Diagnostic Description
provided by FAO species catalogs
Body subcylindrical, belly rather rounded (but body more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded (without fleshy outgrowths); 3 to 5 distinct bony Strive radiating downward on lower part of operculum; lower gillrakers 44 to 106, not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, ping the lower. Pelvic fin insertion well behind dorsal fin origin; last two anal finrays enlarged. A series of dark spots along upper flanks, sometimes with a second or even third series below.
- Banarescu, 1968(Black Sea)
- Bini, 1970(Mediterranean)
- FNAM, 1984(synopsis)
- Gómez Larrañeta, 1960(biology, synopsis)
- Svetovidov, 1952, 1963(Russia)
- Wheeler, 1969(UK)
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Distribution
provided by FAO species catalogs
Coasts of eastern North Atlantic, from Iceland (rare) and North Sea, southward to Bay de Goree, Senegal (14° 43' N) (extension of southern limit by about 15° in the last decade); also Mediterranean (common in western part and in Adriatic, rare in eastern part), Sea of Marmara and Black Sea.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
provided by FAO species catalogs
To 25 cm standard length, usually to 20 cm.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
provided by FAO species catalogs
Coastal, pelagic,usually at 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night,schooling, migratory. Breeds at 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea from April (English Channel), June to August (North Sea, also Black Sea), September to May (off European coasts of Mediterranean) and November to June (off African coasts of Mediterranean). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also larger organisms.
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Benefits
provided by FAO species catalogs
Sardina pilchardus is an important fishery species in the areas 34 (783 564 t in 1995), 37 (236 928 t) and 27 (186 636 t). Since 1950 the catches have been steadily increasing, reaching two peaks in 1976 (1 315 685 t) and 1990 (1 525 184 t). Caught with purse seines and lamparas (light fishing), also gillnets, beach seines, trap nets and occasionally high opening bottom trawls (French Mediterranean Coast). The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 901 427 t. The countries with the largest catches were Morocco (429 732 t) and Spain (128 231 t).
- bibliographic citation
- FAO Species catalogue Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. (Suborder CLUPEOIDEI) An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1. Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae.Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. FAO Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.7 Pt. 1:303 p.
- author
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Body sub-cylindrical, belly rather rounded (but more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded (without fleshy outgrowths) ; 3 to 5 distinct body striae radiating downward on lower part of operculum; lower gill rakers not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, the upper series not overlapping the lower. Last 2 anal fin rays enlarged.
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
Breeds at 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea.
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Migration
provided by Fishbase
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13 - 21; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 12 - 23
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Undergoes diel vertical migration, going deeper during the day and rising near the surface at night. Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Spawn in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Forms schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Stomach fullness and color indices were used to determine feeding intensity and food quality of juveniles and adult sardines (Ref. 55906).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Form schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846), in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a mean diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Also utilized dried or salted and smoked; can be pan-fried, broiled and microwaved (Ref. 9988).
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: highly commercial; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
European pilchard
provided by wikipedia EN
The European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the monotypic genus Sardina. The young of the species are among the many fish that are sometimes called sardines.[3][4] This common species is found in the northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea at depths of 10–100 m (33–328 ft).[1] It reaches up to 27.5 cm (10.8 in) in length and mostly feeds on planktonic crustaceans.[2] This schooling species is a batch spawner where each female lays 50,000–60,000 eggs.[2]
Description
The European pilchard is a small to medium-sized, somewhat elongated, herring-like fish. The origin of the pelvic fins is well behind that of the dorsal fin, and the last two soft rays on the anal fin are larger than the remainder. The upper parts are green or olive, the flanks are golden and the belly is silvery.[3]
Distribution and habitat
The European pilchard occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Its range extends from Iceland and the southern part of Norway and Sweden southwards to Senegal in West Africa. In the Mediterranean Sea it is common in the western half and the Adriatic Sea, but uncommon in the eastern half and the Black Sea.[5] It is a migratory, schooling, largely coastal species but sometimes travels as far as 100 km (62 mi) out to sea. During the day it is mostly in the depth range 25 to 55 m (80 to 180 ft) but can go as deep as 100 m (330 ft). At night it is generally from 10 to 35 m (33 to 115 ft) beneath the surface.[1]
Ecology
Juveniles schooling by day in shallow water in the
Ligurian Sea, Italy
In the Mediterranean, the European pilchard moves offshore in the autumn, preferring the deeper cooler waters and constant salinity out at sea to the variable temperatures and salinities of inshore waters. Spawning starts to take place in winter, and in early spring, juveniles, larvae and some adults move towards the coast, while other adults migrate inshore later in the year. Multiple batches of eggs are produced over a long breeding period, total fecundity being 50,000 to 60,000. Most juveniles become sexually mature at about a year old and a length of 13 to 14 cm (5.1 to 5.5 in); pilchards are fully grown at about 21 cm (8.3 in) when aged about eight years.[6]
The diet consists of both zooplankton and phytoplankton. The zooplankton is largely copepods and their larvae, which make daily vertical migrations to feed near the surface at night, and this is when the adult pilchards feed on them; juveniles feed during the day as well.[6] Along with the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), the European pilchard plays an important intermediate role in the Mediterranean ecosystem as a consumer of plankton and as a food for larger demersal predators such as the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and the European conger eel (Conger conger). This role is particularly noticeable in the Adriatic Sea where the water is shallow, the food chain is shorter and energy is retained within the basin; overfishing of pilchard and anchovy can thus cause dramatic changes in the ecosystem.[6]
Fisheries and uses
European pilchards, center right, are the cheapest thing for sale at this fish stall in
Syracuse, Sicily
There are important fisheries for this species in most of its range. It is mainly caught with purse seines and lampara nets, but other methods are also used including bottom trawling with high opening nets. In total, around a million tonnes are taken annually, with Morocco, Portugal and Spain having the largest catches. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) considers the Moroccan fishery overfished.[5]
The adults may be sold as pilchards; the juveniles, as sardines.[3] The terms "sardine" and "pilchard” are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's Sea Fish Industry Authority, for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.[7] One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than 15 cm (6 in) are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards.[8] The FAO/WHO Codex standard for canned sardines cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines.[4]
The fish is sold fresh, frozen or canned, or is salted and smoked or dried; as the flesh is of low value, some of the catch is used for fishing bait, fertilizer and some is manufactured into fish meal.[1]
See also
References
-
^ a b c d Tous, P.; Sidibé, A.; Mbye, E.; de Morais, L.; Camara, Y.H.; Adeofe, T.A.; Munroe, T.; Camara, K.; Cissoko, K.; Djiman, R.; Sagna, A.; Sylla, M. (2015). "Sardina pilchardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198580A15542481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198580A15542481.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Sardina pilchardus" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
-
^ a b c "European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus)". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
-
^ a b "Codex standard for canned sardines and sardine-type products codex stan 94 –1981 REV. 1–1995" (PDF). Codex Alimentarius. FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. pp. 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
-
^ a b "Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)". Species Fact Sheet. FAO. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
-
^ a b c Gibson, R.N.; Atkinson, R.J.A.; Gordon, J.D.M. (2016). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. CRC Press. pp. 209–226. ISBN 978-1-4200-9422-0.
-
^ "FAQs". Seafish. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
-
^ Stummer, Robin (17 August 2003). "Who are you calling pilchard? It's 'Cornish sardine' to you..." The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
European pilchard: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the monotypic genus Sardina. The young of the species are among the many fish that are sometimes called sardines. This common species is found in the northeast Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea at depths of 10–100 m (33–328 ft). It reaches up to 27.5 cm (10.8 in) in length and mostly feeds on planktonic crustaceans. This schooling species is a batch spawner where each female lays 50,000–60,000 eggs.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors