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Carpediemonas (car-ped-ee-o-moan-ass), an excavate flagellate - in that there is a ventral groove (to the right of this cell) that is used in feeding. Two flagella insert at the head of the groove. One lies within the groove and beats rapidly, the other extends forward and usually curving back over the anterior end of the cell as in this image. A flap of cytoplasm moves backwards along the groove every few seconds when cells are actively feeding. Nucleus located near the anterior pole of the cell. Phase contrast.
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Carpediemonas (car-ped-ee-o-moan-ass), an excavate flagellate - in that there is a ventral groove that is used in feeding. Two flagella insert at the head of the groove. One lies within the groove and beats rapidly, the other extends forward and usually curves back over the anterior end of the cell as in this image. Phase contrast.
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Centers for Disease Control/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
EOL staff
Life cycle of Trichomonas vaginalis, the cause of trichomoniasis in humansTrichomonas vaginalis resides in the female lower genital tract and the male urethra and prostate (1), where it replicates by binary fission (2). The parasite does not appear to have a cyst form, and does not survive well in the external environment. Trichomonas vaginalis is transmitted among humans, its only known host, primarily by sexual intercourse (3).From
Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website
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Carpediemonas (carp-ee-dee-a-moan-ass) bialata (Ruinen, 1938) Lee and Patterson, 2000. Cell outline is kidney-shaped. Cells are 6 to 14 microns long (mostly 9 to 12 microns), not rigid, and with a longitudinal ventral groove. A membrane moves down along the groove every 4 - 6 seconds. Two flagella emerge from the anterior part of the cell, the anterior flagellum bends backwards, is about the length of the cell and beats over the cell with a slow sweeping motion. The acronematic posterior flagellum beats asymmetrically and is about 1.5 times cell length. The posterior flagellum may vibrate actively in the groove when not beating. The cells consume bacteria up to 5 microns, and food materials are transferred by the moving membrane to the back of the cell. The cells may have many food vacuoles and attach to the substrate with the tip of the posterior flagellum. The cells move slowly by skidding or gliding with the anterior flagellum beating with a flicking motion. Commonly observed in late cultures.
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"Tritrichomonads are small trichomonads (8-22 µm) with three anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum forming a conspicuous undulating membrane with a posterior free portion. Costa stout or slender sustaining the undulating membrane; axostyle well developed; sausage-shaped parabasal. At the time of writing, there are about 20 species living in the intestinal tract of rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians one species T. foetus is a parasite of the uro-genital tract of bovines. This image of Tritrichomonas muris from mice, three anterior flagella, a recurrent flagellum forming an undulating membrane, axotyle protruding at the posterior end (phase contrast).
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Carpediemonas (car-ped-ee-o-moan-ass), an excavate flagellate - in that there is a ventral groove that is used in feeding. Two flagella insert at the head of the groove. One lies within the groove and beats rapidly, the other extends forward and usually curves back over the anterior end of the cell as in this image. Phase contrast
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Trimastix marina Kent, 1880. Cells are 9 to 30 microns long, are broadly pyriform with an apical point. The ventral side consists of a wide groove which terminates near the posterior end in a discrete ingestion apparatus. Four flagella insert at the head of a groove in a cruciate pattern: one directed anteriorly, one posteriorly, one leftward and one rightward. The anterior and posterior flagella are one and a half to three times the length of the cell. The anterior flagellum inserts almost apically. It is substantially thickened at its base but gradually tapers to a conventional thickness. The proximal portion of the posterior flagellum usually beats within the groove with wide amplitude, short wavelength waves and two broad vanes may sometimes be discerned. The flagellum may appear attached to the posterior margin of the groove. The subequal lateral flagella are one to two times the length of the cell and are of a normal thickness. The nucleus is located anteriorly, is large, ovoid to pyriform, and contains a conspicuous, irregularly shaped nucleolus. The cell surface sometimes appears dimpled with the light microscope. Captured bacteria collect in posteriorly located food vacuoles. Remains were occasionally observed being expelled from the posterior end. Irregular threads or processes may also form posteriorly. A posterior contractile vacuole is present in cells from freshwater sites. The cells usually swim in relatively straight lines with a slow rotation and with the anterior flagellum directed anteriorly. This flagellum may also be directed ventro-posteriorly, causing motion in a more curved path. The cells may attach to the substrate by the posterior flagellum or by posterior cytoplasmic strands. Ultrastructural studies of the freshwater isolate demonstrate that the cells lack mitochondria, and confirm the presence of two opposed, very broad vanes on the posterior flagellum.
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Centers for Disease Control/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
EOL staff
Life cycle of Chilomastix mesnili The resistant cyst stage in the life cycle of Chilomastix is responsible for transmission. Both cysts and trophozoites can be found in the feces (diagnostic stages) (1). Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food or by the fecal-oral route (via hands or fomites, i.e., inanimate objects such as towels that transmit infectious organisms to a host) (2). In the large (and possibly small) intestine, excystation releases trophozoites.From
Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.
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Carpediemonas bialata (Ruinen, 1938) Lee and Patterson, 2000. Cell outline is kidney-shaped. Cells are 6 to 14 microns long, not rigid, and with a longitudinal ventral groove. A membrane moves down along the groove every 4 - 6 seconds. Two flagella emerge from the anterior part of the cell, the anterior flagellum bends backwards, is about the length of the cell and beats over the cell with a slow sweeping motion. The acronematic posterior flagellum beats asymmetrically and is about 1.5 times cell length. The posterior flagellum may vibrate actively in the groove when not beating. The cells consume bacteria up to 5 microns long, and food materials are transferred by the moving membrane to the back of the cell. The cells may have many food vacuoles and attach to the substrate with the tip of the posterior flagellum. The cells move slowly by skidding or gliding with the anterior flagellum beating with a flicking motion.
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Monocercomonoides are small oval to pyriform oxymonad flagellates (5-15 µm) with four flagella separated in two pairs, one trailing flagellum. Anterior large nucleus capped with a pelta. The axostyle originates from a preaxostyle stretched between the two pairs of flagellar base, it traverses the cell and protrudes posteriorly. A thin fiber or funis follows the adhering zone of the recurrent flagellum. Phagocytoses wood particles and bacteria. Occurs as endocommensal in vertebrates and invertebrates gut such as rumen, caecum of rodents, gut of termites, larvae of xylophagous insects. This species (uniddentified) from Porotermes adamsoni (phase contrast).
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Tritrichomonads are small trichomonads (8-22 µm) with three anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum forming a conspicuous undulating membrane with a posterior free portion. Costa stout or slender sustaining the undulating membrane; axostyle well developed; sausage-shaped parabasal. At the time of writing, there are about 20 species living in the intestinal tract of rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians one species T. foetus is a parasite of the uro-genital tract of bovines. This image of two trichomonad species from the coecum of rodents, Tritrichomonas muris is larger than Tritrichomonas minuta, T. minuta has a narrower undulating membrane (protargol).
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Carpediemonas (carp-ee-dee-a-moan-ass) membranifera Ekebom et al., 1996. Cells are elliptical or obovate and 3 to 6 microns long with a longitudinal ventral groove, which extends most of cell length. When squashed, the cell is pliable. Two flagella unequal in length emerge from the anterior distal part of the cell, the anterior flagellum bent over backwards is as long as the cell and beats stiffly. The acronematic posterior flagellum is about 2.5 - 4 times cell length, beats actively in the ventral depression and usually lies in the depression. The cells usually move by skidding with the anterior flagellum beating with a stiff paddling motion. The cells consume bacteria. Commonly observed in anoxic conditions.
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Centers for Disease Control/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
EOL staff
Life cycle of Enteromonas hominisBoth cysts (dormant stage) and trophozoites (active stage) of Enteromonas hominis are shed in feces. Infection occurs after the ingestion of cysts in fecal-contaminated food or water, or on fomites (inanimate objects or substances capable of transferring pathogens). In the large (and possibly small) intestine, excystation releases trophozoites. Enteromonas hominis resides in the large intestine, where it is regarded as a commensal (benefiting from its host but doing no harm) and is not known to cause disease.From
Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website.
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Tritrichomonads are small trichomonads (8-22 µm) with three anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum forming a conspicuous undulating membrane with a posterior free portion. Costa stout or slender sustaining the undulating membrane; axostyle well developed; sausage-shaped parabasal. At the time of writing, there are about 20 species living in the intestinal tract of rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians one species T. foetus is a parasite of the uro-genital tract of bovines. This image of Tritrichomonas foetus parasitic from uro-genital tract of the cattle (cows). It has three anterior flagella, a recurrent flagellum forming an undulating membrane with a free posterior part, a thick axostyle (immunofluorescence).
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Monocercomonoides are small oval to pyriform oxymonad flagellates (5-15 µm) with four flagella separated in two pairs, one trailing flagellum. Anterior large nucleus capped with a pelta. The axostyle originates from a preaxostyle stretched between the two pairs of flagellar base, it traverses the cell and protrudes posteriorly. A thin fiber or funis follows the adhering zone of the recurrent flagellum. Phagocytoses wood particles and bacteria. Occurs as endocommensal in vertebrates and invertebrates gut such as rumen, caecum of rodents, gut of termites, larvae of xylophagous insects. This species (uniddentified) from the gut of the cockroach Paraspheria boleiriana from Brazil (interference contrast).
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"Tritrichomonads are small trichomonads (8-22 µm) with three anterior flagella and a recurrent flagellum forming a conspicuous undulating membrane with a posterior free portion. Costa stout or slender sustaining the undulating membrane; axostyle well developed; sausage-shaped parabasal. At the time of writing, there are about 20 species living in the intestinal tract of rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians one species T. foetus is a parasite of the uro-genital tract of bovines. This image of Tritrichomonas muris from guinea pig, axostyle with posterior subterminal rings, recurrent flagellum forming a thick undulating membrane with several layers subtended by the costa fibre, anterior nucleus (Giemsa staining).
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Carpediemonas membranifera (Larsen and Patterson, 1990) Ekebom et al., 1996. Cells are elliptical or obovate and 3 to 6 microns long with a longitudinal ventral groove, which extends most of cell length. When squashed, the cell is pliable. Two flagella unequal in length emerge from the anterior distal part of the cell, the anterior flagellum bent over backwards is as long as the cell and beats stiffly. The acronematic posterior flagellum is about 2.5 - 4 times cell length, beats actively in the ventral depression and usually lies in the depression. The cells usually move by skidding with the anterior flagellum beating with a stiff paddling motion. The cells consume bacteria.
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Centers for Disease Control/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
EOL staff
Life cycle of the flagellate Pentatrichomonas hominisPentatrichomonas hominis is a trichomonad flagellate with a worldwide distribution. Only trophozoites are shed in feces (1) as there is no known cyst stage for this species. Infection occurs after the ingestion of trophozoites in fecally-contaminated food or water or on fomites (i.e., other non-living objects or substances that can transmit them) (2). These organisms reside in the large intestine, where they are regarded as commensals (i.e., benefiting from but not harming their host) and are not known to cause disease in humans.From
Centers for Disease Control Parasites and Health website