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Laura Mateskon, Michigan State University
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Reproduction

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Apostlebirds are cooperative breeders. They form familial social groups of up to 20 members, consisting of a dominant male, several females, and juveniles from previous seasons. These immature members stay to help with parental duties. During the breeding season, the groups occupy distinct, well-defended territories.

Before breeding, apostlebirds engage in a characteristic display. Birds at the nest become excited and give a call. The displaying bird raises its head and neck feathers and bobs up and down in time with the calls. It also fans its tail and raises it up and down.

Mating System: polygynous ; cooperative breeder

The breeding season is from August to early January. All group members help in parental duties, i.e., building the nest, incubating and brooding the nestlings, and feeding the young. The nest is a cup, about 14 cm in diameter, made of mud and built on a horizontal limb up to 40 feet above the ground. If mud is not available, the birds may use animal dung, including that of emus. If a nest is still in good condition after a previous breeding season, it is sometimes reused.

A group will sequentially raise up to two successful broods in a single season. Usually only one female will lay in a given nest, but sometimes two females may do so. Two to eight eggs are laid, depending on how many females are laying in the nest. The eggs are a pale bluish white color with black or gray splotches. Incubation takes 18 to 19 days, and the nestling period is 18 to 29 days. Usually only about 4 nestlings survive to fledge.

Breeding interval: Family groups may raise up to two broods per breeding season.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from August to early January.

Range eggs per season: 2 to 8.

Range time to hatching: 18 to 19 days.

Range fledging age: 18 to 29 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

All members of the social group help with parental duties. The young are fed both while in the nest and for several months after they fledge. Young may also remain with their family group for some time.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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Mateskon, L. 2007. "Struthidea cinerea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Struthidea_cinerea.html
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Struthidea cinerea ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Struthidea cinerea,[2] ye una especie d'ave de la familia Corcoracidae.

Ye un ave gris o negra que se mueve de manera rápida. Ye nativa d'Australia onde vive en zones montiegues, aliméntase d'inseutos y granes a nivel del suelu. El corvino apóstol de cutiu treslládase en grupos compuestos por 6 a 20 individuos; d'ellí'l so nome en referencia a los 12 apóstoles de Jesús.[3][4] Estos grupos dacuando xúntense con otros grupos familiares formando bandaes de más de 40 animales.

Struthidea cinerea lined up.jpg

Descripción

Mide unos 33 cm de llargu, ye un ave predominantemente gris escura con una llarga cola negra con un reflexu verde a la lluz del sol. Les plumes grises na so cabeza, pescuezu y pechu tán entemecíes con otres pálides de tonu gris-blancu y les nales son pardes. Les sos pates y picu son negros y los güeyos marrones o blancos.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Alcuéntrase en zones interiores del este d'Australia, dende'l norte de Victoria y l'este de South Australia, pel norte en New South Wales y la zona centro y oeste de Queensland hasta'l Gulf Country. Esiste una población aisllada nel Northern Territory. El so habitat natural son les zones montiegues abiertes, especialmente montes de Callitris en New South Wales y Casuarina en Queensland, y Lancewood-Bulwaddi nel Northern Territory.[3]

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Struthidea cinerea» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.2.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2010). «Nomes en castellán de les aves del mundu recomendaes pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Decimocuarta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Malaconotidae a Passeridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 57 (1): pp. 199-205. ISSN 0570-7358. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_57_1.pdf. Consultáu el .
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds:Non-passerines. Adelaide: Rigby, 116. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  4. Reader's Digest. 1997. "Complete Book of Australian Birds". Reader's Digest (Australia).

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Struthidea cinerea Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Struthidea cinerea, ye una especie d'ave de la familia Corcoracidae.

Ye un ave gris o negra que se mueve de manera rápida. Ye nativa d'Australia onde vive en zones montiegues, aliméntase d'inseutos y granes a nivel del suelu. El corvino apóstol de cutiu treslládase en grupos compuestos por 6 a 20 individuos; d'ellí'l so nome en referencia a los 12 apóstoles de Jesús. Estos grupos dacuando xúntense con otros grupos familiares formando bandaes de más de 40 animales.

Struthidea cinerea lined up.jpg
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Struthidea cinerea ( Breton )

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Struthidea cinerea[1] a zo ur spesad golvaneged eus ar c'herentiad Corcoracidae.
Ar spesad nemetañ er genad Struthidea an hini eo.

Doareoù pennañ

 src=
Struthidea cinerea.


Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar amprevaned, greun ha had dreist-holl ; degouezhout a ra dezhañ kemer vioù e neizhioù laboused all ha bronneged bihan gwech ha gwech all[2].

Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaver an daou isspesad[3] anezhañ en Aostralia :

  • Struthidea cinerea cinerea, e reter ar vro,
  • S. c. dalyi, e hanternoz-kreiz ha biz ar vro.

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù



Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Struthidea cinerea a zo ur spesad golvaneged eus ar c'herentiad Corcoracidae.
Ar spesad nemetañ er genad Struthidea an hini eo.

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Ocell apòstol ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ocell apòstol[1] (Struthidea cinerea) és un ocell de moviments ràpids, de color gris o negre que fa uns 33 centímetres de llargada. És nadiu d'Austràlia, on passeja pels boscos, menjant insectes i buscant llavors pel terra. A vegades, aquests ocells van en grups de 12 individus; és per aquesta raó per la qual van ser anomenats com els apòstols bíblics, els dotze seguidors principals de Jesucrist.

Distribució i hàbitat

Es troba en zones interiors de l'est d'Austràlia, des del nord de Victòria i Austràlia Meridional, pel nord de Nova Gal·les del Sud i la zona centre fins al nord i oest de Queensland. Existeix també una població aïllada al Territori del Nord. Habita zones boscoses obertes, sense gaires arbres, especialment amb coníferes dels gèneres Callitris i Casuarina.[2]

Referències

  1. «Struthida cinerea (ocell apòstol)». Avibase. [Consulta: 30 desembre 2018].

Bibliografia

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Ocell apòstol: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ocell apòstol (Struthidea cinerea) és un ocell de moviments ràpids, de color gris o negre que fa uns 33 centímetres de llargada. És nadiu d'Austràlia, on passeja pels boscos, menjant insectes i buscant llavors pel terra. A vegades, aquests ocells van en grups de 12 individus; és per aquesta raó per la qual van ser anomenats com els apòstols bíblics, els dotze seguidors principals de Jesucrist.

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Apostol llwyd ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Apostol llwyd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: apostolion llwydion) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Struthidea cinerea; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Apostle bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Apostolion (Lladin: Grallinidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. cinerea, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r apostol llwyd yn perthyn i deulu'r Apostolion (Lladin: Grallinidae) neu o bosib yn nheulu'r Corcoracidae. Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Apostol du Corcorax melanorhamphos Apostol llwyd Struthidea cinerea
Apostlebird 442.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Apostol llwyd: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Apostol llwyd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: apostolion llwydion) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Struthidea cinerea; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Apostle bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Apostolion (Lladin: Grallinidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. cinerea, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Popeláč šedý ( Czech )

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Popeláč šedý (Struthidea cinerea) je pták z monotypického rodu Struthidea, který se vyskytuje v řídkých sandarakovcových a přesličníkových lesích východní části Austrálie. Dosahuje délky okolo 33 cm a váhy 110–150 gramů. Základní barva peří je šedá, přecházející na křídlech a ocase do hnědé nebo černé. Popeláč šedý se zdržuje převážně na zemi, živí se hmyzem a semeny rostlin. Období páření trvá od srpna do prosince, popeláči si stavějí na stromech hnízdo z bláta a stébel, kam kladou tři až pět vajec, z nichž se mláďata líhnou asi po třech týdnech. Žijí sociálním způsobem života, který zahrnuje i společnou péči o mláďata. Vytvářejí malé skupinky, které mívají okolo dvanácti jedinců, což jim vyneslo anglické označení apostlebird (apoštolský pták). Bývají také nazýváni CWA bird (zkratka ženské organizace Country Women's Association), což je ironická narážka na jejich neustálé štěbetání.[2] Popeláči jsou poměrně hojní a zdržují se i v blízkostí lidských příbytků.

Geografické poddruhy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Australian Geographic Dostupné online

Externí odkazy

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Popeláč šedý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Popeláč šedý (Struthidea cinerea) je pták z monotypického rodu Struthidea, který se vyskytuje v řídkých sandarakovcových a přesličníkových lesích východní části Austrálie. Dosahuje délky okolo 33 cm a váhy 110–150 gramů. Základní barva peří je šedá, přecházející na křídlech a ocase do hnědé nebo černé. Popeláč šedý se zdržuje převážně na zemi, živí se hmyzem a semeny rostlin. Období páření trvá od srpna do prosince, popeláči si stavějí na stromech hnízdo z bláta a stébel, kam kladou tři až pět vajec, z nichž se mláďata líhnou asi po třech týdnech. Žijí sociálním způsobem života, který zahrnuje i společnou péči o mláďata. Vytvářejí malé skupinky, které mívají okolo dvanácti jedinců, což jim vyneslo anglické označení apostlebird (apoštolský pták). Bývají také nazýváni CWA bird (zkratka ženské organizace Country Women's Association), což je ironická narážka na jejich neustálé štěbetání. Popeláči jsou poměrně hojní a zdržují se i v blízkostí lidských příbytků.

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Gimpelhäher ( German )

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 src=
Gruppe von Gimpelhähern bei der Nahrungssuche
 src=
Kuschelnde Gimpelhäher
 src=
Gimpelhäher am Schlammnest

Der Gimpelhäher (Struthidea cinerea), zuweilen auch als Aposteltöpferkrähe bezeichnet, ist ein in Australien vorkommender Vogel aus der Familie der Schlammnestkrähen (Corcoracidae). Im englischen Sprachgebrauch wird er als Apostlebird bezeichnet. Dieser Name basiert auf dem Verhalten der Vögel, die zuweilen in Gruppen von zwölf Individuen beobachtet wurden, wodurch eine Analogie zu den Zwölf Aposteln hergestellt wurde. Das Artepitheton ist von dem lateinischen Wort cinerea mit der Bedeutung ‚aschgrau’ abgeleitet.

Merkmale

Gimpelhäher erreichen eine Körperlänge von 29 bis 33 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von 110 bis 155 Gramm.[1] Zwischen den Geschlechtern besteht bezüglich der Gefiederfarbe kein Sexualdimorphismus. Die Gefiedergrundfarbe bei beiden Geschlechtern ist grau. Kopf und Nacken sind mit spitzen, ausdrucksvollen Federn versehen, die ein zottiges Aussehen vermitteln. Die Brust ist hellgrau, die Flügel braungrau und die langen Steuerfedern schwarzgrau. Der Schnabel sowie die Beine und Füße sind schwärzlich.

