dcsimg

Comments

provided by eFloras
Cultivated for its fibres, which provide the Sunn Hemp of commerce.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 43 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Annual, c. 60-250 cm tall; many ascending branches, pubescent. Leaf simple, c. 2.5-10.5 cm long, c. 6-20 mm broad, linear or oblong, obtuse or subacute, apiculate, pubescent on both sides, hairs appressed, silky; petiole c. 1.2-2.5 mm long; stipules almost absent. Inflorescence an erect terminal and lateral raceme, up to 30 cm long, 12-20-flowered. Pedicel c. 3-7 mm long. Bract minute; bracteoles 2, below the calyx. Calyx c. 1.8-2.0 cm long, pubescent, teeth linear-lanceolate. Corolla bright yellow. Vexillum ovate-oblong, slightly exserted. Fruit c. 2.5-3.2 cm long, sessile, pubescent, 10-15-seeded.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 43 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Cultivated.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
author
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Distribution: Doubtfully wild; cultivated extensively for fibre in Pakistan; India; Burma; Malay Isles; Australia; Russia; introduced in Tropical Africa.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 43 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flower/Fruit

provided by eFloras
Fl.Per. May-September.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 43 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Derivation of specific name

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
juncea: Juncus- or rush-like
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Crotalaria juncea L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127890
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
original
visit source
partner site
Flora of Zimbabwe

Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Erect annual herb, sparsely branched, up to 1.5 m. Leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, up to 15 cm, with finely appressed hairs, most conspicuous on the under surface. Inflorescences in racemes. Flowers bright yellow. Pods cylindric, 3-5.5 cm, covered in velvety hairs, 6-12-seeded.
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Crotalaria juncea L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127890
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
original
visit source
partner site
Flora of Zimbabwe

Frequency

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Frequent
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Crotalaria juncea L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127890
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
original
visit source
partner site
Flora of Zimbabwe

Worldwide distribution

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Native of India
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
bibliographic citation
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Crotalaria juncea L. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=127890
author
Mark Hyde
author
Bart Wursten
author
Petra Ballings
original
visit source
partner site
Flora of Zimbabwe

Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Annual, Herbs, Taproot present, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems less than 1 m tall, Stems 1-2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs sparsely to densely hairy, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Leaves simple, or appearing so, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets 1, Leaves hairy on one or both surfaces, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence leaf-opposed, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals orange or yellow, Banner petal ovoid or obovate, Banner petal suborbicular, broadly rounded, Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Keel abruptly curved, or spirally coiled, Stamens 9-10, Stamens or anthers dimorphic, alternating large and small, Stamens monadelphous, united below, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Style hairy, Fruit a legume, Fruit stipitate, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit inflated or turgid, Fruit hairy, Fruit 11-many seeded, Seeds cordiform, mit-shaped, notched at one end, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
compiler
Dr. David Bogler
source
Missouri Botanical Garden
source
USDA NRCS NPDC
original
visit source
partner site
USDA PLANTS text

Crotalaria juncea

provided by wikipedia EN

Crotalaria juncea, known as brown hemp, Indian hemp, Madras hemp, or sunn hemp,[2][3] is a tropical Asian plant of the legume family (Fabaceae). It is generally considered to have originated in India.[2]

It is now widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics[2] as a source of green manure, fodder and lignified fiber obtained from its stem. Sunn hemp is also being looked at as a possible bio-fuel.[4] It can be an invasive weed and has been listed as a noxious weed in some jurisdictions.[3]

It bears yellow flowers and elongate, alternate leaves.[5]

Description

Annual, c. 100–1000 cm tall.

Many ascending branches, pubescent.

Leaf simple, c. 2.5v10.5 cm long, c. 6–20 mm broad, linear or oblong, obtuse or subacute, apiculate, pubescent on both sides, hairs appressed, silky.

Petiole c. 1.2–2.5 mm long; stipules almost absent.

Inflorescence an erect terminal and lateral raceme, up to 30 cm long, 12–20-flowered. Pedicel c. 3–7 mm long. Bract minute; bracteoles 2, below the calyx. Calyx c. 1.8–2.0 cm long, pubescent, teeth linear-lanceolate. Corolla bright yellow. Vexillum ovate-oblong, slightly exserted.

Fruit c. 2.5–3.2 cm long, sessile, pubescent, 10–15-seeded. Fl.Per. May–September.

Modern applications

Crotalaria juncea has many practical applications in the modern world. First, it is a source of natural fibre. It is used for cordage, fishing nets, ropes, and more.[6] It is particularly beneficial because of its resistance to root-knot nematodes and is also a soil improving crop via nitrogen fixation. The Sunnhemp Research Station of Uttar Pradesh further researched Crotalaria juncea’s genotypic impact on fibre yield. Four different genotypes of Crotalaria juncea were observed for three years to determine which genotype would yield in a high fibre yield. Important data that was collected across the plant genotypes include height (cm), basal diameter (mm), green biomass weight (q/ha), fibre weight (q/ha), and stick weight (q/ha). Out of the four genotypes, namely SUIN-029, SUIN-080, SUIN-037, and SUIN-043, SUIN-029 was superior in resulting in a high fibre yield.[6] This genotype can even be used as a template for future breeding.[6]

Another practical application of Crotalaria juncea includes fuel. Crotalaria juncea holds a relatively high fuel value. In fact, a process optimization method for the extraction of oil from Crotalaria juncea is being researched in order to utilize the fuel value in Crotalaria juncea.[7] The current method of oil extraction is known as the soxhlet based extraction which has an oil yield of 13% in four hours at 37 degrees Celsius. However, a novel three-phase partitioning based extraction shows an oil yield of 37% in two hours at 37 degrees Celsius.[7] Furthermore, the optimization factors that were identified include ammonium sulphate and butanol, pH, and temperature, and these factors impact the oil yield.[7]

Furthermore, Crotalaria juncea has applications in the agricultural field since it impacts common food production. Crotalaria juncea is identified as a plant that is an important summer cover crop in southeastern United States. The allelopathic effects of Crotalaria juncea on weeds, vegetable crops, and cover crops were observed via greenhouse and growth chamber experiments.[8] Crotalaria juncea, reduced both the germination and seedlings of various crop species (bell pepper, tomato, onion, and others). The allelochemical activity in Crotalaria juncea was in the leaves and remained active for 16 days after harvest.[8] Furthermore, Crotalaria juncea’s allelochemical effect may have practical applications for weed management.[8]

Similarly, Crotalaria juncea can be used to improve nutrient patterns in agricultural plants. For instance, soil fertility in Paraiba, Brazil is generally low. To rectify this, animal manure is often used to supply agricultural crops with nutrients.[9] However, researchers in Brazil hypothesized that planting and incorporating Crotalaria juncea with animal manure could enhance the nutrient mineralization pattern for agricultural crops.[9] Field and greenhouse experiments were used to test this hypothesis. After measuring the amounts of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in the soils, it was discovered that Crotalaria juncea along with only half the usual dose of goat manure produced the best results.[9] This is because soils that consisted of this composition avoided immobilization of nitrogen while increasing the levels of phosphorus and potassium within the soil.[9] In other words, Crotalaria juncea was able to improve the overall nutrient mineralization pattern for agricultural crops.

