^Bei-Bienko, G.Y. & Steyskal, G.C. (1988) Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR, Volume V: Diptera and Siphonaptera, Parts I, II. Amerind Publishing Co., New Delhi. ISBN81-205-0080-6ISBN81-205-0081-4
^Collin, J.E. (1961) British Flies. VI. Empididae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
