Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / parasite
subcortical pycnium of Cronartium ribicola parasitises stem of Pinus monticola
Remarks: season: 3-6
Other: major host/prey
Comments
provided by eFloras
Pinus monticola is the most important western source for matchwood. Its wood lacks the sugary exudates seen in P . lambertiana .
Western white pine ( Pinus monticola ) is the state tree of Idaho.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees to 70m; trunk to 2.5m diam., straight; crown narrowly conic, becoming broad and flattened. Bark gray, distinctly platy, plates scaly. Branches nearly whorled, spreading-ascending; twigs slender, pale red-brown, rusty puberulent and slightly glandular (rarely glabrous), aging purple-brown or gray, smooth. Buds ellipsoid or cylindric, rust-colored, 0.4--0.5cm, slightly resinous. Leaves 5 per fascicle, spreading to ascending, persisting 3--4 years, 4--10cm ´ 0.7--1mm, straight, slightly twisted, pliant, blue-green, abaxial surface without evident stomatal lines, adaxial surfaces with evident stomatal lines, margins finely serrulate, apex broadly to narrowly acute; sheath 1--1.5cm, shed early. Pollen cones ellipsoid, 10--15mm, yellow. Seed cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, clustered, pendent, symmetric, lance-cylindric to ellipsoid-cylindric before opening, broadly lanceoloid to ellipsoid-cylindric when open, 10--25cm, creamy brown to yellowish, without purple or gray tints, resinous, stalks to 2cm; umbo terminal, depressed. Seeds compressed, broadly obovoid-deltoid; body 5--7mm, red-brown; wing 2--2.5cm. 2 n =24.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
provided by eFloras
Montane moist forests, lowland fog forests; 0--3000m; Alta., B.C.; Calif., Idaho, Mont., Nev., Oreg., Wash.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
provided by eFloras
Strobus monticola (Douglas ex D. Don) Rydberg
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
western white pine
mountain white pine
Idaho white pine
silver pine
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverWestern white pine provides nesting, thermal, and foraging cover for a variety of birds [
52]; it also provides hiding and thermal cover for elk [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
monoecious,
treeWestern white pine is a native, evergreen, long-lived (400+ years), monoecious tree [
9,
11,
16,
44]. It can reach 200 feet (60 m) in height and 8 feet (2.4 m) in d.b.h. The needles, 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) long, are in bundles of five. The bark on young trees is smooth and grayish green but on mature trees becomes grayish brown, scaley, and separated into rectangular plates [
16]. The crown is narrow and composed of regularly spaced branches [
1]. In dense stands western white pine self-prunes well, leaving a long, clean bole [
16]. The root system consists of a taproot and lateral roots which can spread up to 26 feet (8 m). Most (75 percent) of the lateral roots are in the upper 24 inches (60 cm) of soil [
11]. The male strobili are yellow, and the female strobili are reddish purple. Mature female strobili are 5 to 15 inches (12-38 cm) in length [
44]. The early growth of western white pine is not rapid, but it is the fastest growing sapling and pole-sized tree in the Northern Rockies [
8,
13].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Western white pine occurs in the Pacific Northwest. The northern boundary of its range is at Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, latitude 52 deg. 30 min. N., and the southern boundary is at Tulare County, California, latitude 35 deg. 51 min. N. The western boundary is marked by the Pacific Coast, and the eastern boundary is at Glacier National Park, Montana. Western white pine reaches its greatest size and best stand and commercial development in northern Idaho and adjacent parts of Montana, Washington, and British Columbia [
11].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
lichenMature western white pine, with its moderately thick bark (1.5 inches [3 cm]), moderately flammable foliage, height, and evanescent lower limbs, is rated moderate in fire resistance [
5,
11,
56]. However, dense stands, lichen growth, and resinous bark can decrease western white pine's resistance to fire [
5]. Young trees with their thin bark are very susceptible to lethal damage by fire [
12].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
fire exclusion,
forest,
prescribed fire,
stand-replacing fire,
wildfireWestern white pine is a fire-dependent, seral species. Fire exclusion and white pine blister rust have decreased western white pine stocking from 44 percent in 1941 to 5 percent in 1979 [
11]. Periodic, stand-replacing fire or other disturbance is needed to remove competing conifers and allow western white pine to develop in early seres [
5,
8,
11,
67]. Slash burning: Dry sites in the western white pine forest type respond poorly to slash burning, while moist sites respond favorably [
24]. Stark [
57] provides information on how to estimate nutrient losses from the harvest and slash burning of a western white pine stand. The use of chemical retardant around leave trees in selective cuts has been found to be effective in reducing cambium damage when slash concentrations are light or moderate [
51]. For effective fire hazard abatement the recommended Federal slash hazard index is 11 when planning a prescribed fire in western white pine slash. An index of less than 9 will provide little reduction, and greater than 12 generates risk of fire escape [
39]. Reinhardt and others [
49] provide information on prescribed fire, slash disposal, duff consumption, and management considerations after harvest in western white pine stands in northern Idaho. Wildlife: Prescribed fire has been recommended in western white pine stands to maintain areas of abundant browse for elk [
31]. Other: After wildfire it is recommended that salvage operations begin within the first 2 years [
46]. Peterson and Ryan [
42] have developed a model based on site, fire, and silvicultural information to predict conifer mortality after wildfire for long-term planning.
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
herbaceousWestern white pine is restricted to climates characterized by dry summers and a predominance of winter precipitation [
72]. The most extensive and best stands of western white pine are found in the river bottoms and less steep lower slopes of the Priest, Coeur d'Alene, St. Joe, and Clearwater River basins [
72]. In British Columbia, western white pine is a minor species on moderately dry to wet, nutrient-medium to nutrient-rich sites in the maritime and submaritime climates [
23]. Here, western white pine requires sites fairly rich in calcium and magnesium [
25]. However, in the coastal Northwest, western white pine becomes abundant only on poor sites, where it can outcompete Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and other conifers. It does well on unproductive, gravelly soils in the Puget Sound area and reportedly thrives at the edges of bogs on the Olympic Peninsula [
1]. Soils: Western white pine grows on a wide variety of soils within its range, the majority of which have been classified as Spodosols [
11]. Along the West Coast, it attains best development on deep, porous soils, but it is most common on poor, sandy soils. In northern Idaho and other inland sites, it is found on shallow to deep soils, with the surface layers composed of loess or loessial-like material. Parent materials include granite, shist, basalt, and sedimentary rocks. The pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 with a mean of 5.4 [
11]. Elevation and topography: Western white pine is generally a montane species, but grows at a wide range of elevations [
11,
72]. Elevational ranges vary as follows [
11]: Area Feet Meters British Columbia 0 to 1,480 0 to 450 Vancouver Island, BC 0 to 3,940 0 to 1,200 California 6,000 to 10,990 1,830 to 3350 Idaho 1,540 to 5,910 500 to 1,800 Montana 1,540 to 5,910 500 to 1,800 Oregon 6,000 to 7,020 1,830 to 2140 Washington 0 to 6,070 0 to 1,850 Associated species: In Washington, Oregon, and the Inland Empire, western white pine grows in communities that are rich in other woody and herbaceous flora, but in the Sierra Nevada associated vegetation is usually sparse [
11]. In addition to those previously listed under Distribution and Occurrence, overstory associates include Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A. concolor), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), limber pine (P. flexilis), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) [
11]. Understory associates include Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), willow (Salix spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), currant, Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), ocean-spray (Holodiscus discolor), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), sedges (Carex spp.), pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens), false-solomon's-seal (Smilacina spp.), wild ginger (Asarum caudatum), and queencup beadlily [
11].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
218 Lodgepole pine
224 Western hemlock
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
237 Interior ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
256 California mixed subalpine
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K007 Red fir forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeFire of any intensity will damage the cambium layer of young trees, usually resulting in death of the tree [
12]. In a mature western white pine stand, a cool fire will kill scattered trees, while only scarring others. However, the fire scars provide a vector for butt rots to enter the tree [
46]. Moderate to severe fire in a mature western white pine stand results in cambium damage and crowning, which usually results in the death of the tree [
56]. The large amount of humus in western white pine forests renders the trees susceptible to death from heating of the roots [
12].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Western white pine provides habitat for a variety of mammals, birds, and insects [
3,
11,
64,
66]. Western white pine comprises less than 1 percent of the winter diet of elk [
61]; however, it is browsed by black-tailed deer in the winter when other browse is limited [
3]. The seeds of western white pine are an important part of the diet of red squirrels and deer mice [
11].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
habitat type,
phaseWestern white pine is a seral species that is present in a number of
habitat types, associations, and communities throughout its range. In
northern Idaho and eastern Washington, it may dominate early
successional stages of the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)/queencup
beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) and western redcedar (Tsuga
plicata)/queencup beadlily habitat types [
71]. It is also a major seral
species in the western hemlock/queencup beadlily habitat type in western
Montana and is a major constituent of the western hemlock zone in the
Puget Sound area of Washington [
11]. A western white pine riparian
dominance type has been described for northwestern Montana [
14].
Associated species are those associated with the Aralia phase of the
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)/queencup beadlily habitat type [
14].
Western white pine is moderately abundant, usually growing in small
groups and often interspersed with other species, in the subalpine
forest zone on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada [
50].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
density,
natural,
seed,
selection,
treeWhite pine blister rust: The most serious damaging agent of western
white pine is white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) [
1,
11,
23].
This rust was introduced into this country at the turn of the century
from infected seedlings that had been imported from nurseries in France
[
1]. White pine blister rust has a life cycle requiring alternate hosts
for its completion: five-needled pines and currants (Ribes spp.). The
rust produces spores on currants that infect white pines. These spores
can be dispersed by wind [
28] up to 10 miles (17 km) [
1]. The spores
germinate on the needles, and use the stomatal openings as a vector to
the bole of the tree. This usually results in the death of the host
tree [
28].
Breeding programs have produced strains that are 65 percent resistant to
intense exposure to white pine blister rust [
2]. Selection of naturally
rust-resistant trees for seed sources for natural regeneration and
planting rust-resistant nursery stock may keep future damage from bister
rust minimal [
11]. In established stands that are not rust resistant,
thinning tends to increase the number of new lethal infections, while
pruning tends to decrease the number of new lethal infections [
18].
Fungi: Western white pine is susceptible to three species of needle
cast fungi: Lophodermella arcuata, Lophodermium nitens, and Bifusella
linearis. It is also susceptible to butt-rot fungi, the most important
being Phellinus pini, Phaeolus schweinitzii, and Heterobasidion annosum
[
11].
The most damaging root disease of western white pine is Armillaria spp.,
which causes fading foliage, growth reduction, dead and rotten roots,
and black rhizomorphs, resulting in weakened or dead trees [
11,
70].
Annosus root disease (Heterobasidion annosum) also causes some mortality
[
11]. It spreads radially, infecting an area up to 0.25 acre (0.1 ha)
away from stumps [
70]. Treating freshly cut stumps with borax has been
proven effective in preventing the spread of annosus root disease [
22].
Insects: Western white pine is susceptible to mountain pine beetle
(Dendroctonus ponderosae) and emarginate ips (Ips emarginatus), and is
the principal host for the ips beetle (Ips montanus) [
11].
Pole blight: Pole blight is a physiological disorder brought on by
drought. This disease caused significant mortality from 1935 to 1960.
Tree mortality was believed to have resulted from rootlet mortality,
which reduced western white pine's ability to absorb moisture [
11]. The
disease is restricted to sites with shallow soils or soils with low
moisture retention [
30].
Other: Western white pine is sensitive to sulfur dioxide and flouride
smelter fumes. These contaminants cause the foliage to yellow and drop
prematurely. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) attacks western white
pine [
11].
Silvicultural practices: The method of choice is clearcutting.
Selection cutting is not practical because it favors more shade-tolerant
species. The composition of a western white pine stand is determined in
the first 30 years. Until that time it is fairly plastic, and the stand
can be modified by thinning to enhance western white pine growth [
11].
Planting: Western white pine seedlings are well suited for planting.
Both bareroot and container-grown stock exhibit excellent survival and
growth [
11]. When planting seedlings on droughty sites, it is
beneficial to mound the seedbed, as this incorporates organic matter,
increases microbial activity, decreases density, and increases the
moisture capacity of the soil. This results in increased nutrient
availability for seedling growth and increases root penetration [
41].
The soil should be packed lightly around the seedling. This practice
increases the growth rate in the first year by up to 30 percent [
31].
Seedlings planted in fall have a significantly reduced height growth
compared with those planted in the spring; however, there is little
difference in their survival rates [
35].
Nitrogen can be limiting on some sites after harvest. The application
of nitrogen at 200 pounds per acre (225 kg/ha) has been found to
increase the growth rate of young western white pine stands (less than
10 years old) by 30 percent [
37].
Frost tolerance: When dormant, western white pine is one of the more
frost-tolerant species of the Northwest [
36].
Competitors: Competing vegetation of western white pine can be
effectively controlled by the application of Roundup herbicide
(isopropylamine salt of glyphosate). The recommended rate of
application is 1 to 3 quarts (1-3 l) of Roundup to 10 gallons (38 l) of
aqueous solution per acre (0.4 ha). This treatment had no observable
effects on western white pine [
33].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The foliar nutrient levels for current year's growth of western white
pine were listed as follows [
65].
Percent Parts per million
P K Ca Mg S B Zn Fe Mn
0.20 1.10 0.24 0.10 0.09 30 45 45 240
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA ID MT NV OR WA AB BC
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeNative Americans chewed the resin, wove baskets from the bark, concocted a poultice for dressing wounds from the pitch [
62], and collected the cambium in the spring for food [
68]. Western white pine forests have aesthetic and recreational value. Cones of western white pine are collected for novelty items [
11]. The tree is also planted as an ornamental [
26].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The palatability of western white pine's foliage to large ungulates is
generally rated as poor [
3,
61,
64]. Blue grouse prefer western white
pine needles over those of western hemlock [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Height and diameter growth starts from May to late June depending on elevation, aspect, and latitude [
11]. Strobili buds emerge in June. The buds are differentiated in July and August of the year preceding emergence. Pollen dispersal lasts for a mean of 8.5 days and usually starts the last week in June. Time of flowering varies over a period of 20 days and is strongly controlled by temperatures during the preceding weeks. It is delayed for 5 days for every 1,000 feet (300 m) gain in elevation, and 6 days per degree Fahrenheit below normal temperatures for May and June. The female strobili ripen from August to September of the second year after bud emergence [
11]. The mean phenological development dates for western white pine in northern Idaho were as follows [
53]: Bark Shoots Buds Pollen Pollen Shoots Winter Cones Cones Slips Open Burst Starts Ends End Buds Full Open Formed Size Apr 28 May 6 May 21 Jun 11 Jun 28 Aug 11 Aug 13 Aug 1 Sep 8
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
duff,
seed,
stand-replacing fireAfter a stand-replacing fire, western white pine will seed in from adjacent areas [
17]. After a cool to moderate fire that leaves a mosaic of mineral soil and duff, western white pine will reoccupy the site from seed stored in the seed bank [
29].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seedTree without adventitious-bud root crown Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community) Secondary colonizer - on-site seed Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
duff,
epigeal,
layering,
seed,
stratification,
treeWestern white pine can begin producing strobili at 7 years of age [
11], but production can be limited by moisture stress and timing. Moisture stress in the early summer of the year strobili mature leads to abortion, while moisture stress in the early summer of the first and second years prior to strobili emergence causes an increase in the number of strobili. Moisture stress in the late summer prior to strobili emergence causes a decrease in strobili numbers [
47]. A good crop of female strobili is about 40 per tree [
1]. During fair to poor crop years cone beetles (Conophthorus spp.), cone moths (Dioryctria abietivorella and Eucosma rescissorianna), red squirrels, and deer mice can cause partial or complete crop failures [
11]. Seed production requires 3 years from the onset of bud initiation. Good seed crops occur every 3 to 4 years. The mean number of seeds per pound is 27,000 (59,000/kg). The seed can be dispersed by wind up to 2,620 feet (800 m) from the parent tree. Seeds remain viable in the duff for up to 4 years, but the germination rate decreases. After 2 years the rate is 25 percent, and after 4 years the rate is 1 percent. Western white pine's seed requires cold moist stratification of 30 to 120 days to germinate; germination is epigeal [
11]. Moisture and soil temperature are believed to control the onset of germination. The preferred germination substrate is mineral soil, but seeds will also germinate in duff [
8,
11]. Seedling mortality is quite high in the first year due to snow mold (Neopeckia coulteri), rodents, late season drought, and elevated soil temperatures on dry sites [
11]. On dry sites seedling establishment is favored by partial shade, while on moist sites full sunlight favors establishment [
11,
15]. Vegetative reproduction: Western white pine does not naturally reproduce by sprouting or layering. However, cuttings from young trees treated with rooting hormones (indolebutyric acid) have rooted with fair success [
11]. Williams [
69] describes the process and considerations for rooting cuttings from older trees (25 years). He obtained a mean success rate of 37 percent.
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
4 Sierra Mountains
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Western white pine is classified as shade intolerant to very intolerant [
24]. It is usually seral to fir (Abies spp.), spruce (Picea spp.), or hemlock (Tsuga spp.) [
5,
9]. Stickney [
59] classified western white pine as a colonizer. Western white pine does not respond favorably after release from 30 to 60 years of suppression [
5,
6].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Pinus monticola var. minima Lemmon
Pinus strobus L. var. monticola (Dougl. ex D. Don) Nutt.
Strobus monticola Rydb.
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of western white pine is Pinus
monticola Dougl. ex D. Don (Pinaceae) [
11,
38]. There are two recognized
varieties: P. m. var. minima Lemmon and P. m. var monticola [
38].
There are no subspecies or forms.
Western white pine hybridizes with Balkan pine (P. peuce), blue pine (P.
griffithii), eastern white pine (P. strobus), southwestern white pine
(P. strobiformis), and limber pine (P. flexilis) [
11].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Western white pine is highly valued as a timber species. Its wood is straight grained, nonresinous, lightweight, and exhibits dimensional stability. These qualities render the wood useful in the production of window and door sashes. The wood is also used in the production of doors, paneling, dimension stock, matches, and toothpicks [
11]. The dimension stock works well. It takes nails without splitting, and it takes a nice finish. The wood is also excellent for carving [
1].
- bibliographic citation
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Pinus monticola. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine is represented in 18 forest cover types of western
North America and Canada. It is the key species in Western White Pine
(Society of American Foresters Type 215) (9). In this type, western white
pine constitutes a plurality of stocking, but many other species such as
grand fir (Abies grandis), subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), California
red fir (A. magnifica), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), ponderosa
pine (P. ponderosa), western larch (Larix occidentalis), western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii), and mountain hemlock (Tsuga
mertensiana) may also be present. Most often the western white pine
component of Type 215 is even aged with an understory containing
multi-aged trees of the more shade-tolerant species such as western
hemlock and western redcedar. Occasionally, light overstory components of
more intolerant species, such as western larch and lodgepole pine, may
also be present.
In the 17 other cover types, western white pine is a common component,
along with many other species, including Pacific silver fir (Abies
amabilis), white fir (A. concolor), noble fir (A.
procera), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), incense-cedar
(Libocedrus decurrens), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), whitebark
pine (Pinus albicaulis), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), limber
pine (P. flexilis), sugar pine (P. lambertiana), Jeffrey
pine (P. jeffreyi), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), Pacific
madrone (Arbutus menziesii), bigleaf maple (Acer
macrophyllum), red alder (Alnus rubra), quaking aspen (Populus
tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). These cover
types are as follows:
205 Mountain Hemlock
206 Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir
207 Red Fir
210 Interior Douglas-Fir
212 Western Larch
213 Grand Fir
218 Lodgepole Pine
224 Western Hemlock
226 Coastal True Fir-Hemlock
227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock
228 Western Redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-Fir
230 Douglas-Fir-Western Hemlock
231 Port-Orford-Cedar
237 Interior Ponderosa Pine
247 Jeffrey Pine
256 California Mixed Subalpine
In northern Idaho and eastern Washington, the most important habitat
types in which western white pine grows are Tsuga heterophylla /
Clintonia uniflora, Thuja plicata / Clintonia uniflora, and Abies
grandis / Clintonia uniflora (6). Western white pine is a major seral
species in the Tsuga heterophylla / Clintonia uniflora habitat
type in western Montana and is also present in several others (21).
Western white pine is present in several vegetative associations,
communities, and zones in western Oregon and Washington but is a major
constituent only of the Tsuga heterophylla zone in the Puget Sound
area of Washington (5,11,14).
Most of the habitat types, associations, and communities in Washington,
Oregon, and the Inland Empire where western white pine grows are
strikingly rich in other woody and herbaceous flora (5,6,11,14,21). In
contrast, in the Sierra Nevada the vegetation associated with western
white pine is characteristically sparse. Shrubs associated with western
white pine include huckleberry (Vaccinium spp.), willow (Salix
spp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), wintergreen (Gaultheria
spp.), azalea (Rhododendron spp.), prickly
currant (Ribes lacustre), sticky currant (R. viscosissimum),
Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Greenes mountain-ash (Sorbus
scopulina), princes-pine (Chimaphila umbellata), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos albus), whipplea (Whipplea modesta), ocean-spray
(Holodiscus discolor), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia),
ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), rustyleaf menziesia (Menziesia
ferruginea), spirea (Spiraea betulifolia), pachistima (Pachistima
myrsinites), and twinflower (Linnaea borealis). Graminoids
frequently associated with western white pine include sedge (Carex
spp.), woodrush (Luzula spp.), Columbia brome (Bromus
vulgaris), pine grass (Calamagrostis rubescens), and nodding
trisetum (Trisetum cernuum). Forbs found growing with western
white pine include false solomons-seal (Smilacina spp.), twistedstalk
(Streptopus spp.), coolwort (Tiarella spp.),
violet (Viola spp.), wild ginger (Asarum
caudatum), queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), western goldthread
(Coptis occidentalis), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis),
sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), white trillium (Trillium
ovatum), and Brewers lupine (Lupinus breweri).
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
The portions of Vancouver Island, the Cascade Mountains, and the
Siskiyou Mountains that are within the range of western white pine have
cool maritime climates, with wet winters and dry summers. Precipitation
varies considerably throughout the region depending on elevation and
exposure. Variation with latitude from northern Oregon through British
Columbia is small, however (25). In general, precipitation on Vancouver
Island and in the Cascade Mountains averages from 1500 to 2010 mm (59 to
79 in) per year while precipitation in the Siskiyou Mountains averages
from 510 to 1520 mm (20 to 60 in) per year. The winter snow line varies
with latitude and averages 600 m (2,000 ft) elevation, with dense heavy
snowpacks common. Occasionally, vegetation and the forest floor are coated
with a layer of ice from glaze storms. Temperatures of the Vancouver
Island-Cascade Mountain portions of the western white pine range vary from
a low of -18° C (0° F) to a maximum of 38° C (100° F).
January is usually the coldest month in the region and July and August are
the warmest. Frost-free days range from 200 days in coastal areas to 90
days in the Cascades.
In the Sierra Nevada where western white pine grows, the mean annual
precipitation varies from 760 to 1500 mm (30 to 59 in). Except for
occasional summer thunderstorms, this total falls entirely as snow. The
temperature of the area averages between -9° C (15° F) in
February to 27° C (80° F) in July and August, with maximum
temperature near 37° C (98° F) and a minimum temperature near
-32° C (-26° F). In the Sierra Nevada, frost-free days of the
western white pine range average between 90 and 180 days, but killing
frosts can occur at any time.
The climate of the Inland Empire in the western white pine range is
influenced by the Pacific Ocean some 400 km (248 mi) to the west. The
summers are dry, the majority of the precipitation occurring during the
fall and winter. Precipitation averages between 710 and 1520 mm (28 and 60
in), distributed seasonally as follows: 35 percent, winter; 24 percent,
spring; 14 percent, summer; and 27 percent, fall (28). Snowfall averages
262 cm (103 in) but ranges from 122 cm (48 in) to 620 cm (244 in). Annual
temperatures in the inland range of western white pine average from 4°
to 10° C (40° to 50° F) with extremes of -40° and 42°
C (-40° and 107° F). The growing season for western white pine
in the Inland Empire is irregular depending on location and year but
averages between 60 and 160 days (28).
The boundaries of the western white pine range in the Inland Empire are
limited at the lower elevations by deficient moisture and at the upper
elevations by cold temperatures. The southern boundary of the type in the
Inland Empire is not fixed by insufficient precipitation alone, but by a
balance of precipitation and evaporation (28).
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
provided by Silvics of North America
At one time or another, fire has left its mark
on practically every part of the western white pine forest (28). Western
white pine depends on fire or timber harvesting to remove competing
conifers and allow it to become established as an early seral species. Its
relatively thin bark and moderately flammable foliage make it intermediate
in fire resistance among its conifer associates (20). As a result of fire
protection and the lack of major fires, plus blister rust infection, the
proportion of western white pine regeneration (planted and natural) in
northern Idaho, eastern Washington, and western Montana decreased from 44
percent in 1941 to 5 percent in 1979.
Western white pine when dormant is tolerant of cold and along with
lodgepole pine is one of the more frost-tolerant northwestern species.
Needle desiccation can occur when cold, drying winds cause excessive loss
of moisture that cannot be replaced fast enough because of cold or frozen
soil or tree trunks. Also, western white pine is more tolerant of heat
than most of its more shade-tolerant associates.
The species is sensitive to both sulfur dioxide and fluoride smelter
fumes, which cause the foliage to yellow and drop prematurely (15,20).
Depending on the site, western white pine is relatively windfirm, but
considerable damage can occur from windthrow. Snow often causes breakage
in young pole stands.
Western white pine is beset by many serious diseases (15). By far the
most prominent disease of western white pine is blister rust. In northern
Idaho and contiguous parts of Montana and Washington, a combination of
climate, abundant alternate host plants (species of Ribes), and
susceptible pines contribute to heavy losses. But, through selection of
naturally rust resistant trees for seed sources for natural regeneration
and planting of rust resistant nursery stock, damage to western white pine
stands from blister rust in the future should be minimal. Other stem
diseases, such as dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium laricis, and A.
tsugense, occur on western white pine; however, they are of little
consequence.
In prolonged periods of drought, pole blight, a physiological disorder,
can occur in stands of the 40- to 100-year class, causing yellow foliage
and dead resinous areas on the trunk. Later the top dies and, in a few
years, the tree. The disease does not appear to be caused by a primary
pathogen but results from rootlet deterioration in certain soils
restricting the uptake of water. The disease, a consequence of a drought
from 1916 to 1940 (19), caused serious mortality to western white pine
from 1935 to 1960. At present, the disease is not a major cause of
mortality in western white pine stands. In conjunction with pole blight
studies, root lesions caused by Leptographium spp. were isolated;
these could have a role in the decline caused by pole blight.
A needle blight, caused by Lecanosticta spp., often leads to
shedding of foliage more than I year old. Another foliage disease that
attacks mainly the upper and middle crown is needle cast caused by Lophodermella
arcuata. Two other needle cast fungi, Bifusella linearis and
Lophodermium nitens, attack isolated trees.
The foremost root disease of western white pine is Armillaria spp.,
causing fading foliage, growth reduction, root-collar exudation of
resin, dead and rotten roots, and black rhizomorphs. Heterobasidion
annosum and Phellinus weiri also cause some mortality of
individuals and groups. The most important butt-rot fungi are Phellinus
pini, Heterobasidion annosum, and Phaeolus schweinitzii. Many
other fungi are capable of causing decay in injured or overmature trees,
and rot often becomes excessive in trees over 120 years of age.