Additionally, other research also observed Crotalaria juncea’s potential in being used as an organic compost. Researchers in Brazil looked into the best composition of organic compost using various combinations of Crotalaria juncea and Napier grass.[10] The objective was to find the mixture between Crotalaria juncea and Napier grass that would yield the highest vegetable seedling production. More specifically, the vegetable seedling production of lettuce, beetroot, and tomatoes was measured by observing the shoot height, fresh mass production in shoots and dry matter, and leaf number.[10] The various compounds that were observed include, 100% Crotalaria juncea, 66% Crotalaria juncea with 33% Napier, 33% Crotalaria juncea with 66% Napier, 100% of Napier, 33% Crotalaria juncea with 66% Napier where 5% of the mass is cattle manure, Crotalaria juncea 33% with 66% Napier which includes 100 liters of 5% dilute Agrobio (biofertilizer), and finally, 100% Napier which also includes 100 liters of 5% dilute Abrobio.[10] The compost with 66% Crotalaria juncea and 33% Napier grass was superior to other combinations since this particular combination yielded the greatest production of lettuce, beet, and tomato seedlings.[10]

Although reported to contain antinutritional factors such as alkaloids, sunn hemp is grown for fodder to feed cattle, mainly in India.[2]

Phytoremediation

There are several methods that have been shown to be effective as in decontamination and remediation of contaminated soils.[11] A highly applicable method of soil remediation known as phytoremediation has been specifically shown to be effective as when used in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytoremediation has been demonstrated to be effective as for correcting Crotalaria juncea found in soils contaminated with herbicides. The method of phytoremediation functions effectively in decontamination and remediation by using microorganisms and plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy harmful elements.[12] Crotalaria juncea found in soils contaminated with herbicides revealed high phytoremediation capacity. In addition, phytoremediation is effective in removal of copper, which has been identified as a metal strongly present in the soil of Crotalaria juncea.

Effects of copper

Cultivated soil high in copper levels has proven to be effective in increasing the growth of Crotalaria juncea. However, an excess of copper in plant tissues has demonstrated the potential of affecting both physiological and biochemical processes including photosynthesis.[13] Toxicity resulting from excessive copper has also resulted in altered effects that have been found to affect the cellular and molecular levels of the plant.[14] Excessive copper levels can ultimately result in depletion of necessary nutrients. This nutrient deficiency occurs when the interactions of copper with sulfhydryl groups of enzymes and proteins inhibit enzyme activity or result in changes in the structure or replacement of key elements.[14] The structures of chloroplasts have been affected by the excess of copper, which ultimately resulted in decreased pigmentation levels of Crotalaria juncea.[15] There are, however, studies that have indicated that Crotalaria juncea has a high tolerance to copper concentrations in the soil and root systems which are beneficial traits for phytostabilization programs.[16]

Phosphate and Rhizophagus clarus

Studies have also shown that phosphate and Rhizophagus clarus (an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) are capable in altering the physiological responses of Crotalaria juncea that is found in soil high in copper levels.[17] Phosphate has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the level of toxicity in Crotalaria juncea, resulting in promotion of plant growth. When the application of phosphate is coupled with the inoculation of Rhizophagus clarus, the result is a synergistic effect that allows copper toxicity levels to be reduced through various mechanisms.[17] This ultimately allows for the increased growth of Crotalaria juncea in spite of having been cultivated in high levels of copper.

There have been other effective approaches in decreasing the levels of copper in Crotalaria juncea with the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).[17] Phosphate uptake is significantly improved in the presence of AMF, which functions to effectively reduce the amount of available heavy metals.[18] The symbioses with AMF and soil supplementation of phosphate allows for the promotion growth of Crotalaria juncea. Despite the high levels of copper in the soil of Crotalaria juncea, mechanisms have been determined which can reverse the toxic effects of copper and allow for growth of the plant.

References

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2018. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/313
  3. ^ a b Sheahan, C.M. (2012), USDA Plant Guide for sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea)
  4. ^ Perry, A. Sunn Hemp Shows Promise as Biofuel Source. USDA ARS News. January 3, 2012.
  5. ^ Crotalaria juncea. USDA NRCS Plant Guide.
  6. ^ a b c Chaudhary, B., Tripathi, M. K., Bhandari, H. R., Pandey, S. K., Meena, D. R., & Prajapati, S. P. (2015). Evaluation of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) genotypes for high fibre yield. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85(6).
  7. ^ a b c Dutta, R., Sarkar, U., & Mukherjee, A. (2015). Process optimization for the extraction of oil from Crotalaria juncea using three phase partitioning. Industrial Crops and Products, 71, 89-96.
  8. ^ a b c Skinner, E. M., Díaz-Pérez, J. C., Phatak, S. C., Schomberg, H. H., & Vencill, W. (2012). Allelopathic effects of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) on germination of vegetables and weeds. HortScience, 47(1), 138-142.
  9. ^ a b c d Silva, T. O. D., & Menezes, R. S. C. (2007). Organic fertilization of potato with manure and, or, Crotalaria juncea: II-soil N, P, and K availability throughout the growing season. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 31(1), 51-61.
  10. ^ a b c d Leal, M. A. D. A., Guerra, J. G. M., Peixoto, R. T., & de Almeida, D. L. (2007). Utilization of organic compost as substrate for vegetable seedling production. Horticultura Brasileira, 25(3), 392-395.
  11. ^ Gerhardt, Karen E., Xiao-Dong Huang, Bernard R. Glick, and Bruce M. Greenberg (2009) Phytoremediation and Rhizoremediation of Organic Soil Contaminants: Potential and Challenges. Plant Science 176.1: 20-30. Web.
  12. ^ Souza LCF, Canteras FB, Moreira S (2014) Analyses of heavy metals in sewage and sludge from treatment of plants in the cities of Campinas and Jaguariuna, using synchrotron radiation total reflection X-rayfluorescence. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 95:342-345.
  13. ^ Kabata-Pendias, A, Pendias, H (2011) Trace Elements Soils and Plants. (4th ed.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 534.
  14. ^ a b Kabała, Katarzyna, Małgorzata Janicka-Russak, Marek Burzyński, and Grażyna Kłobus (2008) Comparison of Heavy Metal Effect on the Proton Pumps of Plasma Membrane and Tonoplast in Cucumber Root Cells. Journal of Plant Physiology 165.3: 278-88. Web.
  15. ^ Ciscato, R. Valcke, K. van Loven, H. Clijsters, F. Navari-Izzo (1997) Effects of in vivo copper treatment on the photosynthetic apparatus of two Triticum durumcultivars with different stress sensitivity. Physiol. Plant, 100, pp. 901–908
  16. ^ Zancheta ACF , Abreu CA, Zambrosi FCB, Erismann NM. Lagoa AMMA (2011) Fitoextracao de cobre por especies de plantas cultivadas em sulocao nutritiva. Bragantia. 70(4):737-744.
  17. ^ a b c Ferreira, Paulo Ademar Avelar, Carlos Alberto Ceretta, Hilda Hildebrand Soriani, Tadeu Luiz Tiecher, Cláudio Roberto Fonsêca Sousa Soares, Liana Veronica Rossato, Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso, Gustavo Brunetto, Juçara Terezinha Paranhos, and Pablo Cornejo (2015) Rhizophagus Clarus and Phosphate Alter the Physiological Responses of Crotalaria Juncea Cultivated in Soil with a High Cu Level. Applied Soil Ecology 91: 37-47. Web.
  18. ^ Cornejo, Pablo, Sebastián Meier, Gilda Borie, Matthias C. Rillig, and Fernando Borie (2008) Glomalin-related Soil Protein in a Mediterranean Ecosystem Affected by a copper Smelter and Its Contribution to Cu and Zn Sequestration. Science of the Total Environment 406.1-2 (2008): 154-60. Web.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Crotalaria juncea: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Crotalaria juncea, known as brown hemp, Indian hemp, Madras hemp, or sunn hemp, is a tropical Asian plant of the legume family (Fabaceae). It is generally considered to have originated in India.

It is now widely grown throughout the tropics and subtropics as a source of green manure, fodder and lignified fiber obtained from its stem. Sunn hemp is also being looked at as a possible bio-fuel. It can be an invasive weed and has been listed as a noxious weed in some jurisdictions.

It bears yellow flowers and elongate, alternate leaves.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN