dcsimg

Scientists Discover New Species in One of World’s Deepest Ocean Trenches

provided by EOL authors
The findings by a team of marine biologists from Aberdeen, Tokyo and New Zealand, have shed new light on life in the deepest places on Earth and the global distribution of fish in our oceans. The expedition to the Peru-Chile trench in the South East Pacific Ocean revealed a new species of snailfish living at 7000m, never before caught or captured on camera. Mass groupings of cusk-eels and large crustacean scavengers were also discovered living at these depths for the first time. During the three-week expedition on the research vessel Sonne, the team of scientists employed state-of-the-art deep-sea imaging technology, including an ultra-deep free-falling baited camera system, to take a total of 6000 images between 4500 and 8000 metres deep within the trench. The expedition is the seventh to take place as part of HADEEP -- a collaborative research project between the University of Aberdeen's Oceanlab and the University of Tokyo's Ocean Research Institute, with support from New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research institute (NIWA). The HADEEP team has been investigating extreme depths across the globe for 3 years. Their findings to date have included capturing the world's deepest fish on camera for the first time. These latest discoveries provide a new insight into the depths at which fish survive and the diversity of populations which could exist in the deepest points of oceans across the globe. Dr Alan Jamieson from the University of Aberdeen's Oceanlab, who led the expedition said: "Our findings, which revealed diverse and abundant species at depths previously thought to be void of fish, will prompt a rethink into marine populations at extreme depths. "This expedition was prompted by our findings in 2008 and 2009 off Japan and New Zealand where we discovered new species of snailfish known as Liparids -- inhabiting trenches off Japan and New Zealand at depths of approximately 7000m -- with each trench hosting its own unique species of the fish. "To test whether these species would be found in all trenches, we repeated our experiments on the other side of the Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, some 6000 miles from our last observations. "What we found was that indeed there was another unique species of snailfish living at 7000m -- entirely new to science, which had never been caught or seen before. "A species of cusk-eel -- known as Ophidiids -- also gathered at our camera and began a feeding frenzy that lasted 22 hours -- the entire duration of the deployment. "Further research needs to be conducted to decipher whether this is also an entirely new species of cusk-eel that we have discovered. "Our investigations also revealed a species of crustacean scavengers -- known as amphipods -- which we previously did not know existed at these depths in such great numbers. Dr Niamh Kilgallen, an amphipod expert from NIWA said:"The sheer abundance of these big amphipods was overwhelming, particularly at 7000 and 8000m, which is much deeper than they have been found in any other trench. It begs the question of why and how they can live so deep in this trench but not in any other." Dr Toyonobu Fujii, a deep-sea fish expert from the University of Aberdeen said "How deep fish can live has long been an intriguing question and the results from this expedition has provided deeper insight into our understanding of the global distribution of fish in the oceans." Dr Jamieson added: "These findings prompt a re-evaluation of the diversity and abundance of life at extreme depths. Furthermore, it is now apparent that each of the deep trenches across the globe hosts a unique assembly of animals which can differ greatly from trench to trench. The immense isolation of each trench draws parallels with island evolution theory popularised by Darwin's finches." The HADEEP project is funded by the Nippon Foundation, Japan, and NERC, UK.
license
cc-by-nc
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Snailfish

provided by wikipedia EN

Liparis catharus

The snailfishes or sea snails are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes.[1]

Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species,[2] but there are also many undescribed species.[3] Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,330 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches.[4]

Taxonomy

The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861.[5] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within superfamily Cyclopteroidea, part of the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes.[6] Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify the two families within it, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sculpins, within the order Perciformes.[7] An osteological analysis found that the genus Bathylutichthys was intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the two families making up the Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the Cottoidei.[8]

Molecular biology

Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other ray-finned fishes (also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both the Yap hadal Snailfish and Mariana hadal Snailfish have been found to contain an abundance of the fmo3 gene, which produces the trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) protein stabilizer.[4][9] Analysis of Yap hadal Snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in the deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of crystallin genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts.[9] Meanwhile, Mariana hadal Snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the mc1r pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal Snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to a mutation in bglap which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity.[4]

Description

Snailfish have tadpole-like bodies and are similar in profile to the rattails. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy, especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions.[10] Some species, such as Acantholiparis opercularis, have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals' lateral line system.[11]

The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic Paraliparis devriesi, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud.[12] The snailfish are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc is absent in Paraliparis and Nectoliparis species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in Snailfish.[13]

Snailfish range in size from Paraliparis australis at 5 cm (2.0 in) to Polypera simushirae at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach a weight of 11 kg (24 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries.

It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal.

Occurrence and habitat

Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of slightly more than 8,330 m (27,330 ft). This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish.[14] It has been found that they travel from the abyssal to the hadal zone over their lifetime.[15] They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater.[3][14][16] They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as Liparis atlanticus and Liparus gibbus, having type-1 antifreeze proteins.[17] It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish).[12]

The diminutive inquiline snailfish (Liparis inquilinus) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Liparis tunicatus lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The single species in genus Rhodichthys is endemic to the Norwegian Sea.[18] Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes.

In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the Japan Trench.[19] These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench,[20] and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench.[14][21] The species in these deepest records remain undescribed, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is Pseudoliparis swirei, also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft).[14][22] In general, snailfish (notably genera Notoliparis and Pseudoliparis) are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone.[22] Through genomic analysis it was found that Pseudoliparis swirei possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color.[4] There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[23]

Reproduction and life span

Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals.[24] Based on the literature, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm or 0.37 in) but the number of eggs is species dependent.[14] The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning.[25] Some species deposit their egg masses among cold-water corals, kelp, stones, or xenophyophores and males will sometimes guard the egg mass.[3][24][26][27] At least one species, Careproctus ovigerus of the North Pacific, is known to practice mouth brooding where the male snailfish carries the developing eggs around in his mouth. Other species of the genus Careproctus, are parasitic, laying their eggs in the gill cavities of king crabs. The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether.[28] However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs.[3] The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate the shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish, Caraproctus pallidus, that utilize the golden king crab as a host, has larvae with a lower energy content that normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy, is due to the energy and safety provided by the king crabs and the adult snailfish not needed to expend as much energy producing a really energy-rich yolk sac.[29] A different species, Careproctus rhodomelas, was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime.[30]

After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year,[26] but others have life spans of more than a decade.[31] They have extremely high growth rates, and their food selection changes throughout their lifespan.[32] Otolith analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth.[33] By further examining the morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be evident that snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species.[34]

Very little is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of Careproctus pallidus are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display.[35] [36]It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory lateral line to communicate.

Diet

In a 2007 study of fish in the hadal zone, it was revealed that snailfish usually feed on amphipods, which were also attracted to the chum that the researchers left out.

Larval snailfish feed on a mix of plankton, small and large copepods, and amphipods. The diet of larval snailfish contains 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods.[37]

Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories: gammarid, krill, natantian decapods, other crustaceans, fish, and others.[38] Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have the highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be piscivorous.[38]

With the Okhotsk snailfish (Liparis ochotensis), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and crangonidae numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods.[39] There are also snailfish localized to the Terpeniya Bay that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish.[39]

The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat, making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others.[40]

The ambush hunting methods employed by the Simushir snailfish (Polypera simushirae) are unique among snailfish. They have the ability to blend into the ground, waiting to surprise the next organism to wander into their path. The top prey for this species are fish, making up 97.7% of their overall food intake.[41]

Genera

This family contains these genera as of 2020:[2]