Verbreitung, Unterarten und Lebensraum

Der Gimpelhäher kommt ausschließlich auf dem australischen Kontinent vor.[2] Neben der in der Mitte und im Süden von Queensland, in New South Wales und im Norden von Victoria vorkommenden Nominatform Struthidea cinerea cinerea ist eine weitere Unterart bekannt:

Hauptlebensraum der Art sind offene Flächen, beispielsweise Buschland mit einzeln wachsenden Bäumen. Da die Vögel den Menschen gegenüber nur geringe Scheu zeigen, sind sie auch in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Gebieten, auf Camping- und Picknickplätzen sowie Friedhöfen anzutreffen.[1]

Lebensweise

Die Vögel ernähren sich von Insekten sowie von Samen, gelegentlich auch von Eiern anderer Vogelarten oder von kleinen Säugetieren. Die Nahrung wird meist am Erdboden gesucht. Harte Samen oder Chitinpanzer von Insekten werden mit dem Schnabel hammerartig bearbeitet. Während einer Mäuseplage wurde beobachtet, wie die Vögel die Beutetiere mit dem Schnabel ergriffen, durch Schlagen gegen den Boden töteten und dann verschlangen. Gimpelhäher pflegen ein ausgeprägtes Sozialverhalten und suchen durch Kuscheln die körperliche Nähe zu Artgenossen innerhalb eines Familienverbandes.[4] Außerhalb der Brutsaison sammeln sich zuweilen bis zu einhundert Individuen an Wasserstellen, um gemeinsam zu trinken. Die Hauptbrutzeit fällt in die Monate August bis Februar, kann aber in Abhängigkeit von der Regenzeit schwanken. Meist werden zwei Bruten pro Jahr durchgeführt. Gimpelhäher leben polygyn. Sie werden beim Nestbau und der Jungenaufzucht von bis zu 17 Familienmitgliedern aus früheren Bruten unterstützt.[1] Das napfförmige Nest wird von der Gruppe gemeinsam gebaut. Es wird in einer Höhe zwischen drei und zwölf Metern über den Boden auf einem horizontalen Zweig oder in der Astgabel eines Kasuarinen- (Casuarina), Eukalyptus- (Eucalyptus) oder Akazien-Baumes (Acacia) aus Schlamm gefertigt und mit Gräsern verstärkt. Dabei werden die einzelnen Schlammschichten separat aufgetragen und neues Material erst nach einer ausreichenden Trocknungszeit hinzugefügt. Nach der Fertigstellung wird es in der Regel mit drei bis fünf Eiern versehen, die in 19 bis 20 Tagen ausgebrütet werden. Die Nestlingszeit beträgt 18 bis 20 Tage. Die Jungen werden von der gesamten Gruppe weitere zehn Wochen mit Nahrung versorgt und bleiben danach noch als Helfer für spätere Bruten im Familienverband. Bei Gruppen mit einer geringen Anzahl an Helfern erleiden die Bruten zuweilen Verluste durch Verhungern der Nestlinge.[1]

Gefährdung

Der Gimpelhäher ist in seinen Vorkommensgebieten weit verbreitet, zuweilen häufig und wird demzufolge von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als LC IUCN 3 1.svgleast concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[5] Aufgrund von klimatisch bedingter Trockenheit ist gebietsweise die Gewinnung des für den Nestbau benötigten Schlamms behindert. An anderen Stellen wird diese Einschränkung durch die Schaffung neuer, feuchter Ackerflächen durch den Menschen wieder ausgeglichen.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f Ian Rowley & Eleanor Russell (2017). Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea). In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie & E. de Juana (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (eingesehen bei http://www.hbw.com/node/60602 am 3. Mai 2017).
  2. Verbreitung
  3. IOC World Bird List
  4. Sozialverhalten
  5. IUCN Red List
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Gimpelhäher: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Gruppe von Gimpelhähern bei der Nahrungssuche  src= Kuschelnde Gimpelhäher  src= Gimpelhäher am Schlammnest

Der Gimpelhäher (Struthidea cinerea), zuweilen auch als Aposteltöpferkrähe bezeichnet, ist ein in Australien vorkommender Vogel aus der Familie der Schlammnestkrähen (Corcoracidae). Im englischen Sprachgebrauch wird er als Apostlebird bezeichnet. Dieser Name basiert auf dem Verhalten der Vögel, die zuweilen in Gruppen von zwölf Individuen beobachtet wurden, wodurch eine Analogie zu den Zwölf Aposteln hergestellt wurde. Das Artepitheton ist von dem lateinischen Wort cinerea mit der Bedeutung ‚aschgrau’ abgeleitet.

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Apostlebird

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The apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea), also known as the grey jumper, lousy jack or happy family,[2] is a quick-moving, gray or black bird about 33 cm (13 in) long. It is a native to Australia where it roams woodlands, eating insects and seeds at, or near, ground level. Apostlebirds often travel in groups of about 12; for this reason, they were named after the 12 Biblical apostles.

Taxonomy

Apostlebird - Bimbi.jpg

Originally described by ornithologist John Gould in 1837, its specific epithet is Latin cinerea "grey".[3] In its own genus Struthidea, it is placed in the family known as the mud-nest builders or Corcoracidae, written as Grallinidae in older books before the removal of the genus Grallina to the monarch family. It is one of two remaining species, with the white-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos), which differs in appearance but exhibits many behavioural similarities.[4] The mudnest builder family Corcoracidae itself is now placed in a narrower "core corvine" group, which contains the crows and ravens, shrikes, birds of paradise, fantails, monarch flycatchers, and drongos.[5]

Struthidea cinerea lined up.jpg

The apostlebird was named after the Biblical apostles, the twelve followers of Jesus Christ.[6][7] In fact, the species travel in family groups of between 6 and 20, which may coalesce with other family groups into large feeding flocks of over 40. Their gregarious nature, and harsh scolding/grating calls have led to a plethora of colloquial names. They can be known locally as lousy jacks (due to heavy louse infestations[8]), happy jacks, and happy families. Grey jumper is an alternate name.

Description

Measuring around 33 cm (13 in) in length, the apostlebird is a predominantly dark grey bird with a long black tail tinted greenish in sunlight. The grey feathers on the head, neck and breast are brushed with paler grey-white and the wings are brownish. The legs and bill are black and the eyes brown or white.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The natural range is across inland eastern Australia, from the mallee regions of northern Victoria and eastern South Australia, north through New South Wales and central-western Queensland to the Gulf Country. There is an isolated population in the Northern Territory. Dry open woodland is the preferred habitat, especially Callitris in New South Wales and Casuarina in Queensland, and Lancewood-Bulwaddi communities in the Northern Territory.[6]

Breeding

Mud nest high in a fig tree

Apostlebirds are a socially living, cooperative breeding species with each breeding group generally containing only one breeding pair, the rest being either their helper offspring, kin or unrelated adult birds. Most group members help construct a mud nest, share in incubation of the eggs, and defense of the nest. Once the eggs are hatched, all members of the group help feed the chicks and keep the nest clean.

Apostlebirds are a fission-fusion society. In winter, birds flock in larger groups, and as breeding season approaches winter groups break into smaller breeding groups. This change in group size is a consequence of breeding groups merging in the winter and breaking apart again in the summer breeding season. Breeding groups use small, non overlapping home ranges around the nest site, while winter ranges are larger with groups freely interacting with other groups.[9]

Breeding season is from August to December. The nest is a deep cup-shaped structure made of grasses held together with mud or sometimes manure in a tree fork up to seven or eight metres above the ground. Three to five pale blue-white eggs sparsely splotched with brown and lavender shades are laid measuring 22 mm x 29 mm. They are tapered oval in shape.[10]

Conservation status

Apostlebirds are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. However, their conservation status varies from state to state within Australia. For example:

  • The apostlebird is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988).[11] Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not yet been prepared.[12]
  • On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the apostlebird is not listed as a threatened species.[13]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International. (2016). Struthidea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705385A94015903.en
  2. ^ Pizzey, G.; Doyle, R. (1980). A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Sydney: Collins Publishers. ISBN 073222436-5.
  3. ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  4. ^ Christidis L, Boles WE (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
  5. ^ Cracraft J, Barker FK, Braun M, Harshman J, Dyke GJ, Feinstein J, Stanley S, Cibois A, Schikler P, Beresford P, García-Moreno J, Sorenson MD, Yuri T, Mindell DP (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life". In Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (eds.). Assembling the tree of life. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 468–89. ISBN 0-19-517234-5.
  6. ^ a b c Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds:Non-passerines. Adelaide: Rigby. p. 116. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  7. ^ Reader's Digest. 1997. "Complete Book of Australian Birds". Reader's Digest (Australia).
  8. ^ Bourke, P.A. (1940). "Notes on the Apostle-bird". Emu. 40 (4): 324–327. doi:10.1071/mu940323d.
  9. ^ Griesser, M.; Barnaby, J.; Schneider, N.A.; Figenschau, N.; Wright, J.; Griffith, S.C.; Kazem, A.; Russell, A.F. (2009). "Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird". Ethology. 115 (9): 888–896. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01678.x.
  10. ^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 385–86. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  11. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.

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Apostlebird: Brief Summary

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The apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea), also known as the grey jumper, lousy jack or happy family, is a quick-moving, gray or black bird about 33 cm (13 in) long. It is a native to Australia where it roams woodlands, eating insects and seeds at, or near, ground level. Apostlebirds often travel in groups of about 12; for this reason, they were named after the 12 Biblical apostles.

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Struthidea cinerea ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El corvino apóstol (Struthidea cinerea),[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corcoracidae.

Es un ave gris o negra que se desplaza de manera veloz. Es nativa de Australia donde vive en zonas boscosas, se alimenta de insectos y semillas a nivel del suelo. El corvino apóstol a menudo se traslada en grupos compuestos por 6 a 20 individuos; de allí su nombre en referencia a los 12 apóstoles de Jesús.[3][4]​ Estos grupos a veces se juntan con otros grupos familiares formando bandadas de más de 40 animales.

Struthidea cinerea lined up.jpg

Descripción

Mide unos 33 cm de largo, es un ave predominantemente gris oscura con una larga cola negra con un reflejo verde a la luz del sol. Las plumas grises en su cabeza, cuello y pecho están entremezcladas con otras pálidas de tono gris-blanco y las alas son pardas. Sus patas y pico son negros y los ojos marrones o blancos.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Se lo encuentra en zonas interiores del este de Australia, desde el norte de Victoria y el este de Australia Meridional, por el norte en Nueva Gales del Sur y la zona centro y oeste de Queensland hasta las costas del Golfo de Carpentaria. Existe una población aislada en el Territorio del Norte. Su hábitat natural son las zonas boscosas abiertas, especialmente bosques de Callitris en Nueva Gales del Sur y Casuarina en Queensland, y Lancewood-Bulwaddi en el Territorio del Norte.[3]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Struthidea cinerea». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 19 de octubre de 2014.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2010). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimocuarta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Malaconotidae a Passeridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 57 (1): 199-205. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 14 de octubre de 2014.
  3. a b c Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds:Non-passerines. Adelaide: Rigby. p. 116. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  4. Reader's Digest. 1997. "Complete Book of Australian Birds". Reader's Digest (Australia).

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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El corvino apóstol (Struthidea cinerea),​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corcoracidae.

Es un ave gris o negra que se desplaza de manera veloz. Es nativa de Australia donde vive en zonas boscosas, se alimenta de insectos y semillas a nivel del suelo. El corvino apóstol a menudo se traslada en grupos compuestos por 6 a 20 individuos; de allí su nombre en referencia a los 12 apóstoles de Jesús.​​ Estos grupos a veces se juntan con otros grupos familiares formando bandadas de más de 40 animales.

Struthidea cinerea lined up.jpg
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Struthidea cinerea ( Basque )

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Struthidea cinerea Struthidea generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Corcoracidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Struthidea cinerea Struthidea generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Corcoracidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Mutanärhi ( Finnish )

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Mutanärhi (Struthidea cinerea)[3] on mutavaristen heimoon kuuluva australialainen varpuslintu.

Tuntomerkit

Mutanärhi on 29-47 cm pitkä ja painaa 110-130 grammaa. Höyhenpuku on tummanharmaa ja siinä on vaaleammanharmaita viiruja. Siivet ovat ruskeat ja pyrstö musta. Sukupuolet ovat samannäköiset. Mutanärhen silmän väri vaihtelee iän mukaan. Poikasilla se on ruskea ja vuoden ikäisillä harmaa. Vanhoilla yksilöillä harmaan silmän ympärillä on keltainen rengas.[4]

Levinneisyys

Mutanärheä tavataan kotoperäisenä Australiassa. Lajin populaatiota ei ole arvioitu, mutta sitä on kuvattu yleiseksi.[1]

Elinympäristö

Mutanärhi elää ruohostoilla ja avoimissa eukalyptusmetsissä. Laji vaatii veden läheisyyttä, koska se tarvii mutaa pesän rakentamista varten.[4]

Ravinto

Mutanärhi käyttää ravinnokseen pääasiassa hyönteisiä ja siemeniä, joita se etsii maasta.[4]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Struthidea cinerea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 28.1.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea) IBC. Viitattu 25.4.2013. (englanniksi)
  3. Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet BirdLife Suomi. Viitattu 25.4.2013.
  4. a b c Struthidea cinerea ADW. Viitattu 25.4.2013. (englanniksi)
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Mutanärhi: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Mutanärhi (Struthidea cinerea) on mutavaristen heimoon kuuluva australialainen varpuslintu.

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Apôtre gris ( French )

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Struthidea cinerea

L'Apôtre gris (Struthidea cinerea) est une espèce d'oiseau, gris ou noir, au vol rapide, d'environ 30 cm de long. Il est originaire d'Australie où il vit dans les bois, se nourrissant d'insectes et de graines. Ils volent en petits groupes de 6 à 20 individus mais la croyance populaire les voit en bandes de 12, comme les apôtres du Christ, d'où leur nom.

Cette espèce est la seule du genre Struthidea. Apôtre est le nom français que la nomenclature aviaire en langue française (mise à jour) a donné à ce genre.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Genre Struthidea

Espèce Struthidea cinerea

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Apôtre gris: Brief Summary ( French )

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Struthidea cinerea

L'Apôtre gris (Struthidea cinerea) est une espèce d'oiseau, gris ou noir, au vol rapide, d'environ 30 cm de long. Il est originaire d'Australie où il vit dans les bois, se nourrissant d'insectes et de graines. Ils volent en petits groupes de 6 à 20 individus mais la croyance populaire les voit en bandes de 12, comme les apôtres du Christ, d'où leur nom.

Cette espèce est la seule du genre Struthidea. Apôtre est le nom français que la nomenclature aviaire en langue française (mise à jour) a donné à ce genre.

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Struthidea cinerea ( Italian )

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L'uccello apostolo (Struthidea cinerea Gould, 1837) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Corcoracidae, unica specie ascritta al genere Struthidea Gould, 1837[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico del genere deriva dal greco στρουθός (struthos, "passero"), mentre il nome della specie deriva dal latino cinereus, "color cenere", in riferimento all'aspetto ed alla colorazione di questi uccelli. Il loro nome comune, invece, deriva dalle loro abitudini gregarie, che li portano a riunirsi in gruppi di una dozzina d'individui, che ricordarono ai primi coloni europei i dodici apostoli[3].

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare al suolo.

Misura circa 29–33 cm di lunghezza, per 110-155 g di peso[4].

Aspetto

L'uccello apostolo può ricordare a prima vista una sorta di femmina gigante di ciuffolotto, in vistù dell'aspetto tozzo e robusto e del becco robusto e conico.
Il piumaggio è di colore grigio cenere uniforme su tutto il corpo, con tendenza a scurirsi leggermente su testa e petto, mentre le ali sono di colore bruno-giallastro e la coda è piuttosto allungata e nera. Il becco e le forti zampe sono anch'essi di colore nero, mentre l'occhio varia di colore con l'età dell'animale, in quanto l'iride, grigia nei giovani, attorno al secondo anno di vita assume colorazione gialla ai contorni dell'occhio, colorazione che diviene via via più netta man mano che l'animale invecchia[5]. Non è presente dimorfismo sessuale esterno.

Biologia

 src=
Gruppo al suolo.
 src=
Due esemplari praticano toilettatura su un ramo.

Si tratta di uccelli diurni e moderatamente gregari: essi si riuniscono infatti in gruppi di 4-20 individui (generalmente una dozzina), comprendenti una coppia dominante, alcune femmine ed i figli di alcuna delle nidiate precedenti. Talvolta, specialmente in corrispondenza di fonti di cibo particolarmente abbondanti e all'infuori della stagione riproduttiva, più gruppi familiari possono riunirsi a formare stormi di 40-60 individui, che comunque tendono a non mescolarsi fra loro, involandosi su alberi separati quando disturbati o sula far della sera[6].
I gruppi passano la maggior parte della giornata al suolo, muovendosi con un caratteristico passo dinoccolato e setacciando metodicamente il terreno, spostando terriccio e detriti alla ricerca di nutrimento, tenendosi al contempo in contatto costante con continui richiami fischiati. In caso di disturbo, tutto lo stormo si alza in volo appollaiandosi sull'albero più vicino, dove, fra richiami grattanti, questi uccelli attendono l'allontanamento della fonte di disturbo, per poter ritornare al suolo.

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare in cerca cibo al suolo.

Gli uccelli apostoli sono onnivori e molto opportunistici, che si nutrono perlopiù di semi reperiti al suolo, ma anche di bacche, insetti ed altri invertebrati, e, di tanto in tanto, anche di uova e di piccoli vertebrati, come lucertole e topi: generalmente, gli uccelli apostoli consumano perlopiù cibo di origine vegetale nei mesi estivi, per ripiegare in maggior misura sul cibo di origine animale durante l'inverno[4][7]. Essendo piuttosto propensi ad essere infestati da parassiti su pelle e piume, questi uccelli cercano di sottoporsi frequentemente a "bagni di formiche", similmente alle ghiandaie nostrane, spesso nutrendosi degli insetti una volta che essi hanno espletato il proprio dovere di pulitori[7].

Riproduzione

La stagione riproduttiva va da agosto e febbraio: durante la stagione degli amori, gli uccelli apostoli divengono territoriali, difendendo accanitamente dagli intrusi un'area di una ventina di ettari del proprio range di residenza. Solo il maschio dominante è autorizzato ad accoppiarsi, previo un rituale di corteggiamento che lo vede annuire ossessivamente con le penne di testa e collo arruffate, emettendo al contempo dei richiami (ai quali i rimanenti membri del gruppo rispondono in preda all'eccitazione) e muovendo su e giù la coda aperta[7].

 src=
Nido di uccello apostolo.

Tutto l'evento riproduttivo viene vissuto in comunità dal gruppo, i cui membri collaborano nella costruzione del nido, nella cova, nelle cure ai nidiacei e nella difesa del sito riproduttivo.

 src=
Giovane esemplare (notare gli occhi grigi) su una veranda: gli uccelli apostoli non temono l'uomo, e anzi traggono beneficio dalla sua vicinanza.

Il nido ha forma globosa, misura circa 14 cm di diametro, è concavo nella sua parte superiore e viene costruito tenendo su con del fango essiccato rametti e fibre vegetali su una biforcazione di un ramo, attorno ai 7–10 m d'altezza dal suolo. Per la costruzione del nido (che solitamente viene rimaneggiato e riutilizzato negli anni quando possibile) solitamente gli uccelli apostoli aspettano una pioggia abbondante, con la conseguente formazione di pozzanghere fangose: tuttavia, in assenza di fango fresco, essi possono servirsi di escrementi animali, come ad esempio quelli di emù o di ovini e bovini[7]. All'interno del nido vengono deposte 2-8 uova (talvolta più femmine depongono in un unico nido), di colore bianco-azzurrino con sparsa maculatura grigio-nerastra, di 22 x 29 mm[8]: tutti i membri del gruppo si alternano nella cova, che dura 18-19 giorni, e nelle cure parentali ai pulli, i quali, ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa, sono in grado d'involarsi attorno alle 3-4 settimane di vita, sebbene vengano accuditi dal gruppo ancora per molti mesi, tanto che spesso i giovani della covata precedente imbeccano i pulli della covata successiva (la specie porta generalmente avanti due covate per ogni stagione riproduttiva), ma vengono a loro volta imbeccati dai genitori e dai fratelli delle covate successive[9].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Esemplare su un eucalipto.
 src=
Esemplare all'abbeverata: la presenza dell'acqua è essenziale per questi uccelli.

La specie è endemica dell'Australia orientale e settentrionale ad ovest della Grande Catena Divisoria, dove popola una larga fascia che comprende la parte centrale del Territorio del Nord, il Queensland a sud della penisola di Capo York ed il Bacino Murray-Darling.

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalle aree secche erbose e cespugliose, con presenza sparsa di macchie alberate non eccessivamente fitte (soprattutto a eucalipto): pur essendo più tollerante ai climi aridi e semiaridi rispetto all'affine gracchio australiano, l'uccello apostolo necessita allo stesso modo di fonti d'acqua permanenti o semipermanenti nel proprio territorio.

Questi uccelli hanno inoltre beneficiato dell'arrivo dell'uomo, colonizzando le aree agricole e rurali, le piantagioni e le aree suburbane con presenza di zone alberate, come parchi e giardini.

Tassonomia

Se ne riconoscono due sottospecie[2]:

  • Struthidea cinerea cinerea, la sottospecie nominale, diffusa nella parte meridionale dell'areale della specie;
  • Struthidea cinerea dalyi Mathews, 1923, diffusa nella porzione settentrionale dell'areale occupato dalla specie;

le due sottospecie si incontrano nelle Queensland centro-settentrionale: in passato, la popolazione del Territorio del Nord, isolata dalle altre, veniva considerata una sottospecie a sé stante, tuttavia attualmente si tende ad accorparla alla sottospecie dalyi, nella quale confluisce anche la presunta sottospecie swainsoni descritta nel Queensland settentrionale ma i cui dati disponibili sembrerebbero contraddittori[4].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Struthidea cinerea, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Corcoracidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 17 aprile 2016.
  3. ^ Slater, P., A Field Guide to Australian Birds:Non-passerines, Rigby, 1974, p. 116, ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  4. ^ a b c (EN) Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 17 aprile 2016.
  5. ^ Simpson, K. & Day, N., The Birds of Australia, Tanager Books, 1984.
  6. ^ Chapman, G., The Social Life of the Apostlebird Struthidea cinerea, in Emu, vol. 98, n. 3, 1998, p. 178–183, DOI:10.1071/MU98025.
  7. ^ a b c d Mateskon, L., Struthidea cinerea, Animal Diversity Web, su animaldiversity.org, 2007. URL consultato il 17 aprile 2016.
  8. ^ Beruldsen, G., Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs, 2003, p. 385–386, ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  9. ^ Griesser, M.; Barnaby, J.; Schneider, N. A.; Figenschau, N.; Wright, J.; Griffith, S. C.; Kazem, A.; Russell, A. F., Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird, in Ethology, n. 115, 2009, p. 888-896.

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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'uccello apostolo (Struthidea cinerea Gould, 1837) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Corcoracidae, unica specie ascritta al genere Struthidea Gould, 1837.

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Apostelvogel ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De apostelvogel (Struthidea cinerea) is een snelle, grijze of zwarte vogel van de familie van de slijknestkraaien (Corcoracidae).

Kenmerken

De vogel is 28,5 tot 33 30 cm lang. De apostelvogel komt voor in de bosgebieden van Australië, meestal enigszins open en droge bosgebieden, ook in aanplant van bomen langs wegen en rivieren of boomgaarden. De apostelvogel is overwegend donkergrijs gekleurd, met een lange donkere staart, die in het zonlicht een groene glans krijgt. De bevedering van de kop, nek en borst is voorzien van bleekgrijze vlekjes. De vleugels zijn bruinachtig. De poten en de snavel zijn zwart.

Leefwijze

De vogel heet apostelvogel omdat ze naar verluidt altijd in groepen van twaalf optrekken. In werkelijkheid varieert het aantal van zes tot twintig. Buiten het broedseizoen vormen ze grotere groepen, soms gemengd met modderkraaien.

Voortplanting

Net als de verwante modderkraaien broeden ze in kleine familiegroepen en maken ze nesten waarbij modder wordt gebruikt als cement. De familieleden helpen elkaar bij de nestbouw, het broeden en het opvoeden van de jongen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De vogel is inheems in het oosten en op sommige plaatsen in het noorden van Australië en telt 2 ondersoorten:

  • S. c. cinerea: oostelijk Australië.
  • S. c. dalyi: het noordelijke deel van Centraal-en noordoostelijk Australië.

Status

Het is plaatselijk een vrij algemene vogel, die als niet bedreigd op de internationale rode lijst staat.[1] In de verschillende deelstaten van Australië gelden echter onderling verschillende beschermingsmaatregelen.

 src=
Groepje apostelvogels
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Apostelvogel: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De apostelvogel (Struthidea cinerea) is een snelle, grijze of zwarte vogel van de familie van de slijknestkraaien (Corcoracidae).

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Apostoł (ptak) ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Apostoł[4] (Struthidea cinerea) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny skałowronów (Corcoracidae). Występuje w Australii.

Opis gatunku

Szaro-brązowawy ptak, biało nakrapiany, z długim ogonem. Nie występuje dymorfizm płciowy.

Średnie wymiary
  • Długość ciała - 35 cm.
Biotop

Rzadkie lasy w pobliżu rzek i jezior.

Pożywienie

Nasiona, jagody i owady.

Tryb życia

Żyje w stadach składających się zazwyczaj z 12 osobników.

Rozmnażanie

Buduje gniazda z mułu, na drzewach. Każda grupa ptaków zajmuje jedno gniazdo i wspólnie opiekuje się młodymi.

Podgatunki

Wyróżniane są dwa podgatunki[5][6]:

  • S. cinerea cinerea – wschodnia Australia.
  • S. cinerea dalyi – północno-środkowa i północno-wschodnia Australia.

Przypisy

  1. Struthidea cinerea, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Struthidea, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 15 lipca2012]
  3. BirdLife International 2012, Struthidea cinerea [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-11-11] (ang.).
  4. P. Mielczarek, M. Kuziemko: Rodzina: Corcoracidae Mathews, 1927 - skałowrony - Australian Mudnesters (wersja: 2015-05-27). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2015-11-11].
  5. F. Gill, D. Donsker: Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2015-11-11].
  6. Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 15 lipca 2012].
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Apostoł (ptak): Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Apostoł (Struthidea cinerea) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny skałowronów (Corcoracidae). Występuje w Australii.

Opis gatunku

Szaro-brązowawy ptak, biało nakrapiany, z długim ogonem. Nie występuje dymorfizm płciowy.

Średnie wymiary Długość ciała - 35 cm. Biotop

Rzadkie lasy w pobliżu rzek i jezior.

Pożywienie

Nasiona, jagody i owady.

Tryb życia

Żyje w stadach składających się zazwyczaj z 12 osobników.

Rozmnażanie

Buduje gniazda z mułu, na drzewach. Każda grupa ptaków zajmuje jedno gniazdo i wspólnie opiekuje się młodymi.

Podgatunki

Wyróżniane są dwa podgatunki:

S. cinerea cinerea – wschodnia Australia. S. cinerea dalyi – północno-środkowa i północno-wschodnia Australia.
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Apostelfågel ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Apostelfågel[2] (Struthidea cinerea) är en gråsvart, rörlig och stor tätting, en av två arter i familjen murarkråkor, båda enbart förekommande i Australien.[3] Den har fått sitt namn eftersom den sägs röra sig i grupper om tolv individer, vilket var apostlarnas antal.

Utseende

Apostelfågeln är en 33 centimeter lång huvudsakligen mörkgrå fågel med lång svart stjärt som glänser grönt i solljuset. De grå fjädrarna på huvudet, nacken och bröstet är spetsade med blekare gråvit och vingarna är brunaktiga. Näbb och ben är svarta medan ögonen är bruna eller vita.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Apostelfågel förekommer enbart i Australien och delas in i två underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Den placeras som enda art i släktet Struthidea. Apostelfågeln är nära släkt med kidnapparfågeln (Corcorax melanoramphos). Tillsammans bildar de den lilla fågelfamiljen murarkråkor. De tillhör en grupp familjer där även bland andra kråkfåglar, törnskator, monarker och paradisfåglar ingår.[5]

Levnadssätt

Fågeln påträffas i torrt och öppet skogslandskap, framför allt Callitris i New South Wales och Casuarina i Queensland, och i Northern Territory i områden med Macropteranthes kekwickii och Acacia shirleyi.[4] Apostelfåglar är mycket sociala fåglar som även häckar kooperativt, där varje grupp ofta endast innehåller ett häckande par. De övriga kan vara ungfåglar från tidigare år eller helt obesläktade vuxna individer. De hjälps alla åt att bygga och försvara det murade boet, turas om att ruva äggen och när äggen kläcks mata ungarna och hålla boet rent. Vintertid formar arten större grupper och rör sig över ett större område.[6]

 src=
Murat apostelfågelbo högt i ett fikonträd

Häckningssäsongen är mellan augusti och september. Boet är en djup skål av gräs som hålls samman av lera eller ibland gödsel. Det placeras i en grenklyka upp till sju eller åtta meter ovan mark. Däri läggs tre till fem blekt blåvita ägg sparsamt fläckade med brunt och lavendel. [7]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling och tros inte vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen har inte uppskattats men den beskrivs som vanlig.[8]

Namn

Apostelfågeln har fått sitt namn efter de tolv apostlarna[4][9] eftersom den sägs röra sig i familjegrupper om tolv individer. I själva verket kan en grupp apostelfåglar bestå av allt mellan sex och 20 individer, som kan slå sig samman med andra familjegrupper för att forma grupper med mer än 40 fåglar.

Bilder

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Struthidea cinerea Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ [a b c] Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds:Non-passerines. Adelaide: Rigby. Sid. 116. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  5. ^ ”Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life”. Assembling the tree of life. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 2004. Sid. 468–89. ISBN 0-19-517234-5.
  6. ^ Griesser, M.; Barnaby, J.; Schneider, N.A.; Figenschau, N.; Wright, J.; Griffith, S.C.; Kazem, A.; Russell, A.F. (2009). ”Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird”. Ethology 115: sid. 888–896. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01678.x.
  7. ^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. Sid. 385–86. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  8. ^ Morcombe, M. 2000. Field Guide to Australian Birds. Steve Parish Publishing, Oxley, Queensland.
  9. ^ Reader's Digest. 1997. "Complete Book of Australian Birds". Reader's Digest (Australia).

Externa länkar

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Apostelfågel: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Apostelfågel (Struthidea cinerea) är en gråsvart, rörlig och stor tätting, en av två arter i familjen murarkråkor, båda enbart förekommande i Australien. Den har fått sitt namn eftersom den sägs röra sig i grupper om tolv individer, vilket var apostlarnas antal.

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Птах-апостол ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Апостол (значення).

Зміст

Поширення

Ендемік Австралії. Поширений на сході країни.

Опис

Дуже швидкий сірий або чорний птах завдовжки близько 33 см.

Спосіб життя

Мешкає у відкритих евкаліптових лісах. Харчується комахами та насінням на землі.

Примітки

  1. BirdLife International (2012). Struthidea cinerea: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2013.2) (англ.) 26 November 2013
  2. Фесенко Г. В. Вітчизняна номенклатура птахів світу. — Кривий Ріг : ДІОНАТ, 2018. — 580 с. — ISBN 978-617-7553-34-1.

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Птах-апостол: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Апостол (значення).
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Struthidea cinerea ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Struthidea cinerea là một loài chim trong họ Corcoracidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Struthidea cinerea. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Struthidea cinerea: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Struthidea cinerea là một loài chim trong họ Corcoracidae.

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灰鴕鷚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Struthidea cinerea
Gould, 1837[2]

灰鴕鷚学名Struthidea cinerea,英文名:Apostlebird)俗稱使徒鳥,是擬鴉科的兩種鳥類中,體型較小的物種,同時亦屬於澳洲特有種,主要生活於澳洲東部的疏林中。種名在拉丁文中有「灰色」之意。

參考來源

  1. ^ Struthidea cinerea. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016 [1 October 2016]. 数据库資料包含說明此物種被編入近危級別的原因
  2. ^ Gould, J. A synopsis of the birds of Australia, and the adjacent islands, Part 1. 1837
 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:灰鴕鷚 物種識別信息
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灰鴕鷚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

灰鴕鷚(学名:Struthidea cinerea,英文名:Apostlebird)俗稱使徒鳥,是擬鴉科的兩種鳥類中,體型較小的物種,同時亦屬於澳洲特有種,主要生活於澳洲東部的疏林中。種名在拉丁文中有「灰色」之意。

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