Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth distinctly less than head length, 2.9-3.4 in SL (for specimens 11-47 cm SL); head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; head pointed, dorsal profile almost straight; preopercle rounded, finely serrate; opercular spines inconspicuous; upper edge of operculum straight, sinuous or slightly convex; maxilla naked, mostly covered by upper lip; small or absent canines at front of jaws; midlateral part of lower jaw with 3-5 rows of small teeth; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 13-17 in juveniles and 4-8 in upper limb for adults larger than 25 cm SL; adults with ctenoid scales on body in broad zone along middle of side, cycloid elsewhere and with numerous auxiliary scales; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fins large and fleshy, with 17-19 rays, the fin length 1.5-2.1 in HL; short pelvic fins, not reaching anus, 2.0-2.7 in head length. Colour of adults brownish grey, the body covered with small pale spots overlain with large pale blotches; oblique black saddle on rear half of peduncle; 4-5 indistinct black blotches at base of dorsal fin; prominent black streak on maxillary groove; large adults brownish, covered with small, indistinct, contiguous pale spots; juveniles (less than 25 cm) dark grey to black, covered with prominent pupil-size white spots and smaller white dots (Ref. 39231, 89707, 90102).
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 17; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Occur in rocky or coral-rich areas of deep lagoons, channels and outer reef slopes; usually in or near caves. Juveniles are found in tidepools. Feed on fish and crustaceans (Ref. 6113) with main food as benthic invertebrates >2 mm (Ref. 11889).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Occurs in rocky or coral-rich areas of deep lagoons, channels and outer reef slopes; usually in or near caves (Ref. 089707). Solitary (Ref 90102). Juveniles are found in tide pools. Feeds on fish and crustaceans (Ref. 6113). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Caught with hook-and-line, spear, and in traps and probably of some importance to fisheries in areas where it is common (Ref. 39231).
- Recorder
- Estelita Emily Capuli
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; price category: very high; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus
- Recorder
- Estelita Emily Capuli
分布
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-太平洋區，西至非洲東岸，但不含紅海，東至斐濟，北至日本南部，南至澳洲北部。台灣各地有產，尤於澎湖及南部海域最多。
利用
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
具經濟性之食用魚。一般漁法以拖網及一支釣捕獲。清蒸食用佳。
描述
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體長橢圓形，側扁而粗壯，標準體長為體高之2.9-3.4倍。頭背部斜直；眶間區平坦。眼小，短於吻長。口大；上下頜前端具小犬齒或無，兩側齒細尖，下頜約3-5列。鰓耙數8-10+13-17，隨著成長而逐漸退化。前鰓蓋骨後緣微具鋸齒，下緣光滑。鰓蓋骨後緣具不甚明顯之扁棘。體被細小櫛鱗；側線鱗孔數51-61；縱列鱗數86-109。背鰭鰭棘部與軟條部相連，無缺刻，具硬棘XI，軟條15-17；臀鰭硬棘III枚，軟條8；腹鰭腹位，末端延伸不及肛門開口；胸鰭圓形，中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條，且長於腹鰭，但短於後眼眶長；尾鰭圓形。體側及各鰭暗黑色而具有大小略同之白點，隨著體型成長，體漸呈灰褐色，白點會漸漸擴大而模糊，形成大小不一的灰白色斑點；背鰭、尾鰭和臀鰭有一非常窄的白色邊。
棲地
provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要棲息於珊瑚礁繁盛之水域、潟湖區、水道或外礁斜坡區，深度在2-65公尺深處。一般生活在洞穴內或洞穴外圍，幼魚則常可發現於潮池區。以魚類及甲殼類為食。
Whitespotted grouper
provided by wikipedia EN
The whitespotted grouper (Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus), also known as the rankin cod, ocellated rockcod, small-spotted cod, white-spotted reef-cod or whitespotted rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has an Indo-Pacific distribution . It is closely related to two other species of white spotted groupers in the genus Epinephelus.
Description
The whitespotted grouper is a moderately deep-bodied fish growing to a maximum length of about 76 cm (30 in). There are three to five rows of teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin has eleven spines and about sixteen soft rays and the anal fin has three spines and eight soft rays. The pelvic fins are short and the caudal fin is rounded. The top edge of the opercular cover is only slightly convex and the posterior edge curves at an acute angle. The head, body and dorsal fin are dark brownish-grey, spotted with large white blotches. In large adults, over about 30 cm (12 in), the white patches tend to merge into wavy bands or mottling.[3][4]
Distribution
The whitespotted grouper is found in shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region. Its range extends from the coast of East Africa and the Persian Gulf eastwards to Japan, China, Indonesia, Australia, Fiji and Tonga.[1]
Ecology
The whitespotted grouper is a demersal, shallow-water, reef-associated fish.[3] It is generally found in rocky areas, or near where coral is growing in deep lagoons, or on outer reef slopes or channels, often near or in caves. It is not a schooling fish and is usually seen singly.[3] It feeds on small fish and crustaceans, with crustaceans making up the greatest part of its diet. Little is known about its reproduction and life history.[1]
Status
The whitespotted grouper has a wide range and is common in places and uncommon in others. The population trend for this fish is unknown but it is caught in artisan fisheries throughout its range. The fish is found in a number of protected areas and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".[1]
Parasites
As all fish, the whitespotted grouper has many parasite species. The diplectanid monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus bacchus is a parasite of the gills.[5] Other parasites include copepods and species of Haliotrema (Monogenea) on the gills and the opecoelid digenean Cainocreadium epinepheli in the caeca.[5]
Taxonomy
The whitespotted grouper was first formally described as Holocentrus coeruleopunctatus in 1790 by the German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) with the type locality not given but thought to be Indonesia.[6] This species is closely related to other species of grouper marked with white spots Epinephelus ongus, Epinephelus summana, and Epinephelus corallicola. [3]
References
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^ a b c d Fennessy, S. (2018). "Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T132751A46628285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132751A46628285.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ Bailly, Nicolas (2015). "Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Bloch, 1790)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
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^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
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^ Smith, Margaret M.; Heemstra, Phillip C. (2012). Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 522–523. ISBN 978-3-642-82858-4.
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^ a b Sigura, Aude; Chauvet, Claude; Justine, Jean-Lou (2007). "Pseudorhabdosynochus bacchus sp. nov. (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia". Acta Parasitologica. 52 (3). doi:10.2478/s11686-007-0028-x. ISSN 1896-1851. S2CID 21628540.
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^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Holocentrus coeruleopunctatus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
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Whitespotted grouper: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The whitespotted grouper (Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus), also known as the rankin cod, ocellated rockcod, small-spotted cod, white-spotted reef-cod or whitespotted rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has an Indo-Pacific distribution . It is closely related to two other species of white spotted groupers in the genus Epinephelus.
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