References

  1. ^ "The Sea Snails. Family Liparidae". Gulf of Maine Research Institute. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2015). "Liparidae" in FishBase. February 2015 version.
  3. ^ a b c d Gardner, J.R.; J.W. Orr; D.E. Stevenson; I. Spies; D.A. Somerton (2016). "Reproductive Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)". Copeia. 104 (3): 645–657. doi:10.1643/CI-15-374. S2CID 89241686.
  4. ^ a b c d Wang, Kun; Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Yongzhi; Gan, Xiaoni; Liu, Guichun; Hu, Kuang; Li, Yongxin; Gao, Zhaoming; Zhu, Li; Yan, Guoyong; He, Lisheng (2019). "Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (5): 823–833. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0864-8. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30988486.
  5. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  6. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  7. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  8. ^ Voskoboinikova, O.S. (2015). "Comparative osteology of Bathylutichthys balushkini and relationship of the family Bathylutichthyidae (Cottoidei)". Journal of Ichthyology. 55 (3): 303–310. doi:10.1134/S0032945215030157. S2CID 255278517.
  9. ^ a b Mu, Yinnan; Bian, Chao; Liu, Ruoyu; Wang, Yuguang; Shao, Guangming; Li, Jia; Qiu, Ying; He, Tianliang; Li, Wanru; Ao, Jingqun; Shi, Qiong; Chen, Xinhua (2021-05-13). "Whole genome sequencing of a snailfish from the Yap Trench (~7,000 m) clarifies the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to the deep sea". PLOS Genetics. 17 (5): e1009530. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009530. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 8118300. PMID 33983934.
  10. ^ Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Linley, Thomas D.; Summers, Adam P.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Yancey, Paul H. (December 2017). "Distribution, composition and functions of gelatinous tissues in deep-sea fishes". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (12): 171063. doi:10.1098/rsos.171063. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5750012. PMID 29308245.
  11. ^ Chernova, Natalia (2006). "New and rare snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) with the description of four new species from the Southern Hemisphere and tropical east Pacific". Journal of Ichthyology. 46: S1–S14. doi:10.1134/S0032945206100018. hdl:1834/17070. S2CID 10286241.
  12. ^ a b Eastman, J.T.; M.J. Lannoo (1998). "Morphology of the Brain and Sense Organs in the Snailfish Paraliparis devriesi: Neural Convergence and Sensory Compensation on the Antarctic Shelf". Journal of Morphology. 237 (3): 213–236. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3<213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-#. PMID 9734067. S2CID 29489951.
  13. ^ Gerringer, M. E.; Dias, A. S.; von Hagel, A. A.; Orr, J. W.; Summers, A. P.; Farina, S. (December 2021). "Habitat influences skeletal morphology and density in the snailfishes (family Liparidae)". Frontiers in Zoology. 18 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12983-021-00399-9. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 8052763. PMID 33863343.
  14. ^ a b c d e Gerringer, M.E.; T.D. Linley; P.H. Yancey; A.J. Jamieson; E. Goetze; J.C. Drazen (2016). "Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench". Zootaxa. 4358 (1): 161–177. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7. PMID 29245485.
  15. ^ Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Linley, Thomas D.; Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2021-10-22). "Revision of the depth record of bony fishes with notes on hadal snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) and cusk eels (Ophidiidae, Ophidiiformes)". Marine Biology. 168 (11): 167. doi:10.1007/s00227-021-03950-8. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 239503084.
  16. ^ Sakurai, H.; G. Shinohara (2008). "Careproctus rotundifrons, a New Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from Japan". Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. A (Suppl. 2): 39–45.
  17. ^ Evans, R.E.; G.L. Fletcher (2001). "Isolation and characterization of type I antifreeze proteins from Atlantic snailfish (Liparis atlanticus) and dusky snailfish (Liparis gibbus)". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1547 (Suppl. 2): 235–244. doi:10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00190-X. PMID 11410279.
  18. ^ Hogan, C.M. (2011): Norwegian Sea. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Saundry, P. & Cleveland, C.J. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
  19. ^ Morelle, Rebecca (2008). "'Deepest ever' living fish filmed". BBC News.
  20. ^ Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-19). "New record for deepest fish". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  21. ^ "Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded". CBC News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  22. ^ a b Linley, T.D.; M.E. Gerringer; P.H. Yancey; J.C. Drazen; C.L. Weinstock; A.J. Jamieson (2016). "Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 114: 99–110. Bibcode:2016DSRI..114...99L. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003.
  23. ^ Gerringer, M.E.; A.H. Andrews; G.R. Huus; K. Nagashima; B.N. Popp; T.D. Linley; N.D. Gallo; M.R. Clark; A.J. Jamieson; J.C. Drazen (2017). "Life history of abyssal and hadal fishes from otolith growth zones and oxygen isotopic compositions". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 132: 37–50. Bibcode:2018DSRI..132...37G. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2017.12.002.
  24. ^ a b Stein, David L. (1980). "Aspects of Reproduction of Liparid Fishes from the Continental Slope and Abyssal Plain off Oregon, with Notes on Growth". Copeia. 1980 (4): 687–699. doi:10.2307/1444445. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1444445.
  25. ^ Stein, David L. (December 16, 2016). "Description of a New Hadal Notoliparis from the Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Redescription of Notoliparis kermadecensis (Nielsen) (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes)". Copeia. American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology. 104 (4): 907–920. doi:10.1643/CI-16-451. S2CID 90397099.
  26. ^ a b Kawasaki, I.; J. Hashimoto; H. Honda; A. Otake (1983). "Selection of Life Histories and its Adaptive Significance in a Snailfish Liparis tanakai from Sendai Bay". Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 49 (3): 367–377. doi:10.2331/suisan.49.367.
  27. ^ Chernova, N. V. (2014-09-01). "New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae)". Journal of Ichthyology. 54 (8): 501–512. doi:10.1134/S0032945214050038. ISSN 1555-6425. S2CID 255271977.
  28. ^ Love, David C.; Shirley, Thomas C. (1993). "Parasitism of the Golden King Crab, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) by a Liparid Fish". Crustaceana. 65 (1): 97–104. doi:10.1163/156854093X00414. ISSN 0011-216X. JSTOR 20104874.
  29. ^ Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01). "Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)". Polar Biology. 42 (6): 1199–1204. doi:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9. ISSN 1432-2056. S2CID 253811268.
  30. ^ Takemura, A.; Tamotsu, S.; Miwa, T.; Yamamoto, H. (2010-10-14). "Preliminary results on the reproduction of a deep-sea snailfish Careproctus rhodomelas around the active hydrothermal vent on the Hatoma Knoll, Okinawa, Japan". Journal of Fish Biology. 77 (7): 1709–1715. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02789.x. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 21078029.
  31. ^ Orlov, A.M.; A.M. Tokranov (2011). "Some Rare and Insufficiently Studied Snailfish (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes, Pisces) in the Pacific Waters off the Northern Kuril Islands and Southeastern Kamchatka, Russia". ISRN Zoology. 201: 341640. doi:10.5402/2011/341640.
  32. ^ Hashimoto, H. et al. (1983) Selection of Life Histories and its Adaptive Significance in a Snailfish Liparis tanakai from Sendai Bay. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 49 (3), 367-377. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/suisan1932/49/3/49_3_367/_pdf
  33. ^ Gerringer, M.E.; Andrews, A.H.; Huss, G.R.; Nagashima, K.; Popp, B.N.; Linley, T.D.; Gallo, N.D.; Clark, M.R.; Jamieson, A.J.; Drazen, J.C. (2018). "Life history of abyssal and hadal fishes from otolith growth zones and oxygen isotopic compositions". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 132: 37–50. Bibcode:2018DSRI..132...37G. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2017.12.002.
  34. ^ Gerringer, M E (2019). "On the Success of the Hadal Snailfishes". Integrative Organismal Biology (Oxford, England). 1 (1): obz004. doi:10.1093/iob/obz004. PMC 7671157. PMID 33791521. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  35. ^ Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01). "Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)". Polar Biology. 42 (6): 1199–1204. doi:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9. ISSN 1432-2056. S2CID 253811268.
  36. ^ Mori, Toshiaki; Fukuda, Kazuya; Ohtsuka, Syouko; Yamauchi, Shinya; Yoshinaga, Tatsuki (2022-02-28). "Reproductive behavior and alternative reproductive strategy in the deep-sea snailfish, Careproctus pellucidus". Marine Biology. 169 (3): 42. doi:10.1007/s00227-022-04028-9. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 247174198.
  37. ^ Walkusz, Wojciech; Paulic, Joclyn E.; Wong, Sally; Kwasniewski, Slawomir; Papst, Michael H.; Reist, James D. (2016-04-01). "Spatial distribution and diet of larval snailfishes (Liparis fabricii, Liparis gibbus, Liparis tunicatus) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea". Oceanologia. 58 (2): 117–123. Bibcode:2016Ocga...58..117W. doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.001. ISSN 0078-3234.
  38. ^ a b Tomiyama, Takeshi; Yamada, Manabu; Yoshida, Tetsuya (2013). "Seasonal migration of the snailfish Liparis tanakae and their habitat overlap with 0-year-old Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 93 (7): 1981–1987. doi:10.1017/S0025315413000544. ISSN 0025-3154. S2CID 86766467.
  39. ^ a b Panchenko, V. V.; Pushchina, O. I. (2022-02-01). "Distribution, Size Composition, and Feeding of the Okhotsk Snailfish Liparis ochotensis (Liparidae) in the Waters of the Primorye (Sea of Japan)". Journal of Ichthyology. 62 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1134/S003294522201009X. ISSN 0032-9452. S2CID 255276166.
  40. ^ "The significance of food web structures for the condition and tracer lipid content of juvenile snail fish". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  41. ^ Poltev, Yu. N. (2022-04-01). "Biological Characteristics of Simushir Snailfish Polypera simushirae (Liparidae) from the Pacific Waters of the Northern Kuril Islands in Autumn". Journal of Ichthyology. 62 (2): 236–243. doi:10.1134/S0032945222010106. ISSN 1555-6425. S2CID 255275689.
  42. ^ Stein D.L. (2012). "A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species". Zootaxa. 3588: 1–54. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3588.1.1.
  43. ^ Balushkin A.V. (2012). "Volodichthys gen. nov. New Species of the Primitive Snailfish (Liparidae: Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Description of New Species V. solovjevae sp. nov. (Cooperation Sea, the Antarctic)". Journal of Ichthyology. 52 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1134/s0032945212010018. S2CID 12642696.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Snailfish: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Liparis marmoratus Liparis catharus Liparis fabricii

The snailfishes or sea snails are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes.

Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species. Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow surface waters to greater than 8,330 meters, and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN