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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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We found a few different Russulas during our short walk up to the lookout. Unfortunately, one of the other ones was a bit too far past it for photography. Pretty sure as I can be from photographs that this one is Russula clelandii. Pink cap, creamy-white gills, pink stipe.
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kultahaperoKerava, Finland2009-07-29
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italia
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Lactarius salmonicolorSlo.: lososova sirovka Dat.: Oct. 08. 2012Lat.: 46.42911 Long.: 13.61802Code: Bot_666/2012_DSC5593Habitat: Dense mixed forest of young Picea abies, Abies alba, Larix decidua and Fagus Sylvatica, flat terrain, calcareous bedrock, probably acid soil, in shade (little ground vegetation), humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.410 m (4.625 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Mt. Mangart region, 500 m northeast of Mt. Planja, 1.553 m, near forest road to the foot of Mt. Mali vrh, 1.991 m, Loka Koritnica valley, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary and in groups, many species, pileus diameter up to 14 cm, stem up to 7 cm tall; taste pleasant at the beginning, then slowly turning slightly burning, smell pleasant mushroomy, flesh quite brittle, milk orange-red at the beginning then turns beep blood red, SP creamy oac(857).Spores warty with ornamentation. Dimensions: 9.2 (SD = 0.4) x 7.5 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.22 (SD = 0.07), n = 28 . Olympus CH20 (Motic B2-211A), NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 950. (2) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 65. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 80. (4) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 282.
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Russula adustaWinecork Brittlegill, Rauchbrauner SchwarztaeublingSlo.:osmojena golobicaDat.: Oct. 10. 2013Lat.: 46.40449Long.: 13.70936Code: Bot_758/2013_DSC8444Habitat: Mixed forest, almost flat terrain, probably acid ground (Lycopodium agg.,Vaccinium myrtillus) on calcareous bedrock, humid place, in deep shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 960m (3.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil.Place: Zadnja Trenta valley, south of the parking place at the end of the road in the Zadnja Trenta valley, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Truly not one of the beautifully colored Brittlegills. However, still fun to find it since it is almost always well hidden under fallen leaves and other ground litter usually in deep shade. A good example of 'mimicry'. Growing in groups, several pilei, several almost totally covered by fallen beach leaves. Diameter up to 12 cm (5 inch); taste mild, smell indistinctive, earthy; flesh brittle but quite strong; SP pale yellow-ochre, oac894; peeling of cuticle modest.Spores warty. Dimensions:8.1(SD= 0.6) x 7.1 (SD= 0.5) , Q= 1.14 (SD= 0.06), n= 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 841. (2) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 47.(3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 296.(4) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem.si
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tpnovice, Jihoesk kraj, esk republika
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Lactarius porninsisDE: LaerchenmilchlingSlo.: mecesnova mlenicaDat.: Oct. 19. 2013Lat.: 46.17385 Long.: 13.81470Code: Bot_764/2013_DSC8929Habitat: mountain pasture with scattered groups of Larix decidua and Picea abies trees, full sun, modestly inclined mountain slope, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 2.600 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 870 m (2.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil, under Larix decidua.Place: North of Ljubin village near town Tolmin, near the top of Tlaka hill, 911 m (2.988 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComments: Growing scattered solitary and in groups; several pilei present.This mushroom grows mostly in the Alps and is strictly growing under Larix decidua trees. Is it edible or not seems questionable. In the literature one can find everything - from delicious, edible, conditionally edible to not edible. Pileus diameter up to 9 cm, stipe 4-5 cm and 1.2 - 1.4 cm diameter; smell distinctive, fresh, pleasant, like fruit jam; taste mild, pleasant, like nuts; flesh brittle; SP very faint, whitish(?); milk white, not abundant, not changing color for a long time.Spores warty. Dimensions: 9.2 (SD = 0.8) x 7.5 (SD = 0.5) , Q = 1.22 (SD = 0.07), n = 19. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik.(2) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 82. (3) A. Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 246 (4) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 194.Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr., syn.: Lactarius vinosus (Qul.) BatailleSaffron milk cap, Red pine mushroom, DE.: Weinroter Kieferreizker, Sudlich Blutreizker Weinroter Kiefern ReizkerSlo.: krvosona sirovkaDat.: Oct. 9. 2012Lat.: 46.34939 Long.: 13.57248Code: Bot_667/2012_IMG1412Habitat: grassland with some bushes and scattered trees, Pinus nigra, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana most frequent; under a canopy of Pinus nigra; slightly inclined mountain slope, south aspect, fairly warm and dry place, in half shade; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 610 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Bovec basin, east of the pastures at Plajer's place, at the foot of Mt. ukla, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comments: Lactarius sanguifluus is relatively easy to recognize by its feature that its milk is blood red from scratch, not orange at the beginning and gradually turning to red, like in several other species with orange/red milk. It is mycorrhizal to Pinus sp.. Otherwise its color can vary widely from greenish, vinaceous, almost bluish, orange, yellowish .... Growing in a fairly scattered group; about eight fruit bodies present; pilei diameter up to 10.5 cm, stipe up to 7 cm long; milk immediately red, almost not changing, after some time becoming more grayish; taste at first indistinctive, then slightly bitter and after that lightly and persistently burning, but not strongly; smell almost non; context quite brittle, after long time (hours) context becoming lightly greenish and at the base of the stipe slight, longitudinal, greenish strakes appear; SP light ocher.Spores smooth, warty. Dimensions: 7 [7.9 ; 8.3] 9.3 x 6.1 [6.9 ; 7.4] 8.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.3 ; N = 25 ; C = 95%; Me = 8.1 x 7.2 microns; Qe = 1.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.5. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 62. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 355.(3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 952. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 80.
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Lactarius volemusWeeping Milc Cap, BradleySlo.: sona mlenica, mlena peenicaDat.: July 06. 2010Lat.: 46.33599 Long.: 13.52555Code: Bot_433/2010_DSC3107 Habitat: Mixed forest, predominantly hardwood, moderately inclined toward southeast, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock, relatively humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 460 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Bovec basin west of Bovec, near the trail from station A of Mt. Kanin cable car to village Pluna, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing scattered, pileus diameter up to 7.5 cm (3 inch), taste distinct but not sharp or bitter, smell on fish; SP whitish, milk white becoming brown with time. Spores seem slightly too big, possibly because they were measured across warts.Spore dimensions: warty, 10.0 (SD = 0.6) x 9,3 (SD = 0.5) micr., Q = 1.08 (SD = 0.05), n = 30 . Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 94. (2) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 238. (3) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 78. (4)
www.mushroomexpert.com/lactarius_volemus.html (5)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6368~sou... .
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Lactarius blennius (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., syn.: Lactarius viridis (Schrader) Quel. Beech milkcap, Slimy milkcap DE: Graugrner MilchlingSlo.: bukova mlenicaDat.: Oct. 6. 2017Lat.: 46.36141 Long.: 13.69944Code: Bot_1093/2017_DSC9404Habitat: Mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica dominant, Picea abies scattered; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous, colluvial, shallow ground; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6 - 9 deg C, elevation 665 m (2.180 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil, Fagus sylvatica leaf litter.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa; between villages Soa and Trenta; near the trail to settlement Na skalah, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Lactarius blennius is not showy mushroom. It is of pale, grayish, greenish, brownish colors, which are in addition quite variable. The species is common and keeps with Fagus sylvatica (in mycorrhizal relation) in almost the whole region there this tree thrives.Experts are able to resolve two varieties of this species: Lactarius blennius var. blennius and Lactarius blennius var. fluens. I was unable to assign this find to one of them. Following the key of Section 6 of Lactarius (Ref.: 2, p383) this should be Lactarius blennius var. blennius based on piled dimension (3 - 7 cm for var. blennius contrary to 5 - 12 cm for var. fluens) or Lactarius blennius var. fluens based on strong production of milk (even in quite dry state!). Also variable hut color speaks for this variety. On the other hand, the absence of lighter, almost whitish hut edge speaks in favor of the first option. The only reliable microscopic trait (Ref.:8) - thickness of ixocutis - hasn't be used because of quite dry fruitbodies. Also, if one reads the description of both varieties in Ref. 9 the text is almost identical and the associated drawings definitely are such. Too hard a problem for me.Description of the find: six or seven pilei present in an area of about 4 x 3 m; pilei diameter 4.5 - 7 cm, surface almost dry, only slightly sticky (found after a long period of dry weather) but leaf debris firmly stuck to the hut surface speaking in favor of presence of a distinctive ixocutis; trama and gills of about the same thickness; milk instant, abundant, white, after a longer time, when almost dry, it becomes greenish-gray; gills bruise slowly and mildly darken to brownish, otherwise the fruitbodies do not discolor when handled; stipe 3.5 - 4.6 cm long, 9 to 12 mm in diameter; only minutely sticky; smell mild, pleasant, on fruits(?); taste first mild then distinctly burning but not very strongly; milk of the same taste; SP abundant, light beige with slight yellow tint, oac851. Spores with coarse ridges. Dimensions: (6,5) 7,1 - 8,2 (8,5) x (5,9) 6 - 6,8 (7,1) microns; Q = (1) 1,1 - 1,2 (1,4); N = 35; Me = 7,6 x 6,5 microns; Qe = 1,2; Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water, spore ornamentation in Melzer, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 50. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 387.(3) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 86. (4) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 424.(5) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 196.(6) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 958. (7) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 56. (8) J. Heilmann-Clausen, A. Verbeken, J. Vesterholt, The genus Lactarius, Fungi of Northern Europe Vol.2. (1998), p 287 S.(9) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 288.
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Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr., syn.: Lactarius cimicarius BartschCurry Milkcap, DE: Kampfermilchling, Kleiner Zichorien-MilchlingSlo.: kafrna mlenicaDat.: Sept. 09. 2014Lat.: 46.36529 Long.: 13.74988Code: Bot_835/2014_DSC3920Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant trees, moderately inclined calcareous ground, eventually locally somewhat acid; NW oriented mountain slope, humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: moss covered forest soil among (decayed) roots of a Picea abies stump in its latest stage of disintegration (decomposed almost to soil).Place: Lower Trenta valley, next to the trail from village Trenta to Planina Lepo, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Dull, matt, like velvety, ocher-red-brown color of pilei and fairly 'unicolor' appearing fruit bodies are typical for this quite common milkcap. However, several very similar species like Lactarius quietus, Lactarius rufus, Lactarius badiosanguineus and Lactarius serifluus exist growing almost in the same habitat. Yet, determination of Lactarius camphoratus seems still quite easy. Decisive is its smell on 'kitchen spices'. It is already noticeable whit fresh fruit bodies but becomes obtrusively strong when they are dried. In the literature the smell is described like on curry, on 'Maggi', on chicory, on camphor, etc.. Anyway, the smell is strong, specific and hard to forget.Growing in several groups of up to four pilei together, more than 15 pilei all together present; pilei diameter 4 - 5 cm; stipe 3 - 4 cm tall and about 8 - 9 mm in diameter; taste mild but distinctive, mushroomy, slightly unpleasant; smell first mild, later stronger and particularly strong when dry, on spices; flesh quite brittle; SP abundant, beige, oac857; pilei not bruising; milk quite abundant, whitish, actually consisting of watery fluid with white milky, like coagulated, inclusions; milk not changing color and remaining white even when dry and of mild taste, not burning or being distinctly bitter.Spores coarsely warty with some ridges. Dimensions: 6.9 [7.6 ; 7.9] 8.6 x 6 [6.7 ; 7] 7.7 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.12 ; 1.15] 1.2; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 7.7 x 6.8 microns; Qe = 1.1.Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water; live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 407. (2) R. M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 984. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 52.(4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 98. (5) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 191. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 294.
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Storridge Woods, Worcs
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Russula viscidaSlo.: lepljiva golobicaDat.: Oct. 08. 2012Lat.: 46.42897 Long.: 13.61705Code: Bot_666/2012_DSC5610 Habitat: Under Picea abies, in mixed alpine forest, dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba; south oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock however apparently acid soil (Vaccinium myrtillus); relatively warm place, partly in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.420 m (4.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil rich in humus.Place: Mt. Mangart region, northeast ridge of Mt.Planja, 1.553 m, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a dense group of three fruitbodies of different stage of development. Pileus diameter up to 14 cm, slightly viscid, doesnt peel much, stem up to 7 cm tall, firm, dry; SP whitish (oac900); Taste acrid and bitter, smell indistinctive.Spores warty with large appendixes. Dimensions: 9.6 (SD = 0.5) x 7.9 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q = 1.22 (SD = 0.08), n = 30. Olympus CH20, Olympus NEA 100x/1.25, oil; AmScope MA500, magnification 1.000 x, in water. Ref.:(1) Id'ed by Mr. Anton Poler. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 890. (3) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 505. (4) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 312. (5) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 23.
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Lactarius pallidusPale Milkcap, Fleischblasser Milchling, Blasser MilchlingSlo.: medla mlenica Date: Oct. 10. 2009Lat.: 46.30088 Long.: 13.41864Code: Bot_390/2009-6166Habitat: Steep mixed wood, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, north oriented, relatively cool place, in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, locally flat calcareous ground covered with a thick layer of dead Fagus sylvatica leaves, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 800 m (2.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil covered with a thick layer of dead leaves. Place: North slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, north of Mt. Gabrovec, 1,630 m (5.348 feet), East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComments: Spore print creamy/light ocher with a slight pink tint. Smell indistinctive mushroomy. Spore dimensions: 7,9 (SD=0,8) x 6,3 (SD=0,5) micr., Q=1,3 (SD=0,09), n=30. Ref.:(1) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p193(2) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 84(3) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 961(4)
www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Lactarius_palli... (5)
www.first-nature.com/fungi/id_guide/russulaceae/lactarius... (6)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius_pallidus (7)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6291~gid... (8)
www.ambmuggia.it/forum/index.php?showtopic=5543
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Lactarius scrobiculatusScrobicuilate Milk CapSlo.: jamiasta mlenicaDat.: Oct. 07. 2010Lat.: 46.33871 Long.: 13.49782Code: Bot_466/2010_IMG2839 Habitat: Southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, calcareous bedrock, in shade, relatively warm place. partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil.Place: Bovec basin, Southeast slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, Lower Gozdec place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing scattered, several fruitbodies present, pileus diameter up to 14 cm (5.5 inch), milk sparse, initially white rapidly changing to yellow with green tint, milk taste burning, smell almost non, SP white to light crme. Spores warty. Spore dimensions: 8.7 (SD = 0.5) x 7,1 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.24 (SD = 0.08), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Ref.:(1) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 190. (2) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 222. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 82. (4) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 73. (5) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 936.
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North Carolina, United States
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Lactarius fulvissimus, (Romagn), syn: Lactarius brittanica, Lactarius ichoratus, Batsch ex Fr. (Moser)Slo.: blaga mlenicaDat.: Sept.19.2010Lat.: 46.29129 Long.: 13.47847Code: Bot_458/2010_DSC5088 Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica secondary forest, northeast oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain, calcareous bedrock, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 805 m (2,600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: forest soil with plenty of Fagus sylvatica rotten leaves. Place: South of village aga, northeast slopes of Mt. Kobariki Stol ridge, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing in a single group, pileus diameter up to 5-6 cm (2 inch). Taste and smell mild, indistinctive. Spore print crme with slight red-brown tint. Milk white, not changing color with time, with mild taste, not abundant. Spores seem somewhat too big?? Spore dimensions: Warty, 9,0 (SD = 0,6) x 7,6 (SD = 0,4) micr., Q = 1,18 (SD = 0,07), n = 30. Ref.:(1) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 90.(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 983.(3)
www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6094~sou...
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Russula silvestris (Singer) Reumaux, syn.: Russula emetica ssp. silvestris. (Singer) Reumaux, Russula emetica ssp. emeticella (Singer) Singer, Russula emetica var. silvestris Singer, Russula emeticella (Singer) Romagn,, Russula emeticella var. splendens Reumaux. EN: Sickener, Vomiting Russula, DE: Wald-Spei-Tubling, Kiefern-Spei-TublingFamily: RussulaceaeSection: Emeticinae Slo.: bljuvna golobica, mahov razliekDat.: Oct. 3. 2019Code: Bot_1260/2019_DSC8105Picture file names: from Russula-silvestris_raw_1 Russula-silvestris_raw_7.Lat.: 46.359572 Long.: 13.704544Habitat: mixed wood; Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, east aspect; calcareous, colluvial ground; in shade; fairly dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta; right bank of river Soa; near Skokar farmhouse, Trenta 2; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: The number of species in the genus Russula is estimated to about 500 worldwide (Ref.: 2), many of which are not well characterized. Among them over 100 species have vividly red pileus. If we count only those, which have in addition a completely white stem, still about 80 species remain (Ref.: 1). To determine a find to species level is therefore not an easy task. This find almost certainly belongs to subgenus Russula (Pers.: Fr.) Bon, section Emeticinae, Melzer & Zvara (Ref.: 2). Spore are rather small and correspond to two species listed in Ref.:2: Russula emetica var. sylvestris = Russula silvestris (current name according to Index Fungorum) and Russula emetica var. grisescens. The last one is much bigger than this find and also has grayish stipe. Several other species have been also considered. Russula luteotacta was tentatively proposed (Ref. 1) since habit, habitat and particularly hut colors correspond well to this find (spot wise fading to pinkish and whitish with older specimens). However, gills are not broadly attached or +/- decurrent as they should be with R. luteotacta (Ref.:3). Also similar Russula mairei Sing. was considered. However, measured spores seems to be too broad (5.2-6.6 m for Russula mairei (Ref.3)). It also has slightly beige spore print and grows on damp soil, which doesn't fit to this find. We determined this find to Russula silvestris. This species is found primarily near conifers (particularly Pinus) but also in hardwood and mixed forests including near Fagus and Picea trees (Ref. 3). Nevertheless, the confidence of the determination is not high. Chemical tests and more microscopy would be needed for a more reliable resultGrowing solitary and scattered; 10 + pilei on an area of about two m2; pilei diameter 2.9 6 cm, hut cuticle peels to about 50% of pilei radius and above; gills bruise slightly yellowish after a longer time (several hours); stipe 2 -4.5 cm long and 0.8 -1.2 cm in diameter; smell almost none, taste very hot, instant and long lasting; SP abundant, white, oac909.Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions (7,4) 7,9 - 9,1 (10,1) (5,9) 6,4 - 7,2 (7,8) m; Q = (1,1) 1,2 - 1,3 (1,4); N = 30; Me = 8,5 6,9 m; Qe = 1,2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Index Herbariorum LJF @ Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry Institute.Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Slavko erod, Mycological association Lisika, Maribor.,
www.gobe.si (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 555. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.6. Verlag Mykologia (2005), p 198 and p168. (4) T.Volk,
botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2004.html (accessed Oct.13. 2019) (5)
wwww.123pilzsuche.de/daten/details/Speitaeubling.htm (accessed Nov. 2. 2019)
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Horsell Common, Surrey. TQ011609
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kaunonahkahaperoEspoo, Finland 2011-08-06