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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al., syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl.Abraded Camouflage Lichen, DE: Gold-BrownflechteSlo.: zlati rjavekDat.: March 27. 2018Code: Bot_1117/2018_DSC1403 Picture file names: from Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_7 to Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_10 and Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_5.Lat.: 46.36026 Long.: 13.702619Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen.Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done.Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank.Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera)(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(4)
lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(6)
www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera (7)
dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&...
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Granville, Massachusetts, United States
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Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., syn: Cladonia major (K.G. Hagen) Sandst., Cladonia minor f. simplex (Weiss) M. Choisy, Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata (L.) Leight., Scyphophorus fimbriatus (L.) GrayFamily: CladoniaceaeEN: Powdered Trumpet Lichen, Trumpet Lichen, DE: TrompetenflechteSlo.: lepi jelenovecDat.: May 8. 2021Lat.: 46.35968 Long.: 13.70494Code: Bot_ 1366/2021_DSC2709Habitat: next to a mountain path, grassland with stony walls and scattered trees; former pasture, locally flat terrain, calcareous ground, partly sunny; partly protected from direct rain by a tree canopy, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 550 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rotten deciduous tree stump in its final disintegration stage, tree species undetermined; possibly Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near the abandoned farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments (pertain to Flick album: 'Cladonia fimbriata - II'): Cladonia fimbriata is a common and widespread lichen. It belongs to 'Cladonia pyxidata' group of lichens having trumpet like podetia when not sterile. There are several members of this group not always easy to be determined to species level. They usually have very similar, small ground (primary) squamules. The size, shape, surface of podetia and color of eventually present apothecia or pycnidia are important distinguishing field characters, chemical tests help a lot in confirmation of determinations. Cladonia fimbriata has slender, stout podetia, with relatively shallow cups (abruptly joined to long stalks in mature podetia) with mostly even margins except when fertile having apothecia or pycnidia (in the form of small brown dots - see Fig. 14). Their surface is allover covered by very small, farinose soredia and sometimes with relatively few, if any, small secondary squamules. (1) V. Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p57. (2) I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p254. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 358.(4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 327.(5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002). p 86.
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Big Hammock Nature Reserve
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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al., syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl.Abraded Camouflage Lichen, DE: Gold-BrownflechteSlo.: zlati rjavekDat.: March 27. 2018Code: Bot_1117/2018_DSC1403 Picture file names: from Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_7 to Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_10 and Melanelixia-subaurifera_raw_5.Lat.: 46.36026 Long.: 13.702619Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen.Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done.Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank.Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera)(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(4)
lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(6)
www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera (7)
dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&...
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Flavoparmelia caperata, a green shield lichen, Maine, 28th November 2008, mixed coastal forest. The identification is tentative and I would welcome confirmation or correction.
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Cradley, Malvern, Worcs. SO7347
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Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue., syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach.Family: ParmeliaceaeWolf lichen, DE: WolfsflechteSlo.: volji liajLat.: 46.47135 Long.: 13.52562Code: Bot_1080/2017_DSC02854 Picture file names: from Letharia-vulpina_raw_10 to Letharia-vulpina_raw_14.Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1.655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on bark of old, living Larix decidua tree.Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey.This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences.(2)
lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017)(3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412.(4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34.(5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556.(6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al., syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl.Abraded Camouflage Lichen, DE: Gold-BrownflechteSlo.: zlati rjavekDat.: Jan. 13. 2018Code: Bot_1104/2018_DSC0236 Lat.: 46.36026 Long.: 13.702619Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen.Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done.Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank.Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera)(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(4)
lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(6)
www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera (7)
dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&...
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue., syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach.Family: ParmeliaceaeWolf lichen, DE: WolfsflechteSlo.: volji liajLat.: 46.47135 Long.: 13.52562Code: Bot_1080/2017_DSC02854 Picture file names: from Letharia-vulpina_raw_10 to Letharia-vulpina_raw_14.Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1.655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on bark of old, living Larix decidua tree.Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey.This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences.(2)
lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017)(3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412.(4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34.(5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556.(6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al., syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl.Abraded Camouflage Lichen, DE: Gold-BrownflechteSlo.: zlati rjavekDat.: April 8. 2018Code: Bot_1120/2018_DSC1775 Lat.: 46.36026 Long.: 13.702619Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen.Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done.Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank.Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera)(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(4)
lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera)(6)
www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera (7)
dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&...
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Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., syn: Cladonia major (K.G. Hagen) Sandst., Cladonia minor f. simplex (Weiss) M. Choisy, Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata (L.) Leight., Scyphophorus fimbriatus (L.) GrayFamily: CladoniaceaeEN: Powdered Trumpet Lichen, Trumpet Lichen, DE: TrompetenflechteSlo.: lepi jelenovecDat.: May 8. 2021Lat.: 46.35968 Long.: 13.70494Code: Bot_ 1366/2021_DSC2709Habitat: next to a mountain path, grassland with stony walls and scattered trees; former pasture, locally flat terrain, calcareous ground, partly sunny; partly protected from direct rain by a tree canopy, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 550 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rotten deciduous tree stump in its final disintegration stage, tree species undetermined; possibly Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near the abandoned farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments (pertain to Flick album: 'Cladonia fimbriata - II'): Cladonia fimbriata is a common and widespread lichen. It belongs to 'Cladonia pyxidata' group of lichens having trumpet like podetia when not sterile. There are several members of this group not always easy to be determined to species level. They usually have very similar, small ground (primary) squamules. The size, shape, surface of podetia and color of eventually present apothecia or pycnidia are important distinguishing field characters, chemical tests help a lot in confirmation of determinations. Cladonia fimbriata has slender, stout podetia, with relatively shallow cups (abruptly joined to long stalks in mature podetia) with mostly even margins except when fertile having apothecia or pycnidia (in the form of small brown dots - see Fig. 14). Their surface is allover covered by very small, farinose soredia and sometimes with relatively few, if any, small secondary squamules. (1) V. Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p57. (2) I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p254. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 358.(4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 327.(5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002). p 86.
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Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue., syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach.Family: ParmeliaceaeWolf lichen, DE: WolfsflechteSlo.: volji liajLat.: 46.47135 Long.: 13.52562Code: Bot_1080/2017_DSC02854 Picture file names: from Letharia-vulpina_raw_10 to Letharia-vulpina_raw_14.Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1.655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on bark of old, living Larix decidua tree.Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey.This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences.(2)
lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017)(3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412.(4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34.(5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556.(6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., syn: Cladonia major (K.G. Hagen) Sandst., Cladonia minor f. simplex (Weiss) M. Choisy, Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata (L.) Leight., Scyphophorus fimbriatus (L.) GrayFamily: CladoniaceaeEN: Powdered Trumpet Lichen, Trumpet Lichen, DE: TrompetenflechteSlo.: lepi jelenovecDat.: May 8. 2021Lat.: 46.35968 Long.: 13.70494Code: Bot_ 1366/2021_DSC2709Habitat: next to a mountain path, grassland with stony walls and scattered trees; former pasture, locally flat terrain, calcareous ground, partly sunny; partly protected from direct rain by a tree canopy, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 550 m (1.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rotten deciduous tree stump in its final disintegration stage, tree species undetermined; possibly Juglans regia.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near the abandoned farmhouse Skokar, Trenta 2, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments (pertain to Flick album: 'Cladonia fimbriata - II'): Cladonia fimbriata is a common and widespread lichen. It belongs to 'Cladonia pyxidata' group of lichens having trumpet like podetia when not sterile. There are several members of this group not always easy to be determined to species level. They usually have very similar, small ground (primary) squamules. The size, shape, surface of podetia and color of eventually present apothecia or pycnidia are important distinguishing field characters, chemical tests help a lot in confirmation of determinations. Cladonia fimbriata has slender, stout podetia, with relatively shallow cups (abruptly joined to long stalks in mature podetia) with mostly even margins except when fertile having apothecia or pycnidia (in the form of small brown dots - see Fig. 14). Their surface is allover covered by very small, farinose soredia and sometimes with relatively few, if any, small secondary squamules. (1) V. Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p57. (2) I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p254. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 358.(4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 327.(5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002). p 86.
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