The bark beetles are the most important group of insects that attack
western white pine. The mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)
kills groups of trees, primarily in mature forests. Trees weakened by
blister rust are often attacked by the mountain pine beetle. Likewise,
weakened trees are sometimes attacked by the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus
valens). Usually, this beetle is not aggressive and does not become
epidemic, but through repeated attacks it can kill trees. More often, it
just weakens them, leading to fatal attack by other bark beetles (12).
Attack of western white pine by mountain pine beetle sometimes results
in attack on the bole by emarginate ips (Ips emarginatus). Likewise,
the ips beetle (Ips montanus) attacks weakened western white pine,
its principal host, in association with other bark beetles. The Pityogenes
fossifrons beetle breeds principally in western white pine, but its
attacks are seldom primary. The beetle is capable, however, of attacking
western white pine reproduction. Many other bark beetles and insects
attack western white pine, but, for the most part, they do not cause
extensive damage.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine is monoecious. Three
complete growing seasons are required for seed to mature. Strobilus buds
are differentiated during July and August of the growing season before
their appearance in June the following spring (28). In northern Idaho, the
oval staminate strobili are about 10 cm (4 in) long, borne in clusters of
15 to 25 on branches of the middle crown, and are distinguishable about
June 1 (28); whereas, in the Sierra Nevada of California, the staminate
strobili appear near the first of July. Pollen dissemination in the Inland
Empire usually begins during the last week of June and can continue to the
middle of July but usually averages 8.5 days.
The greenish-yellow to bright pink ovulate strobili are borne on stalks
at tips of the upper branches, and in the Inland Empire become visible
about mid-June of the growing season following initiation of the
primordia. The erect conelets are from 1.5 cm to 4.0 cm (0.6 to 1.6 in)
long at time of pollen dissemination , and they grow to 2.5 cm to 5.0 cm
(1.0 to 2.0 in) long by the end of the first growing season (28).
Time of anthesis may vary over a period of 20 days and is rigidly
controlled by temperatures during the weeks immediately preceding
anthesis. Anthesis is delayed about 5 days per 300 m (980 ft) increase in
elevation, and about 6 days per degree Fahrenheit below normal
temperatures for May and June (28). In the Inland Empire, good strobilus
crops in western white pine occur every 3 to 4 years, the major cycle
being 4 years. Warm, dry "stress" periods, during the early
summer of the 2 years before strobilus emergence, favor strobilus
production. In contrast, stresses in the late summer of the year prior to
emergence or during the period of emergence depress strobilus production.
Within individual trees and within localities, maxima pollen shedding and
ovulate anthesis practically coincide. No phenological barriers to either
selfing or crossing appear to exist, but most western white pine show a
moderate to strong discrimination against self-pollination. Western white
pine seedlings that result from self-pollination are typically slower
growing than seedlings resulting from cross-pollination (3).
Western white pine is predominantly female from first strobilus
production at age 7 through age 20 (3). Cultural treatments, such as
watering, fertilizing, and cultivating, usually have little effect on this
characteristic, but thinning and fertilizing 40-year-old western white
pine with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has increased it (1).
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
Population Differences
Western white pine is different in genetic variation from most other
conifers that have been intensively studied (26). Within northern Idaho,
western white pine genetic variation is high, and most of this variation
is among trees within a stand. Differences among stands and elevational
zones occur, but the proportion of the variance attributable to these
sources is usually smaller than that for trees within stands. Evidence
indicates little geographic or ecologic differentiation of populations for
western white pine. The adaptation of western white pine to different
geographic, climatic, topographic, and edaphic conditions is governed more
by phenotypic plasticity than by selective differentiation (22). Also, it
appears that there is little difference among populations from coastal
Washington and western British Columbia and northern Idaho populations
(27). There appear to be genetic differences, however, between California
populations and Idaho populations (23). Because of the small genetic
variation detected in populations of western white pine in northern Idaho,
seeds can be transferred without regard to elevation, latitude, longitude,
or habitat type.
Races
Several single recessive genes are recognized in western white pine (3).
Albino genes, chlorophyll deficient genes, a curly foliage gene, and a
dwarfing gene have been found. Monoterpenes also appear to be under strong
genetic control. Height growth gains of 4 to 12 percent are possible
according to estimates from progeny testing and selections.
Work on inheritance of blister rust resistance in western white pine
began in 1950. This early work indicated considerable heritability of
blister rust resistance. Most foliar resistance is governed by genes
reducing the frequency of secondary needle infections and causing slow
fungus growth in secondary needles (3). In the stem, genetic resistance is
governed primarily by genes controlling a fungicidal reaction and causing
slow growth of the fungus. Other resistance mechanisms include lowered
frequency of needle lesions, premature shedding of needles, and fungicidal
reaction in the short shoot. Nursery and field tests of rust resistant
seedlings after two cycles of selections indicate rust resistance of 66
and 88 percent, respectively.
Hybrids
Western white pine can be easily crossed with other five-needle white
pines (3). It hybridizes successfully with Balkan pine (Pinus peuce),
blue pine (P. griffithii), eastern white pine (P.
strobus), Japanese white pine (P. parviflora), southwestern
white pine (P. strobiformis), and limber pine (P. flexilis).
Hybridization with Swiss stone pine (P. cembra), Korean pine
(P. koraiensis), and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis) has
not been as successful.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine trees most often have clean
boles with minimum taper and narrow crowns. In the absence of western
white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), the species is long
lived; trees are commonly 300 to 400 years old and rarely, up to 500 years
old. Overmature trees are often more than 180 cm (71 in) in d.b.h. and 60
m (197 ft) tall.
Tables 1 and 2 show the sizes, net volume, basal areas, and growth rates
for western white pine in fully stocked stands in the Inland Empire.
Although blister rust modifies stand development, in the absence of the
rust, stands develop as shown.
Table 1- Average size and volume of dominant and
codominant western white pine growing in fully stocked stands in the
Inland Empire
Site index at base age
50 years
Item
12.2 m or 40 ft
18.3 m or 60 ft
24.4 m or 80 ft
Dominants and codominants
D.b.h., cm
29.5
41.9
56.9
Height, m
26.8
40.2
53.3
Volume, m³
0.8
2.2
4.9
Cubic volume,¹ m³/ha
699
976
1,267
Basal area, m²/ha
70
72
74
Dominants and codominants
D.b.h., in
11.6
16.5
22.4
Height, ft
88.0
132.0
175.0
Volume, ft³
27.5
77.0
171.6
Cubic volume, ft³/acre
9,980
13,950
18,100
Basal area,¹ ft²/acre
306
314
322
¹In trees 0.2 cm
(0.6 in) and larger in d.b.h.
Table 2- Mean annual increment of fully stocked stands
of western white pine in the Inland Empire
Site index at base age
50 years
Age
12.2 m or 40 ft
18.3 m or 60 ft
24.4 m or 80 ft
yr
m³/ha
20
0.84
1.40
1.89
40
3.29
4.62
5.95
60
4.90
6.86
8.89
80
5.67
7.84
10.29
100
5.88
8.26
10.78
120
5.81
8.12
10.57
140
5.53
7.70
9.94
yr
fbm/acre¹
20
12
20
27
40
47
66
85
60
70
98
127
80
81
112
147
100
84
118
154
120
83
116
151
140
79
110
142
¹In trees 0.2 cm
(0.6 in) and larger in d.b.h.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine is almost always a
seral species. It is classed as intermediate in shade tolerance when
compared to other northwestern tree species. The species attains a
dominant position in the stand only following wildfires, even-aged
silvicultural systems, or through cultural stand treatments favoring the
species.
Western white pine can be regenerated using even-aged silvicultural
systems. On favorable sites, clearcut, seed-tree, and shelterwood systems
result in adequate and diverse natural regeneration within 5 to 10 years
after the regeneration cut. If a natural blister rust-resistant seed
source is not present on the site, planting can be used to regenerate the
stands.
Western white pine seedlings are well suited for planting. Both
bare-root and container-grown western white pine seedlings have excellent
survival and growth when properly planted on appropriate sites. Bare-root
stock has better survival with spring planting, but containerized stock
appears to have excellent survival when planted during either season.
When natural regeneration and the clearcut system are used for
establishing conifer mixtures that include western white pine, it is not
uncommon to regenerate 11,000 trees per hectare (4,451/acre), of which
1,000/ha (405/acre) are western white pine (4). Similarly, seed-tree cuts
can produce 12,000 trees per hectare (4,856/acre) of which 1,500/ha
(607/acre) are western white pine. Shelterwood systems produce more trees,
but the proportion that are western white pine is less than for other
systems. On southerly aspects, regardless of the cutting system, less
regeneration occurs.
The individual tree selection system cannot be used to manage western
white pine successfully because it tends to favor the more shade-tolerant
species, such as western redcedar and western hemlock, but group selection
may have limited application.
Where reproduction has become established under partial cuttings, the
density of overstory and time until removal greatly affect development.
Western white pine growth can be inhibited even by the shade of a light
shelterwood. Sixteen-year-old western white pine growing under an overwood
density of 6 m²/ha (27 ft²/acre) were 2.0 m (6.6 ft) tall
compared to trees 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall growing under an overwood density of
21 m²/ha (91 ft²/acre) (28).
The composition of a western white pine stand is determined during the
first 30 years of the stand's life (13). Lodgepole pine and western larch
can grow one and one-half times as fast in height as western white pine
during this period. Western larch can usually maintain its superiority in
height growth through maturity, but lodgepole pine's growth superiority
seldom lasts past age 50. Similarly, grand fir can equal western white
pine height growth for the first 30 years and Douglas-fir is about equal
in height growth. On northerly aspects and in shaded conditions, western
hemlock height growth can equal that of western white pine (8).
Dominant western white pine over age 30 responds to release, but not
aggressively. In the Inland Empire, in 55- to 65-year-old stands, half of
the basal area must be removed to gain lasting improvement (10). The
effectiveness of light to moderate thinnings in 55- to 65-year-old stands
of western white pine is short-lived. Therefore, during the first 30
years, species composition is relatively plastic and can be modified
materially by changing the density of residual overwood and by weeding or
thinning. Beyond age 30, treatments are less effective and must be drastic
to be long lasting.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
The extent of western white pine's root system
and the density of its rootlets depend on external conditions (18).
Approximately 65 percent of the total root system, exclusive of the
central vertical system, occurs in the uppermost 30 cm (12 in) of soil.
Mature western white pine systems can spread 8 m (26 ft) laterally from
the root collar with verticals descending off the lateral system, as well
as in a concentration beneath the root collar. The root systems are
tolerant of dense soils and have moderate growth rates. Western white pine
trees have approximately 75 percent of their absorbing surface in the
upper 60 cm (24 in) of the soil (28). Fine root development of western
white pine is favored where vegetative competition is low and available
moisture is high.
The fungi that have been reported to form mycorrhizae with western white
pine are Suillus granulatus, S. subaureus, S. subluteus, Boletellus
zelleri, Cenococcum graniforme, Gomphidius ochraceus, G. rutilus, Russula
delica, R. xerampelina, and Tricholoma flavovirens.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
Cones of western white pine
become ripe during August and September of the second year after the
strobilus buds are initiated. Color of ripe cones ranges from yellowish or
beige-brown through reddish brown and dark brown (17). Western white pine
cones are about 20 cm to 25 cm (7.9 to 9.8 in) long; cones as short as 5
cm (2.0 in) and as long as 36 cm (14.2 in) have been reported. Over 18
years, 380 western white pine from 25 to 70 years old in the Inland Empire
produced from 2 seeds to more than 300 seeds per cone, with a mean
production of 226 (2).
Western white pines can begin cone production as early as age 7 and
become more prolific with age. Not until trees are about age 70 does cone
production become both frequent and abundant. It continues to increase
with age until trees are about 50 cm (19.7 in) in diameter. After that,
seed production depends on individual tree vigor and character of crown or
possibly on heritable capacity to set and bear cones (298).
Seed yields for western white pine range from 30,900 to 70,500/kg
(14,000 to 32,000/lb) with an average of 59,000/kg (27,000/lb) (17). In
the Inland Empire, seed production varies from 41,000 to 457,000/ha
(16,600 to 185,000/acre), with average annual seed yields for a
75-year-old stand and an over-mature stand of 8,600/ha (3,500/acre) and
99,000/ha (40,100/acre), respectively.
Several cone and seed insects and rodents can cause partial to almost
complete failures of cone crops in otherwise poor to fair crop years. The
cone beetles, Conophthorus monticolae and C. lambertianae,
and cone moths, Dioryctria abietivorella and Eucosma
rescissoriana, cause serious seed losses some years (12). Western
white pine seeds are also a favorite food of red squirrels and the deer
mouse.
In the Inland Empire, seed dissemination of western white pine begins in
early fall; 15 percent of the current crop reaches the ground before
September 1, about 85 percent by the end of October, and 15 percent during
the late fall and winter (28). Seeds are usually disseminated by wind, but
squirrels, mice, and various birds contribute to seed dissemination. Most
seeds fall within 120 m (390 ft) of the parent tree, but they have been
known to travel over 800 m (2,620 ft) from it (28).
Western white pine seeds remain viable after overwinter storage in duff
on the forest floor. Seeds have shown 40 percent viability after one
winter's storage, and 25 percent viability after two winters' storage; and
less than 1 percent after 3 and 4 years' storage. Western white pine seeds
properly stored under artificial conditions of seed moisture content of 5
to 10 percent and temperatures of -18° C (0° F) to -15° C
(5° F) remain viable for 20 years (17).
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine seed requires 30 to 120
days of cold, moist conditions before germination commences (17). Seed
dormancy appears to be controlled by the seed coat, papery seed membrane,
and physiological elements of the embryo, gametophyte, or both (16). There
is a strong genetic component to seed germination with high family
heritability. Both fresh seed and stored seed require cold stratification
temperatures of 1° C (33° F) to 5° C (41° F) to break
dormancy. Germination is epigeal. The seeds of western white pine usually
germinate in the spring in soil that was wet to field capacity by melting
snow. In the Inland Empire, seed germination at lower elevations begins in
late April. At higher elevations and on protected sites, germination may
be delayed until early June. Germination can continue on exposed sites
until July 1 and on protected sites until August 15. Under full sun,
germination begins much earlier and ends much earlier than in partial or
fully shaded conditions. Soil temperatures probably control the beginning
of germination, and drying out of the topsoil or duff probably stops
germination (28). Light appears to have little importance in natural
germination of western white pine seed. Mineral surfaces are better
germination media than duff even though duff may contain many stored
seeds.
During the first growing season, a high percentage of seedlings die,
principally because of diseases, but insects, rodents, and birds cause
serious seedling losses. Fusarium, cause of a damping-off disease,
and Neopeckia coulteri, a snow mold, can cause extensive seedling
mortality during the first year (15). Seedlings up to 5 years old are
often killed by Rhizina undulata, a root rot, in patches 0.5 m
(1.6 ft) to 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter. Seedling mortality late in the first
growing season is due primarily to temperature and drought. High surface
temperature is the most important cause of mortality on exposed sites, and
drought is a factor on heavily shaded areas where root penetration is slow
and unable to keep pace with receding soil moisture. For the most part,
western white pine seedlings have low drought tolerance (20).
All factors considered, western white pine seedling establishment is
favored by partial shade on severe to moderately severe sites. On the more
sheltered sites, such as north slopes, little or no shade is best for
seedling establishment (28). Once established, western white pine grows
best in full sunlight on all sites.
Early root and shoot growth of western white pine seedlings usually is
not rapid. The first summer, the primary root grows about 15 cm (6 in) to
30 cm (12 in) in open situations, between 13 cm (5 in) and 23 cm (9 in)
under partial shade, and only 5 cm (2 in) to 8 cm (3 in) under full shade.
Seedlings planted in soils rich in nutrients, high in organic matter, and
with low bulk densities can have first-year root elongation up to 50 cm
(20 in). Seedlings usually average between 3 cm (1 in) and 5 cm (2 in) in
height by the end of the first growing season. In the Inland Empire,
open-grown western white pine seedlings require about 8 years to reach a
height of 1.4 m (4.5 ft) (28). Similarly, 20-year-old western white pine
grow about 81 cm (32 in) to 99 cm (39 in) per year on good sites and about
23 cm (9 in) to 46 cm (18 in) on poor sites.
Both height growth and diameter growth of western white pine in the
Inland Empire usually begin about the first week of May but may begin as
early as April 5 and as late as June 25 depending on elevation, latitude,
and aspect (24). Also, in the Inland Empire, leaf buds usually open near
May 21 but may open as early as March 27 and as late as June 21. Here,
shoot growth usually ends by August 11; reported dates for shoot growth
cessation are as early as June 9 and as late as October 21. Winter buds
can be formed as early as June 14 and as late as September 30 but are
usually formed by August 13. In the Inland Empire, diameter growth
normally ceases by the end of August. Old needles usually turn straw
yellow between the middle of August and the first week of September and
drop soon thereafter. Total needle fall of western white pine is moderate
when compared to associated species (20), with needle retention of 3 to 4
years.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
A wide variety of soils support western white pine along the west coast
of Washington and Oregon (11). The species reaches its best development on
deep, porous soils but is most common on poor, sandy soils. The soils are
derived from a wide variety of parent material but are generally
moderately deep with medium acidity. Organic matter content is usually
moderate, and textures range from sandy loam to clay loam. The majority of
the soils in which western white pine grows have been classified as
Spodosols. In the Puget Sound area, extensive stands of western white pine
grow on soils originating from glacial drift.
Soils of the Inland Empire western white pine region are very diverse.
Soil depths range from 25 cm (10 in) to over 230 cm (90 in) and have
developed from decomposed granite, schist, quartzite, argillite,
sandstone, and shale. Most often, the more rocky soils have developed from
basalt, glacial deposits, alluvial deposits, or lacustrine deposits (28).
In the Inland Empire, the upper soil layers that support western white
pine are composed of loess or loessial-like material. As along the west
coast, most of the soils that support western white pine in the Inland
Empire are Spodosols.
The pH of soils supporting western white pine in the Inland Empire
ranges from 4.5 to 6.8 with a mean near 5.4 (6). The cation exchange
capacity of these soils ranges from 20.5 to 28.5 meq/100 g with a mean of
25.1 meq/100 g. Mean concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium
are 0.5, 10.5, and 0.8 meq/100 g, respectively. Nitrogen content of soils
of the Inland Empire western white pine range varies from 0.14 percent to
0.48 percent with a mean of 0.25 percent.
Western white pine grows at a wide range of elevations. In interior
British Columbia, it grows at elevations up to 450 m (1,480 ft), while on
Vancouver Island it is normally found at elevations up to 1200 m (3,940
ft) and has been found at elevations over 1500 m (4,920 ft). In western
Washington, western white pine is found growing at sea level (near Puget
Sound) and up to 910 m (2,980 ft) in elevation in the Cascades. Farther
south in the western Cascades, it grows between elevations of 600 and 1850
m (1,970 and 6,070 ft). On the eastern side of the Cascades, it is found
growing between elevations of 350 and 1450 m (1,150 and 4,760 ft). In the
Olympic Mountains, the species ranges from sea level to an elevation of
550 m (1,800 ft). In the Siskiyou Mountains, western white pine is found
at elevations from 1830 to 2140 m (6,000 to 7,020 ft). Farther south in
the Sierra Nevada, it usually grows at elevations from 1830 to 2300 m
(6,000 to 7,550 ft) with occasional trees at elevations of 3350 m (10,990
ft).
In northern Idaho and contiguous parts of Washington, Montana, and
British Columbia, western white pine usually grows between 500 m (1,640
ft) and 1800 m (5,910 ft). Here the topography is usually steep and broken
with V-shaped and round-bottomed valleys. Western white pine can grow on a
variety of slopes and aspects but is most common along moist creek
bottoms, lower benches, and northerly slopes. The most extensive bodies of
western white pine are found in the wide river bottoms, less steep lower
slopes, and in the more gently rolling country of the Priest, Coeur
d'Alene, St. Joe, and Clearwater River basins (28).
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
Because western white pine wood is nonresinous, it is highly desired for
the manufacture of moldings and trim. Also, western white pine is used for
pattern stock, in cabinet shops, and for home handicraft because of its
softness and workability. The clear grades of lumber are used for patterns
in the foundry industry, mainly because of the high degree of dimensional
stability. Decorative plywood is manufactured by slicing, and a limited
amount of rotary-cut veneer is manufactured for industrial use.
Western white pine grows in some of the finest western outdoor
recreation areas and has considerable esthetic value. In addition, the
long, distinctive cones are collected in considerable numbers for
novelties or souvenirs.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine does not naturally
reproduce by sprouting or layering. Cuttings from trees more than 4 to 5
years old are difficult to root (3), although cuttings from 3-year-old
seedlings have been rooted with fair success using rooting hormones.
Needle bundles from 2-year-old seedlings have produced roots and some have
produced shoots successfully.
Western white pine is relatively easy to propagate by grafting at all
ages (3). Several types of grafts have been used; early spring grafting
before flushing has been most successful. Also, scions, taken from a
variety of places in the tree crown, graft with equal success. Grafting
conducted under greenhouse conditions is more successful than field
grafting. Interspecies grafting on other five-needle rootstocks, such as
eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), sugar pine (P.
lambertiana), and blue pine (P. griffithii), has been
generally successful. Grafting of western white pine on species other than
the five-needle white pines has not been accomplished.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Russell T. Graham
Western white pine (Pinus monticola), also called mountain white
pine, Idaho white pine, or silver pine, is an important timber tree. Its
lightweight, nonresinous, straight-grained wood exhibits dimensional
stability that makes it particularly valuable for sash, frames, and doors,
interior paneling, building construction, match wood, and toothpicks.
Western white pine grows rapidly to a large size; one of the largest
standing trees measures 200 cm (78.6 in) in d.b.h. and 72.8 m (239 ft)
tall in the mountains near Medford, OR.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Western white pine grows along the west coast from latitude 35° 51'
N. in southern Tulare County, CA, to latitude 51° 30' N. near Butte
Inlet in southern British Columbia. Along the west coast, the species
grows on Vancouver Island, in adjacent British Columbia, southward through
Washington and Oregon, and in the Cascade Mountains (7). It is also found
in the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and northern California, in
the Sierra Nevada of California, and near Lake Tahoe, NV.
In the interior, western white pine grows from latitude 52° 30' N.
near Quesnel Lake, BC, southward through the Selkirk Mountains of eastern
Washington and northern Idaho, and into the Bitterroot Mountains in
western Montana. Its southernmost interior limit is in the Blue Mountains
of northeastern Oregon (latitude 44° 14' N.). Isolated populations
are found as far east as Glacier National Park, MT. It attains its
greatest size and reaches its best stand and commercial development in the
Inland Empire, which includes northern Idaho and adjacent sections of
Montana, Washington, and British Columbia (28).
- The native range of western white pine.
- license
- cc-by-nc
- copyright
- USDA, Forest Service
Physical Description
provided by USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 5, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Twigs pubescent, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with missing or very weak prickle, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
- compiler
- Stephen C. Meyers
- compiler
- Aaron Liston
- compiler
- Steffi Ickert-Bond
- compiler
- Damon Little
Pinus monticola
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Pinus monticola (lat. Pinus monticola) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Mənbə
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Azerbaijani
)
provided by wikipedia AZ
Pinus monticola (lat. Pinus monticola) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Pinus monticola
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Pinus monticola (Western white pine[1] i California mountain pine),[1] és una espècie de pi que es troba a les muntanyes de l'oest dels Estats Units i del Canadà[2]
Descripció
Pinus monticola és un gran arbre que fa entre 30 i 50 m d'alt, excepcionalment fins a 70 m. Té 5 fulles aciculars en els fascicles foliars. Les seves pinyes són llargues i primes de 12 a 32 cm de llargada. Està emparentat amb el Pinus strobus en difereix principalment per tenir les pinyes més grosses. Es cultiva com planta ornamental.
Referències
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 «USDA GRIN Taxonomy».
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew. National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling, 2008, p. 78. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
Chase, J. Smeaton. Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1911, p. 99. OCLC 3477527. LCCN 11004975. Plantilla:LCC, with illustrations by Carl Eytel - Kurut, Gary F. (2009), "Carl Eytel: Southern California Desert Artist", California State Library Foundation, Bulletin No. 95, pp. 17-20 retrieved Nov. 13, 2011
Enllaços externs
En altres projectes de
Wikimedia:
Commons (Galeria) Commons (Categoria) 
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Pinus monticola (Western white pine i California mountain pine), és una espècie de pi que es troba a les muntanyes de l'oest dels Estats Units i del Canadà
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autors i editors de Wikipedia
Borovice pohorská
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Borovice pohorská [2] (Pinus monticola) je velká severoamerická pětijehličná borovice.
Synonyma
-
Pinus monticola varieta minima
-
Pinus strobus varieta monticola
- Strobus monticola
Popis
Stálezelený, jehličnatý, větrosprašný, jednodomý a rychle rostoucí strom (kolem 75 cm za rok[3]), dorůstající do výšky až 70 m a dožívající se věku nad 400 let. Kmen je přímý a dosahuje i průměru 2,5 m. Větve jsou rozprostřené a stoupající a téměř uspořádané v přeslenech. Koruna je zprvu úzce kuželovitá, později široká a zploštělá. Borka je u mladých stromů šedozelená, hladká a tenká, u starších šedohnědá a rozbrázděná do obdélníkových až šestihranných šupinovitých plátů a tlustá kolem 5 cm. Letorosty jsou zprvu tenké, bledě červenohnědé, pokryté rezavými chlupy, mírně žlázovité, málokdy hladké, později purpurovohnědé či šedé a hladké. Pupeny jsou elipsoidní či válcovité, rezavě zbarvené, mírně pryskyřičnaté a 4-5 mm dlouhé.
Jehlice jsou rovné, mírně zakroucené, pružné, rozprostřené až vzestupné, modrozelené; vyskytují se ve svazečcích (Fasciculus) po 5. Dlouhé jsou 4–10 cm dlouhé a široké 0,7–1 mm, trojstranné, na okrajích nepatrně vroubkované a s ostrou špičkou; s řadami průduchů (Stomata) na horních površích a bez zřejmých řad průduchů na spodních površích. Svazečkové pochvy jsou 10-15 mm dlouhé a brzy opadávají; jehlice zůstávají na stromě 3-4 roky.
Samčí (pylové) šištice (Microstrobilus) jsou žluté, elipsoidní, 10-15 mm dlouhé, seskupené blízko konců větví. Samičí (semenné) šištice – šišky (Megastrobilus) jsou souměrné, před rozevřením kopinatě až elipsoidně válcovité, po rozevření široce kopinaté až elipsoidně válcovité; hnědé až žluté, bez purpurového či šedého nádechu; pryskyřičnaté. Visí ve shlucích blízko konců větví v horní části koruny na 2 cm dlouhých stopkách; šišky jsou 10-25 cm dlouhé, dozrávají druhým rokem a po vypadnutí semen opadávají. Šupiny šišek jsou tenké. Přírůstek prvního roku (Umbo) je koncový a snížený. Semena jsou stlačená, široce obvejčitě deltovitá, červenohnědá a 5-7 mm dlouhá. Křídla semen jsou 20-25 mm dlouhá.
Příbuznost
Borovice pohorská se vyskytuje ve dvou varietáchː[4] Pinus monticola varieta minima a Pinus monticola varieta monticola. Borovice pohorská je příbuzná borovici vejmutovce.
Výskyt
Domovinou borovice pohorské je Kanada (provincie Alberta a Britská Kolumbie) a Spojené státy americké (státy Idaho, Kalifornie, Montana, Nevada, Oregon a Washington).
Ekologie
Borovice pohorská roste nejčastěji v přímořských oblastech Kanady a Spojených států amerických, v oblastech s vlhkými zimami a suchými léty. Roční srážkové úhrny na ostrově Vancouver a v Kaskádovém pohoří se pohybují kolem 1500-2010 mm, v pohoří Siskiyou Mountains okolo 510-1520 mm, v horském pásmu Sierra Nevada kolem 760-1500 mm a v oblasti Inland Empire (Inland Northwest) kolem 710-1520 mm. V Britské Kolumbii strom roste v kotlinách a údolích pouze do nadmořských výšek 450 m, zatímco v Kalifornii roste až do výšek 3000 m. Borovice pohorská tvoří jak rozsáhlé samostatné jednodruhové lesy, tak též lesy smíšené, především s jinými jehličnany: s cypřiškem Lawsonovým, douglaskou tisolistou, jedlovcem Mertensovým (Tsuga mertensiana), jedlovcem západním, modřínem západoamerickým (Larix occidentalis), pazeravem sbíhavým, zeravem obrovským, z borovic s borovicí Balfourovou, borovicí bělokmennou, borovicí Jeffreyovou, borovicí Lambertovou, borovicí ohebnou, borovicí pokroucenou, borovicí těžkou, z jedlí například s jedlí nádhernou, jedlí obrovskou, jedlí ojíněnou, jedlí plstnatoplodou a jedlí vznešenou, ze smrků se smrkem Engelmannovým a smrkem sitkou. Podrost bývá tvořen celoterčníkem různobarvým (Holodiscus discolor), javorem lysým (Acer glabrum), kopytníkem Asarum caudatum, muchovníkem olšolistým (Amelanchier alnifolia), tisem západoamerickým (Taxus brevifolia) a dalšími. Borovice pohorská je mrazuvzdorná do –34,3 °C, nesnáší zastínění.
Roste v různých typech půd, například čedičového, sedimentárního, svorového či žulového původu. Strom nejlépe roste v půdách hlubokých, dobře odvodňovaných a zadržujících vlhkost, když pH půdy je mezi 4,5–6,8 . Borovice pohorská poskytuje životní prostředí, úkryt a potravu mnoha zvířatům. Jehlice tohoto stromu slouží jako nouzový zimní zdroj v případě nedostatku jiné potravy jelenci černoocasému (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), občasně také jako zdroj potravy a úkryt jelenu Wapiti. Semeny stromu se živí křečci rodu Peromyscus a čikarí červený Tamiasciurus hudsonicus.
Nepřátelé a nemoci
Borovice pohorská je nejvíce ohrožována rzí vejmutovkovou, která strom často zabije. Pro minimalizaci škod způsobených rzí je třeba pěstovat semenáče tohoto stromu ze semen získaných z vůči této rzi přirozeně odolných stromů[4]. Borovice pohorská je hlavním hostitelem trpasličího jmelí Arceuthobium monticola. Na kořenech stromu někdy rostou houby václavky, které strom oslabují a někdy zabijí, i další druhy hub. Taktéž občas stromu škodí lýkohub Dendroctonus ponderosae a další. Strom nesnáší oxid siřičitý a fluoridy, které způsobují žloutnutí a předčasný opad jehličí. Středně silná borka chrání strom pouze průměrně proti ohni, nicméně mladé stromy jsou pro tenkou borku ohněm velmi zranitelné.
Využití člověkem
Borovice pohorská je významným zdrojem vysoce kvalitního dřeva, používaného na vnitřní konstrukce a obložení, na výrobu oken, dveří, překližky, nábytku, zápalek a párátek. Pro svou náchylnost ke rzi vejmutovkové není borovice pohorská, podobně jako borovice Lambertova, příliš vhodná pro těžbu exotického dřeva v Evropě a v jiných částech mírného pásma, kde se tento patogen vyskytuje. Borovice pohorská je pěstována v několika arboretech a chráněných krajinných oblastech, v hortikultuře je ovšem neobvyklá a je známo jen několik kultivarů. Borovice pohorská je státním stromem státu Idaho. Domorodí Američané (Indiáni) míchali z pryskyřice léčivé obklady na rány, žvýkali pryskyřici, z borky tkali koše a další nádoby.
Ohrožení
Borovice pohorská je organizací IUCN považována za téměř ohroženou a tendence její populace je klesající. Mezi faktory ohrožující tento strom patří snížená regenerace populace v důsledku konkurence, útoky rzi vejmutovkové, kácení a potlačování přirozených lesních požárů, neboť lesní požáry významně likvidují pro tento strom konkurenční jehličnany.
Galerie
Borovice pohorská, samčí šištice před opylováním.
Borovice pohorská, samčí šištice po opylování.
Borovice pohorská, mladé samičí šištice po opylování a jehlice.
Borovice pohorská, uzavřené samičí šištice.
Borovice pohorská, rozevřené samičí šištice.
Borovice pohorská, borka.
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ http://botany.cz/cs/pinus-monticola/
-
↑ http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+monticola
-
↑ a b http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinmot/all.html
Externí odkazy
Rod borovice (Pinus) Podrod
Pinus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Podrod
Strobus
Evropa
Asie
Amerika
Borovice pohorská: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Borovice pohorská (Pinus monticola) je velká severoamerická pětijehličná borovice.
Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus monticola), auch Murray-Kiefer genannt, ist eine Kiefernart, die in den Bergen des westlichen Nordamerikas vorkommt.
Merkmale
Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer erreicht regelmäßig eine Höhe von 30 bis 50 Meter und kann in Ausnahmefällen bis zu 70 Meter hoch werden. Die Nadeln stehen zu fünft in Bündeln an Kurztrieben. Sie werden fünf bis 13 Zentimeter lang. Die Zapfen sind zwischen 12 und 32 Zentimeter lang und schmal. In geschlossenem Zustand sind sie zwischen 3 und 4 Zentimeter breit, geöffnet haben sie einen Durchmesser von 5 bis 8 Zentimeter. Die einzelnen Zapfenschuppen sind dünn und flexibel. Die Samen sind klein und erreichen eine Länge zwischen 4 und 7 Millimeter.
Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer ist eng mit der Weymouth-Kiefer aus dem östlichen Nordamerika verwandt. Sie unterscheidet sich von dieser Art durch die größeren Zapfen und die länger lebenden Nadeln. Sie hat außerdem ein etwas kompakteres Erscheinungsbild. Wichtige diagnostische Merkmale sind die Form der Spitze der Nadeln (breit bis schmal spitz, nicht abrupt spitz bis zugespitzt wie bei der Weymouth-Kiefer), die Farbe der reifen Schuppenschilder (creme-braun bis gelblich, ohne die für die Weymouth-Kiefer typischen Purpur- oder Grautöne) und die plattige, nicht wie bei der Weymouth-Kiefer längsrissige Borke älterer Bäume.[1] Die jungen Triebe sind gleichmäßig flaumhaarig und bräunlich, während sie bei der Weymouth-Kiefer nur unter den Nadelbüscheln behaart sind, rasch verkahlen und grünlich gefärbt sind.[2]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[3]
Verbreitung
![src=]()
Natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet
![src=]()
Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer (
Pinus monticola) in der Sierra Nevada
Verbreitungsschwerpunkte sind die Sierra Nevada, die Kaskadenkette sowie die nordwestliche Küstenregion und die nördlichen Rocky Mountains. In vielen Regionen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes, wie beispielsweise Oregon und Washington, kommt sie auf Meeresniveau vor. Sie ist die Baumart, die den US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Idaho symbolisiert.[4] Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer wird heute häufig als Zierbaum angepflanzt. In ihrem ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebiet ist ihr Bestand auf Grund von Holzeinschlag aber stark zurückgegangen.
Systematik
Pinus monticola wurde 1832 von David Don im Werk von A.B.Lambert, "Descr. Pinus", ed. 3, Band 2, Seite 144 bis erstbeschrieben.[5] Don nahm dabei einen Namen auf, der zuerst von Douglas verwendet worden war. Synonyme sind Pinus strobus var. monticola (Douglas ex D.Don) Nutt., Pinus porphyrocarpa A.Murray bis oder Pinus grozelieri Carrière.[5]
Krankheiten
Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer zählt zu den Arten, die verhältnismäßig häufig vom Strobenrost (Cronartium ribicola) befallen wird. Dieser Pilz wurde versehentlich im Jahre 1909 aus Europa eingeführt. Er befällt ausschließlich fünfnadelige Kiefern. Der United States Forest Service schätzt, dass westlich der Kaskadenkette 90 Prozent des Bestands an Westlichen Weymouth-Kiefern an diesem Pilz zugrunde gegangen sind. Zahlreiche Standorte, an denen ursprünglich diese Kiefernart stand, weisen heute einen Bewuchs mit anderen Baumarten auf.
Einige Westliche Weymouth-Kiefern weisen eine genetische Resistenz gegenüber dem Strobenrost auf. Der US Forest Service führt aktuell ein Programm durch, um solche resistenten Bäume zu finden und diese gezielt zu vermehren.[6]
Nutzung
Bei der Westlichen Weymouth-Kiefer umgibt weißes Splintholz in einem 2,5 bis 7,5 Zentimeter breiten Streifen ein strohgelbes bis blassrotbraunes Kernholz. Das Holz ist nicht sehr harzreich. Trotzdem sind die Harzkanäle als feine braune Linien sichtbar. Die Jahresringe sind nicht sehr ausgeprägt und insgesamt hat das Holz eine sehr ebenmäßige Maserung. Es ist etwas schwerer und härter als das Holz der Weymouth-Kiefer. Es wird vor allem für Innenarbeiten als Tischlerholz und für Wand- und Deckenverkleidungen verarbeitet, da es nicht sehr haltbar und schwer zu konservieren ist.[7]
Quellen
Einzelbelege
-
↑ Flora of North America: Pinus.
-
↑ Jost Fitschen (Begr.), Franz H. Meyer, Ulrich Hecker, Hans Rolf Höster, Fred-Günter Schroeder: Gehölzflora. Ein Buch zum Bestimmen der in Mitteleuropa wildwachsenden und angepflanzten Bäume und Sträucher. Mit Knospen- und Früchteschlüssel, 11. Auflage, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-4940-1268-7.
-
↑ Tropicos. [1]
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew: National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. Sterling, New York 2008, ISBN 1-4027-3875-7, S. 78.
-
↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 25. April 2019.
-
↑ US Forest Service Dorena Tree Improvement Center, Programm des US Forest Service zur Züchtung rostresistenter Murray-Kiefern
-
↑ Andrew Duncan, Gwen Rigby: Der Hobbytischler – Technik der Holzverarbeitung, Deutsche Ausgabe in Zusammenarbeit mit der Meisterschule Ebern für das Schreinerhandwerk, Orbis Verlag, München 1984, ISBN 3-572-00763-1, S. 195
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Die Westliche Weymouth-Kiefer (Pinus monticola), auch Murray-Kiefer genannt, ist eine Kiefernart, die in den Bergen des westlichen Nordamerikas vorkommt.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Рытвыв чочком пожум
(
Komi
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Шунды пуксён пал тӧдьы пужым
(
Udmurt
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Western white pine
provided by wikipedia EN
Western white pine (Pinus monticola), also called silver pine[2] and California mountain pine,[2] is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.
Description
Western white pine is a large tree, regularly growing to 30–50 metres (98–164 ft) tall. It is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five,[3] with a deciduous sheath. The needles are finely serrated,[3] and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The cones, appearing even on young trees, are long and slender,[3] 12–32 cm (4+3⁄4–12+1⁄2 in) long and 3–4 cm (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) broad (closed), opening to 5–8 cm (2–3+1⁄4 in) broad; the scales are thin and flexible. The seeds are small, 4–7 mm (3⁄16–1⁄4 in) long, and have a long slender wing 15–22 mm (9⁄16–7⁄8 in) long.
The branches are borne in regular whorls,[3] produced at the rate of one a year; this is pronounced in narrow, stand-grown trees, while open specimens may have a more rounded form with wide-reaching limbs. When mature, the tree has bark that appears to be cut into small, checkered units.[3]
Similar species
It is related to the Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus),[3] differing from it in having larger cones, slightly longer-lasting leaves (2–3 years, rather than 1.5–2 years) with more prominent stomatal bands, and a somewhat denser and narrower habit.
Distribution
The species occurs in humid areas of the mountains of the Western United States and Western Canada[3] such as the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, the Coast Range, and the northern Rocky Mountains. It can be found in elevations of 600 to 1,800 meters (2,000 to 5,900 ft) above sea level in eastern Washington and Oregon's Blue Mountains[3] and 1,800 to 3,100 metres (5,900 to 10,200 ft) on the western face of the Sierra Nevada as far south as the headwaters of the Kern River.[4][3] The tree often occurs in forests with fir and hemlock species, especially those which are tolerant of shade.[3] It benefits from disturbances that clear away competing species, including low fires that do not destroy all of its cone-protected seeds.[3] It is also well adapted to poor, rocky soils.[3]
Ecology
Once abundant in northern Idaho, Western white pine's population was drastically affected from the late 19th century to the late 20th century by logging, wildfires, white pine blister rust, and a bark beetle epidemic.[3] Since 1970, millions of Western white pine seedlings have been planted to make up for the losses.[3]
The white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) is a fungus that was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1909. The United States Forest Service estimates that 90% of the Western white pines have been killed by the blister rust west of the Cascades. Large stands have been succeeded by other pines or non-pine species. The rust has also killed much of the whitebark pine outside of California. Blister rust is less severe in California, and Western white and whitebark pines have survived there in great numbers.
Resistance to the blister rust is genetic; due to Western white pine's genetic variability, some individuals are relatively unaffected. The Forest Service has a program for locating and breeding rust-resistant Western white pine and sugar pine. Seedlings of these trees have been introduced into the wild.
Uses
The gum was reportedly chewed by Native Americans to treat coughs. The pitch was used to fasten arrowheads and coat fishing and whaling instruments.[3] European colonists used both Western and Eastern white pine as softwood lumber.[3] Both species are considered excellent for molding and carving.[3] First the Eastern and then the Western species were used in the building of transcontinental railroads in the late 19th century.[3] In the early 20th century, white pine was used to build houses and make matches.[3]
Western white pine is widely grown as an ornamental tree.
References
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Western white pine: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Western white pine (Pinus monticola), also called silver pine and California mountain pine, is a species of pine in the family Pinaceae. It occurs in mountain ranges of northwestern North America and is the state tree of Idaho.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Arĝenta pino
(
Esperanto
)
provided by wikipedia EO
La arĝenta pino, (Pinus monticola) estas specio de pino el la familio de la pinacoj. Ĝi troviĝas en la montaroj de okcidenta Usono kaj Kanado, specife Sierra Nevada, Kaskada Montaro, Pacifika Montaro, kaj norda Rokmontaro. La arbo etendas malsupren al marnivelo en multaj lokoj, precipe en Oregono kaj Vaŝingtonio. Ĝi estas la subŝtatarbo de Idaho, kaj foje estas konata kiel la "idaha pino" [2].
Priskribo
La arĝenta pino estas granda arbo, regule kreskanta ĝis alto de 30-50 m kaj escepte ĝis 70 m. Ĝi estas membro de la grupo de la subgenro Strobus, kaj kiel ĉiuj membroj de tiu grupo, la folioj ("pingloj") estas en faskaj po kvin, kun decidua ingo. La pingloj estas fajne segildentaj, kaj 5-13 cm longaj. La strobiloj estas longaj kaj maldikaj, 12-32 cm longaj kaj 3-4 cm larĝaj (fermitajn), malfermiĝante ĝis 5-8 cm larĝaj; la skvamoj estas maldikaj kaj flekseblaj. La semoj estas malgrandaj, 4-7 mm longaj, kaj havas longan sveltan flugilon 15-22 mm longan.
Tiu nearktisa specio estas parenca al la vejmuta pino (Pinus strobus), diferenca de ĝi pro la posedo de pli grandaj konusoj, iomete pli long-daŭrantaj folioj (2-3 jaroj, anstataŭ 1,5-2 jaroj) kun pli elstarantaj stomaj strioj, kaj kun iom pli densa kaj pli mallarĝa habito.
La branĉoj estas enplantataj laŭ regulaj volvaĵoj, produktataj kun la rapideco de po unu ĉiu jaro; tio estas okulfrapa en mallarĝaj, arbarere kreskitaj arboj, dum malferme kreskitaj specimenoj povas havi pli rondetan formon kun larĝ-atingantaj branĉoj. La arĝenta pino estas vaste kreskigata kiel ornama arbo, sed estis tro ekspluatata ĉie en granda parto da sia arealo en la pasinteco.
Minacoj
La arĝenta pino estas grave trafita de Cronartium ribicola (rustofungoj), fungo kiu estis hazarde enmetita el Eŭropo en 1909. La Usona Arbaragentejo (United States Forest Service) taksas ke 90% el la arĝentaj pinoj estis mortigataj de tiu malsano okcidente de Kaskada Montaro. Grandaj arbareroj estis sukceditaj per aliaj pinoj aŭ ne-pinaj specioj. La rusto ankaŭ mortigis multajn Pinus albicaulis ekstere de Kalifornio. Atakoj de Cronatium ribicola estas malpli severaj en Kalifornio, kaj P. monticola kaj P. albicaulis pluvivis tie en grandaj nombroj.
Rezisto al la fungo estas genetika, kaj pro la genetika ŝanĝebleco de arĝenta pino iuj individuoj estas relative netuŝataj de la malsano. La Usona Arbaragentejo havas programon por lokalizado kaj bredado de fungo-rezistemaj arĝentaj pinoj kaj sukropinoj (Pinus lambertiana). Plantidoj de tiuj arboj estis enkondukataj en la arbaro.
Referencoj
Bibliografio
- Debazac E.F. 1964 : Manuel des conifères, Ecole Nationale de Eaux et Forêts, Nancy, 172 p., p. 88.
Vidu ankaŭ
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
Arĝenta pino: Brief Summary
(
Esperanto
)
provided by wikipedia EO
La arĝenta pino, (Pinus monticola) estas specio de pino el la familio de la pinacoj. Ĝi troviĝas en la montaroj de okcidenta Usono kaj Kanado, specife Sierra Nevada, Kaskada Montaro, Pacifika Montaro, kaj norda Rokmontaro. La arbo etendas malsupren al marnivelo en multaj lokoj, precipe en Oregono kaj Vaŝingtonio. Ĝi estas la subŝtatarbo de Idaho, kaj foje estas konata kiel la "idaha pino" .
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
Pinus monticola
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Pinus monticola, el pino blanco occidental,[2] es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Pináceas.
Distribución y hábitat
Este pino crece en las montañas del oeste de los Estados Unidos y Canadá, específicamente en la cordillera de Sierra Nevada, la cordillera de las Cascadas, la Cadena costera del Pacífico y las Montañas Rocosas septentrionales. El árbol se extiende hasta el nivel del mar, particularmente en Oregón y Washington. Es el árbol estatal de Idaho.[3]
![src=]()
Árboles maduros que crecen en un grupo mezclado.
![src=]()
Pino blanco occidental que crece en Portland, Oregón.
Descripción
El pino blanco occidental es un gran árbol, que crece habitualmente hasta 30-50 m y excepcionalmente hasta 70 m de alto. Es un miembro del grupo de los pinos blancos, Pinus subgénero Strobus, y como todos los miembros de ese grupo, las hojas ("acículas") están en fascículos (ramos) de cinco, con una vaina caduca. Las acículas están finamente serradas, y tienen 5-13 cm de largo. Los conos son largos y delgados, 12-32 cm de largo y 3-4 cm de ancho (cerrado), abriéndose a 5-8 cm de ancho; las escamas son delgadas y flexibles. Las semillas son pequeñas, 4-7 mm de largo, y tienen un ala delgada larga de 15-22 mm.
Está relacionado con el pino de Weymouth (Pinus strobus), del que se diferencia en que tiene los conos más grandes, con acículas que duran ligeramente más (2–3 años, más que 1,5–2 años) con bandas estomatales más prominentes, y un hábito más denso y estrecho. Las ramas nacen en racimos regulares, producidos a razón de una al año; este es pronunciado en árboles estrechos, mientras que los ajemplares abiertos pueden tener una forma más redondeada con ramas más extensas. Se cultiva ampliamente como un árbol ornamental, pero ha sido talado ampliamente a través de gran parte de su área de distribución en el pasado.
Plagas
Ha sido seriamente afectado por el Cronartium ribicola, un hongo que fue introducido accidentalmente desde Europa en 1909. El Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos considera que el 90% de los pinos blancos occidentales murieron por la herrumbre al oeste de las Cascadas. Amplios grupos han sido sustituidos por otros pinos y otras especies. La herrumbre ha matado también gran parte del pino de corteza blanca fuera de California. La herrumbre es menos severa en California, y los pinos blancos occidentales y de corteza blanca han sobrevivido allí en gran número.
La resistencia a la herrumbre es genética, y debido a la variabilidad genética del pino blanco occidental algunos ejemplares quedan protegidos por el rust. El Servicio Forestal de los EE. UU. tiene un programa para localizar y alimentar al pino blanco occidental resistente a la herrumbre y también al pino de azúcar (véase enlace externo abajo). Plántulas de estos árboles han sido introducidas en el ámbito silvestre.
Taxonomía
Se describió primero al Pinus monticola por Douglas ex D.Don y se publicó en A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 3 2: [sin numerar entre las páginas 144 y 145]. 1832.[4]
- Etimología
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[5]
monticola: epíteto latino que significa "de los montes".
- Sinonimia
-
Pinus grozelieri Carrière
-
Pinus porphyrocarpa A.Murray bis
-
Pinus strobus subsp. monticola (Douglas ex D.Don) A.E.Murray
-
Pinus strobus var. monticola (Douglas ex D.Don) Nutt.
-
Strobus monticola (Douglas ex D.Don) Rydb.[6][7]
Referencias
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group. «Pinus monticola». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2011.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2011.
-
↑ Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. Nueva York: Sterling. p. 78. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
-
↑ «Pinus monticola». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 10 de abril de 2013.
-
↑ En Nombres Botánicos
-
↑ «Pinus monticola». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 10 de abril de 2013.
-
↑ Pinus monticola en PlantList
Bibliografía
- Abrams, L. 1923. Ferns to Birthworts. 1: 1–557. In L. Abrams (ed.) Ill. Fl. Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
- Cronquist, A.J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 1: 1–271. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Fl. N. Amer. 2: i–xvi, 1–475.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A.J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Jepson, W. L. 1909. Fl. Calif. vol. 1. 578 pp. Cunningham, Curtiss & Welch, San Francisco.
- Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Scoggan, H. J. 1978 [1979]. Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. 2: 93–545. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Pinus monticola, el pino blanco occidental, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Pináceas.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Läänemänd
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Läänemänd (Pinus monticola) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide rühma ja alamperekonda Strobus.
Liigi looduslik levila on USA loodeosas ja Kanada Briti Columbia provintsi lõunaosas. Euroopasse tõi läänemänni 1830. aastal šoti botaanik David Douglas, kes on ühtlasi selle liigi esmakirjeldaja.
Kirjeldus
Läänemänd on kõrge ja pikaealine okaspuu, mille maksimaalne eluiga võib ületada 600 aastat. Puu kasvab 45–55 m, harva kuni 70 m kõrguseks.[3]
Võra on noorel puul kitsaskooniline, vananedes muutub ümaramaks või tipuosas laiuvaks. Tüvi on valdavalt sirge, läbimõõt on tavaliselt umbes 1 m, maksimaalselt kuni 2½ m[3]. Puukoor on noorelt sile, hallikasroheline, plaatjas, vananedes pikirõmeline.[4]
Juurestik on keskmise kasvukiirusega ja selle ulatus sõltub otseselt kasvupinnase sügavusest ja pinnasevee tasemest. Umbes 65% kogu juurestikust on pinnase pealmises 30 cm paksuses kihis. Narmasjuured võivad ulatuda puust kuni 8 m kaugusele.[5]
Pungad on ellipsoidsed või silinderjad, punakaspruunid, veidi vaigused ja kuni 4–5 mm pikad[3]. Võrsed on läikivad, rohekad-hallikaspruunid. Okkad on viiekaupa kimbus, 4–10 cm pikad, jäigad, sirged, kolmetahulised, hallikasrohelised, terava või tömpterava tipuga ja püsivad võrsetel 3–4 aastat.[4]
Isasõisikud on kahvatukollased, ellipsoidsed ja 1–1½ cm pikad. Emasõisikud on üksikud või 3 kaupa (harva kuni 5 kaupa), kollakad ja tipmised. Käbid on 15–20 (37) cm pikad, kitsassilinderjad ja sageli kaarjalt kõverdunud, rohelised kuni purpurpunased, valminult kollakaspruunid ja vaigused.[4] Seemned on helepruunid, kest on 5–7 mm pikk, tiivake 2–2,5 cm pikk.[3]
Levila ja ökoloogia
Läänemänd kasvab Kanada Briti Columbiast põhjas kuni California osariigini lõunas.
Kasvukoha kõrgused piirkonniti:[5]
Piirkond Kõrgus merepinnast, m Briti Columbia 0–450 Vancouveri saar 0–1200 Kaskaadid 350–1850 Siskiyou mäed 1830–2140 Sierra Nevada 1830–2300 (3350)
Kliima
Rannikupiirkond ja Kaskaadid
Levila loode- ja keskosas, mis hõlmab Vancouveri saart, Kaskaade ja Siskiyou mägesid, valitseb mereline kliima. Talved on seal pehmed ja sademeterohked ning suved on soojad ja kuivad. Vancouveri saarel ja Kaskaadides sajab aastas keskmiselt 1500–2010 mm, Siskiyou mägedes 510–1520 mm. Talvine lumepiir algab 600 m kõrguselt üle merepinna, seal esineb lund paksude kihtidena. Talvised temperatuurid langevad selles piirkonnas kuni –18 °C ja suvel tõusevad kuni 38 °C. Aasta kõige külmem kuu on jaanuar ning kõige soojemad on juuli ja august. Külmavaba periood kestab rannikupiirkonnas 200 ööpäeva ja Kaskaadides 90 ööpäeva.[5]
Sierra Nevada piirkond
![src=]()
Läänemänd okaspuu-segametsas
Läänemänni Sierra Nevada kasvupiirkonnas esineb aastas sademeid keskmiselt 760–1500 mm. Kui harvad suvised äikesetormid välja arvata, siis tuleb peaaegu kogu sademehulk talvise lume arvelt. Veebruari keskmine temperatuur on –9 °C, temperatuurid võivad selles piirkonnas langeda talvel kuni –32 °C. Juuli-augusti keskmine temperatuur on 27 °C, ning suvised temperatuurid võivad tõusta kuni 37 °C. Külmavaba periood on 90–180 ööpäeva, kuid külmakraade võib esineda suvelgi, mis põhjustab tihti noorte puude hukkumist.[5]
Sisemaa piirkond
Sisemaa piirkonnas (Kaljumäestiku keskosa), millest Vaikne ookean jääb ligi 400 km kaugusele, on suved küllaltki kuivad. Sademeid esineb aastas keskmiselt 710–1520 mm, millest 62% esineb sügisel ja talvel ning vaid 14% suvel. Lund sajab 1,22–6,20 m. Piirkonna aasta keskmine temperatuur on 4–10 °C, talvised temperatuurid võivad langeda kuni –40 °C ning suvised tõusta kuni 42 °C. Vegetatsiooniperioodi pikkus sõltub kasvukoha kõrgusest ja on 60–160 ööpäeva.[5]
Kasvupinnas
Washingtoni ja Oregoni rannikupiirkonna parimad läänemänni metsad kasvavad sügavatel poorsetel muldadel, kuid laialt levinud kasvupinnasteks selles piirkonnas on siiski toitainetevaesed liivmullad. Mullad on üldjuhul keskmise sügavuse ja happelise reaktsiooniga. Tüüpilisteks muldadeks on leetmullad.[5]
Sisemaa kasvupiirkonnas on mullahorisont 25–230 cm paks. Lähtekivimiteks on graniit, kilt, kvartsiit, argilliit, liivakivi ja savikilt. Tihti on kivisemad mullad moodustunud basaldist, liustikusetetest, jõesetetest ja järvesetetest. Ülemistes mullahorisontides esineb tihti löss. Muldadest on kõige rohkem esindatud leetmullad. Kasvupinnase pH on 4,5–6,8.[5]
Läänemänni metsad
![src=]()
Ameerika punaorav toitub läänemänni seemnetest
Läänemänd võib moodustada puhaspuistuid, kuid sagedamini kasvab ta segametsades kas domineeriva või mittedomineeriva puuliigina. Metsades, kus läänemänd domineerib, võib temaga koos esineda järgmisi liike: Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii), harilik ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii), hiigel-elupuu (Thuja plicata), hiigelnulg (Abies grandis), keerdmänd (Pinus contorta), kollane mänd (Pinus ponderosa), läänelehis (Larix occidentalis), läänetsuuga (Tsuga heterophylla), Mertensi tsuuga (Tsuga mertensiana), mäginulg (Abies lasiocarpa) ja tore nulg (Abies magnifica).[5]
Teistes metsatüüpides, kus läänemänd ei domineeri, on tema kaasliikideks tavaliselt: ameerika haab (Populus tremuloides), Balfouri mänd (Pinus balfouriana), hall nulg (Abies concolor), hõbenulg (Abies nobilis), Jeffrey mänd (Pinus jeffreyi), kalifornia ebaküpress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), kalifornia lõhnaseeder (Calocedrus decurrens), kaljumänd (Pinus flexilis), lühiokkaline jugapuu (Taxus brevifolia), Menziesi maasikapuu (Arbutus menziesii), paberikask (Betula papyrifera), sitka kuusk (Picea sitchensis), suhkrumänd (Pinus lambertiana), suurelehine vaher (Acer macrophyllum), valgetüveline seedermänd (Pinus albicaulis) ja õilis nulg (Abies amabilis).[5]
Läänemänd toiduallikana
Põdrad (Alces alces) ja mustsaba-hirved (Odocoileus hemionus) toituvad läänemänni võrsetest karmidel talvedel, kui põhitoidust enam ei piisa. Seemned on väga oluliseks toiduallikaks närilistele, eriti Ameerika punaoravale (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) ja helehamstrikule (Peromyscus).[6]
Paljunemine
![src=]()
Noored käbid pärast õitsemist
Läänemänd on ühekojaline okaspuu ja paljuneb seemnete abil. Käbikandvus algab väga varakult, soodsate kasvutingimuste korral juba 7 aasta vanuselt. Tolmlemine toimub maist kuni juuli alguseni, sõltuvalt kasvukoha kõrgusest ja ilmadest ning kestab keskmiselt 8,5 ööpäeva. Seemned valmivad tolmlemisele järgneva aasta augustis-septembris. Sisemaa kasvupiirkonnas on 15% seemnetest varisenud augusti lõpuks, 85% oktoobri lõpuks ning ülejäänud 15% langeb hilissügisel ja talvel. Head seemneaastad korduvad 3-4 aasta järel. Ühes käbis on keskmiselt 226 seemet ja ühe seemne mass on 14,2–32,4 mg. Valminud seemnete hulka võivad oluliselt vähendada kahjurid ning seemnetest toituvad linnud ja oravad. Seemnete peamine levitaja on tuul, mis kannab nad üldjuhul kuni 120 m, harva kuni 800 m kaugusele puust.[5]
Haigused ja kahjurid
Seenhaigused
Läänemänd on väga vastuvõtlik männi-koorepõletikule, mida põhjustab seen Cronartium ribicola. See seenhaigus on kõige olulisem Põhja-Ameerika viieokkaliste mändide kahjustaja. Seene poolt toodetud eosed kanduvad tuule abil kuni 17 km kaugusele, nakatades mändide okkaid. Nakatunud puud üldjuhul hukkuvad. Haigust püütakse ohjata geneetiliselt vastupidavate isendite väljavalimisega.[6]
![src=]()
Koorepõletikku nakatunud läänemänd
Läänemänni okkakahjustusi põhjustavad veel järgmised seened: Lophodermella arcuata, Lophodermium nitens ja Bifusella linearis.[6]
Juuremädanikku põhjustavad külmaseened (Armillaria spp). Haiguse tõttu kuivavad okkad, puu kiratseb, juured mädanevad ning puu nõrgeneb või hukkub.[6]
Männi-juurepess (Heterobasidion annosum) põhjustab samuti lokaalselt puude hukkumist. Seene spoorid levivad õhu kaudu, nakatades värskelt mahasaetud puude kände. Kännu juurte kaudu levib seen kõrvalkasvavatele puudele. Haigust saab üsna edukalt tõrjuda biopreparaatidega.[6]
Kahjurputukad
Kahjurputukatest põhjustab kõige suuremat kahju mäestiku-männiürask (Dendroctonus ponderosae), kelle epideemilised rünnakud toimuvad periooditi ja vähendavad läänemänni majandusmetsadest saadavat tulu. Tihti toimuvad üraskiründed pärast puude nakatumist koorepõletikku. Haiguste tõttu nõrgenenud puid ründavad veel üraskiliigid Dendroctonus valens ja Ips emarginatus.[5]
Kasutamine
Läänemänni puit on kerge, keskmiselt madalamate tugevusomadustega, kergelt töödeldav ja liimitav, helekollaka tooniga, vähese vaigusisaldusega, kuivamisel väikese kokkutõmbumisega. Puit on kõrgelt hinnatud saematerjal, mida kasutatakse peamiselt akende, uste (k.a raamid), tikkude, kastide ja puitkonstruktsioonide valmistamisel.[7]
Puidu füüsikalised ja mehaanilised omadused on toodud alljärgnevas tabelis:[7]
Omadus Väärtus
Tihedus, värske/õhkkuiv puit* 355/383 kg/m³
Erikaal, õhkkuiv puit* 0,36
Kõvadus, ristikiudu/pikikiudu 1700/2280 N
Elastsusmoodul, värske/õhkkuiv puit* 8200/10100 MPa
Paindetugevus, värske/õhkkuiv puit* 33,3/64,1 MPa
Survetugevus, (õhkkuiv puit*) pikikiudu/ristikiudu 36,1/3,23 MPa
Nihketugevus, õhkkuiv puit* 6,34 MPa
Lõiketugevus, õhkkuiv puit* 35,4 N/mm
Ruumala kahanemine, õhkkuiv puit* 6% õhkkuiv puit* – niiskusesisaldus 12%.
Dekoratiivse välimusega läänemändi kasvatatakse mõniel määral ilupuuna parkides ja aedades.
Kasvatamine Eestis
Läänemänni tõi Euroopasse 1830. aastal šoti botaanik David Douglas (1799–1834). Eestisse introdutseeriti läänemänd 19. sajandi lõpus, 20. sajandi alguses.[4] Eestis peaks talle sobima saarte ja rannikupiirkonna kliima, kuna külma talub ta kuni –29...–34 °C.[8] Siiski esineb läänemändi meil harva, kuna peamiseks takistuseks on tema suur vastuvõtlikkus männi-koorepõletikule. Üle 14 m kõrgune puu kasvab Saaremaal Kuusnõmmel ja kannab rikkalikult käbisid, mis on meil kasvavatest okaspuude käbidest kõige pikemad.[4]
Viited
-
↑ "Conifer database: "Pinus monticola".". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 06.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Farjon, A. (2011). Pinus monticola. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2013.
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 "Pinus monticola". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 06.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987.
-
↑ 5,00 5,01 5,02 5,03 5,04 5,05 5,06 5,07 5,08 5,09 5,10 "Eastern white pine". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 06.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 "Pinus monticola". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 06.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 7,0 7,1 "Western white pine". www.naturallywood.com. FPInnovations - Forintek. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 07.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
Välislingid
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
Läänemänd: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Läänemänd (Pinus monticola) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu. Ta kuulub viieokkaliste mändide rühma ja alamperekonda Strobus.
Liigi looduslik levila on USA loodeosas ja Kanada Briti Columbia provintsi lõunaosas. Euroopasse tõi läänemänni 1830. aastal šoti botaanik David Douglas, kes on ühtlasi selle liigi esmakirjeldaja.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
Pin argenté
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Hvítfura
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Hvítfura (fræðiheiti Pinus monticola[2][3]) er furutegund ættuð frá fjöllum vestur Bandaríkjanna og Kanada, sérstaklega í Sierra Nevada, Fossafjöllum, Pacific Coast Ranges, og norðurhluta Klettafjalla. Tegundin vex að sjávarmáli víða, sérstaklega í Óregon og Washington. Hún er fylkistré Idaho, og er stundum kölluð Idaho pine.[4]
Lýsing
Hvítfura (Pinus monticola) er stórt tré, og verður oft 30 til 50 m há og einstöku sinnum að 70 m há. Barrnálarnar eru fimm saman í búnti, með skammlífu slíðri. Þær eru fínsagtenntar, og 5 til 13 sm langar. Könglarnir eru langir og grannir, 12 til 32 sm langir og 3 til 4 sm breiðir (lokaðir), og opnir 5 til 8 sm breiðir; köngulskeljarnar eru grannar og sveigjanlegar. Fræin eru smá, 4 til 7 mm löng með löngum grönnum væng 15 til 22 mm löngum.
Hún er skyld sandfuru (Pinus strobus), en með lengri köngla, lítið eitt langlífari barrnálar (2–3 ár, á móti 1,5–2 árum) með meira áberandi loftaugarákum, og nokkuð þéttara og mjórra vaxtarlagi. Greinarnar eru í reglulegum hvirfingum, ein hvirfing á ári; þetta er áberandi á grönnum trjám sem vaxa þétt saman, á meðan tré sem vaxa stök eru með rúnnaðra form með löngum greinum. Hún er víða ræktuð til skrauts, en hefur verið mikið höggin á útbreiðslusvæðinu áður fyrr.
Ógnir
Hvítfura (Pinus monticola) hefur orðið fyrir miklum afföllum vegna ryðsveppsins Cronartium ribicola, sem var óvart fluttur inn frá Evrópu 1909. Skógrækt Bandaríkjanna (United States Forest Service) telur að 90% hvítfuru hafi verið drepin af ryðsveppnum vestur af Fossafjöllum. Stór svæði hafa lagst undir aðrar furur eða aðrar trjátegundir. Sveppurinn hefur einnig drepið mikið af klettafuru utan Kalíforníu. Sveppurinn er ekki eins mikið vandamál í Kaliforníu og hefur mikið af báðum furutegundunum sloppið vel þar.
Þol gegn ryðsveppnum erfist og vegna breytileika hvítfuru eru stöku tré tiltölulega ósködduð af sjúkdómnum. Bandaríska skógræktin er með verkefni um að finna og rækta upp hvítfuru og sykurfuru með þessu þoli. Smáplöntunum hefur svo verið plantað aftur í náttúrunni.
![src=]()
Hvítfura í St. Joe þjóðskógi. Hún drapst 1998 og var höggin niður 1999.
Tilvísanir
-
↑ Farjon, A. (2013). „Pinus monticola“. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42383A2976604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42383A2976604.en. Sótt 15. janúar 2018.
-
↑ Douglas ex D. Don, 1832 In: Lambert, Descr. Pinus, ed. 8°, 2: p. s.n. inter 144 et 145.
-
↑ "Pinus monticola". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
-
↑ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 78. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
Viðbótarlesning
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
Hvítfura: Brief Summary
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Hvítfura (fræðiheiti Pinus monticola) er furutegund ættuð frá fjöllum vestur Bandaríkjanna og Kanada, sérstaklega í Sierra Nevada, Fossafjöllum, Pacific Coast Ranges, og norðurhluta Klettafjalla. Tegundin vex að sjávarmáli víða, sérstaklega í Óregon og Washington. Hún er fylkistré Idaho, og er stundum kölluð Idaho pine.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
Pinus monticola
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il pino bianco occidentale, detto anche pino argentato, è un pino che cresce nelle montagne degli Stati Uniti e del Canada occidentali.
È molto simile al pino bianco americano. Differisce da questo per le pigne più grandi, per la maggiore durata delle foglie (due-tre anni anziché uno e mezzo-due anni) e per crescere in addensamenti più fitti.
Morfologia
È un albero di grandi dimensioni, alto normalmente 30-50 metri ed eccezionalmente fino a 70 metri. Come in tutti i pini le foglie sono aghiformi e in gruppi di cinque, con una guaina decidua. Gli aghi sono strettamente serrati e lunghi 5–13 cm.
Le pigne sono lunghe 12–30 cm e affusolate, con diametro di 3–4 cm quando sono chiuse e 5–8 cm aperte, con scaglie sottili e flessibili. I semi sono piccoli, lunghi 4–7 mm e dotati di un'aletta lunga 15–20 mm.
I rami si raggruppano in volute regolari e spuntano con la frequenza di uno all'anno.
Habitat e diffusione
È diffuso negli Stati Uniti e nel Canada occidentali, in particolare nella Sierra Nevada, nelle Montagne Costiere e nelle Montagne Rocciose settentrionali. In alcune aree, particolarmente in Oregon e nello stato di Washington, si può trovare anche al livello del mare.
Oltre ad essere stato oggetto in passato di molti abbattimenti per la produzione di legname, è molto soggetto alla ruggine del pino bianco (Cronartium ribicola), un fungo introdotto accidentalmente dall'Europa nel 1909. L'United States Forest Service stima che il 90% di questa specie è stato ucciso da questo fungo ad ovest della Catena delle Cascate.
Alcuni esemplari hanno una resistenza genetica a questo fungo e il servizio forestale degli Stati Uniti ha in atto un programma di reimpianto di pino bianco occidentale con semi provenienti da tali esemplari.
Usi
Il suo legno è impiegato come materiale da costruzione. La presenza di nodi lo rende però meno adatto di quello dell'abete o del peccio per impieghi di falegnameria. È usato anche per fare ponteggi.
Note
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
Il pino bianco occidentale, detto anche pino argentato, è un pino che cresce nelle montagne degli Stati Uniti e del Canada occidentali.
È molto simile al pino bianco americano. Differisce da questo per le pigne più grandi, per la maggiore durata delle foglie (due-tre anni anziché uno e mezzo-due anni) e per crescere in addensamenti più fitti.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
Kalvinė pušis
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Kalvinė pušis (lot. Pinus monticola) – pušinių šeimai (Pinaceae) priklausanti, pušų genties spygliuočių medžių rūšis.
Paplitimas
Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos vakaruose: Uolinių kalnų šiaurėje, Siera Nevadoje, Kaskadiniuose kalnuose, Pakrantės kalnagūbryje. Tai Aidaho valstijos simbolinis medis.
Požymiai
Įprastai aukštis apie 30-50 m (kartais iki 70 m), kamieno skersmuo – iki 1 m (kartais iki 2,5 m). Laja kūgiška, siaura. Žievė plona, pilka, lygi, senesnių medžių sueižėja. Spygliai 4-10 cm ilgio, 0,7-1 mm storio. Kankorėžiai 10-25 cm ilgio, 2 cm pločio, kremiškai gelsvos spalvos. Sėklos 5-7 mm ilgio, su 2-2,5 cm ilgio skristuku.
Išgyvena virš 600 metų[1].
Šaltiniai
Galerija
Vikiteka
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
Kalvinė pušis: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Kalvinė pušis (lot. Pinus monticola) – pušinių šeimai (Pinaceae) priklausanti, pušų genties spygliuočių medžių rūšis.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
Pinus monticola
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De Amerikaanse witte den (Pinus monticola) is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). Deze den komt voor in de bergachtige gebieden in het westen van de Verenigde Staten en Canada, met name in de Cascade Range, de Sierra Nevada, de Pacific Coast Ranges en de noordelijke Rocky Mountains. Op verschillende plaatsen en vooral in Oregon en Washington, komt de witte den ook voor op zeeniveau. Ze wordt vaak gebruikt als sierplant en komt in Europa voor in enkele grote tuinen en arboreta. In het Engels wordt de boom Western white pine, silver pine of California mountain pine genoemd. Als een van de symbolen voor de staat Idaho, wordt de boom ook wel Idaho pine genoemd.
Beschrijving
![src=]()
Loof en openstaande kegels van
Pinus monticola.
De Amerikaanse witte den is een van de white of soft pines en lijkt op de Weymouthden (Pinus strobus) en de Mexicaanse den (P. ayacahuite). Kenmerkend is de vorm; Pinus monticola is een grote, torenvormige boom die 30 à 50 meter hoog wordt, uitzonderlijk zelfs 70 meter. De schors is gladder en grijzer dan van de Weymouthden. De loten zijn bruinachtig-groen met fijne, roestkleurige haren in het eerste jaar (vergelijkbaar met de suikerden (P. lambertiana)). Zoals bij alle soft pines, groeien de naalden in bundels van vijf. Ze worden 5 à 13 cm lang. Ze zijn dun en ietwat overhangend. Zowel vanbinnen als vanbuiten zijn zwakke witte lijnen zichtbaar, vergelijkbaar met de buigzame den (P. flexilis), waar de lijnen echter gezaagd zijn. De naalden van P. monticola gaan 2 tot 3 jaar mee, in vergelijking tot 1,5 à 2 jaar bij P. strobus. Pinus monticola draagt overvloedig kegels, die slank en tot 32 cm lang kunnen zijn. Hun breedte meet gesloten 3–4 cm, geopend 5–8 cm. De schubben zijn dun en buigzaam en de onderste schubben zijn sterk teruggekromd. De zaadjes zijn klein: 4–7 mm lang.
Net zoals de suikerden, wordt de Amerikaanse witte den vaak aangetast door blaasroest (Cronartium ribicola), een schimmel van Europese oorsprong.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De Amerikaanse witte den (Pinus monticola) is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). Deze den komt voor in de bergachtige gebieden in het westen van de Verenigde Staten en Canada, met name in de Cascade Range, de Sierra Nevada, de Pacific Coast Ranges en de noordelijke Rocky Mountains. Op verschillende plaatsen en vooral in Oregon en Washington, komt de witte den ook voor op zeeniveau. Ze wordt vaak gebruikt als sierplant en komt in Europa voor in enkele grote tuinen en arboreta. In het Engels wordt de boom Western white pine, silver pine of California mountain pine genoemd. Als een van de symbolen voor de staat Idaho, wordt de boom ook wel Idaho pine genoemd.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
Sosna zachodnia
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sosna zachodnia (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna zachodnia występuje na obszarze Ameryki Północnej, na górzystych terenach USA (Kalifornia, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Waszyngton) i Kanady (Alberta, Kolumbia Brytyjska). W Polsce spotykana bardzo rzadko w uprawie.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Drzewo iglaste, o koronie wąskiej, stożkowatej, z krótkimi gałęziami. Z wiekiem korona szeroka i spłaszczona.
- Pień
- Prosty, osiąga wysokość 30–60(70) m i średnicę 100(250) cm. Kora młodych drzew jest szara, cienka i gładka, starszych przypomina szachownicę.
- Liście
- Igły długości 4–10 cm, szerokości 0,7–1 mm, zebrane w po 5 na krótkopędach. Proste, lekko skręcone, brzegiem ząbkowane, niebiesko-zielone.
- Szyszki
- Szyszki męski elipsoidalne, długości 10–15 mm, żółte. Szyszki żeńskie w grupach, początkowo szaro-żółte, do jasnoróżowych, wyrastają na szczytach gałązek. Symetryczne, młode cylindryczne, elipsoidalne po otwarciu. Dojrzałe osiągają długość 10–25 cm, są jasnobrązowe, lekko wygięte na obu końcach, żywiczne, z tarczkami zakończonymi ciemną piramidką. Osadzone na szypułce o długości do 2 cm. Nasiona czerwono-brązowe, długości 5–7 mm, opatrzone skrzydełkiem o długości 2–2,5 cm[3].
- Gatunki podobne
- Z wyglądu podobna do sosny Lamberta (Pinus lambertiana), ale można je rozróżnić na podstawie kory i szyszek (szyszki s. Lamberta są większe, osiągają nawet 50 cm długości).
Biologia i ekologia
Drzewo szybko rosnące, długowieczne. W warunkach naturalnych, gdy nie jest zarażone rdzą wejmutkowo-porzeczkową, dożywa powszechnie 300–400 lat, rzadko 500.
Gatunek jednopienny, zdolny do produkcji szyszek w wieku 7 lat, jednak regularnie i obficie wytwarza nasiona dopiero po osiągnięciu 70 lat. Zdolności rozrodcze drzewa zwiększają się dopóki średnica pnia nie osiągnie 0,5 m. Od tego momentu liczba i jakość nasion zależą od indywidualnych predyspozycji okazu, jak żywotność i stan korony. Pędy rozrodcze wykształcają się w lipcu-sierpniu, a rozwijają następnej wiosny, w czerwcu. Pylenie następuje na przełomie czerwca i lipca. Zapylone szyszki żeńskie do końca pierwszego sezonu wegetacyjnego osiągają długość 2,5–5 cm. Szyszki dojrzewają w sierpniu i wrześniu następnego roku. Nasiona rozsiewane są od wczesnej jesieni do zimy, zazwyczaj przez wiatr. Wiewiórki, gryzonie i ptaki także przyczyniają się do rozsiewania nasion. Większość nasion spada w odległości do 120 m od drzewa, maksymalny zasięg to 800 m[4].
Igły pozostają na drzewie 3–4 lata. Stare igły stają się słomkowożółte między połową sierpnia i pierwszym tygodniem września i wkrótce potem opadają.
Porasta tereny górzyste do wysokości 1000 m n.p.m. na północy zasięgu, i wysokości 1900–3000 m na południu. Zasięg rozciąga się wzdłuż zachodniego wybrzeża Ameryki Północnej od 51° 30' do 35° 51' szerokości północnej i obejmuje stanowiska od wyspy Vancouver na południe do Oregonu i w Górach Kaskadowych (mniejsze populacje w górach Siskiyou, Sierra Nevada, nad jeziorem Tahoe). Drugie skupisko sosny zachodniej znajduje się w głębi lądu i rozciąga od 52° 30' do 44° 14' szerokości północnej. Obejmuje stanowiska nad jeziorem Le Quesnel, na południe przez góry Selkirk do gór Bitterroot, najdalej na południe populacje sięgają Gór Błękitnych, na wschód Parku Narodowego Glacier.[4]
Zazwyczaj występuje w mieszanych lasach iglastych, sporadycznie tworzy jednogatunkowe drzewostany. Łącznie występuje w 18 typach lasów w USA i Kanadzie. W lasach, w których jest dominującym gatunkiem mogą jej towarzyszyć: jodła olbrzymia (Abies grandis), jodła górska (A. lasiocarpa), jodła wspaniała (A. magnifica), sosna wydmowa (Pinus contorta), sosna żółta (P. ponderosa), modrzew zachodni (Larix occidentalis), żywotnik olbrzymi (Thuja plicata), choina zachodnia (Tsuga heterophylla), jedlica zielona (Pseudotsuga menziesii), świerk Engelmanna (Picea engelmannii) oraz Tsuga mertensiana. W pozostałych typach lasów występuje także z innymi przedstawicielami drzew iglastych (m.in. Pinus albicaulis, P. balfouriana, P. flexilis, P. lambertiana, P. jeffreyi) oraz liściastych (Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera).
Nasiona sosny zachodniej stanowią pokarm dla wiewiórki pospolitej i gryzoni z rodzaju Peromyscus (myszak).
Sosna zachodnia wchodzi w związki mikoryzowe z grzybami: maślak ziarnisty (Suillus granulatus), S. subaureus, S. subluteus, Boletellus zelleri, Cenococcum graniforme, Chroogomphus ochraceus, klejek lepki (Chroogomphus rutilus), gołąbek smaczny (Russula delica), gołąbek winny (R. xerampelina), gąska zielonka (Tricholoma equestre).
Systematyka i zmienność
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[5]:
Zagrożenia
Międzynarodowa organizacja IUCN przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia LC (least concern), czyli jest gatunkiem najmniejszej troski, spośród gatunków niższego ryzyka[2].
Szkodniki i choroby
![src=]()
Sosna zachodnia zaatakowana przez
C. ribicola
-
Rdza wejmutkowo-porzeczkowa – choroba wywoływana przez grzyb Cronartium ribicola stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla gatunku. Rdza została przypadkowo przewieziona z Europy do Ameryki Północnej w 1909 roku. Służby leśne w USA szacują, że wyniszczonych zostało 90% drzewostanu na zachód od Gór Kaskadowych.
-
Conophthorus monticolae, C. ponderosae – chrząszcze z rodziny ryjkowcowatych, żerujące na szyszkach nasiennych.
-
szyszeń pospolity (D. abietella, syn. Dioryctria abietivorella) – ćma z rodziny omacnicowatych (Pyralidae), larwy żerują na szyszkach, głównie jedlicy, ale także sosny zachodniej.
-
Eucosma rescissoriana – motyl nocny z rodziny zwójkowatych (Tortricidae), żeruje głównie na szyszkach sosny wydmowej i zachodniej.
-
Arceuthobium monticola – roślina pasożytnicza (pasożyt pędowy), której głównym gospodarzem jest sosna zachodnia. Zasiedla sosny w górach Klamath w południowo-zachodnim Oregonie i w górach Siskiyou w północno-zachodniej Kalifornii.[6] Dwa inne gatunki Arceuthobium laricis i Arceuthobium tsugense również pasożytują na sośnie zachodniej, ale mają mniejsze znaczenie[4].
Zastosowanie
Źródło surowca drzewnego. Drewno o dobrych parametrach, nieżywiczne, jasne i lekkie. Wykorzystywane do wyrobu ram okiennych, konstrukcji drewnianych, drzwi, paneli drzewnych, zapałek i wykałaczek.[4] Nie jest już znaczącym źródłem surowca drzewnego[3].
Przypisy
-
↑ P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE. W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
-
↑ a b Conifer Specialist Group (1998), Pinus monticola [w:] IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 [online] [dostęp 2009-07-28] (ang.).
-
↑ a b Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus monticola [w:] Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-07-28] (ang.).
-
↑ a b c d Russell M. Burns, Barbara H. Honkala. Silvics of North America / v.1, Pinus monticola. „Agriculture Handbook”. 654, s. 385-394, 1990. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service (ang.). [dostęp 2009-07-28].
-
↑ Christopher J.Ch.J. Earle Christopher J.Ch.J., Pinus [w:] Gymnosperm Database [online] [dostęp 2009-07-28] (ang.).
-
↑ F.G. Hawksworth, D. Wiens. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology and systematics. „Agriculture Handbook”. 709, 1996. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A. Forest Service. [dostęp 2009-07-28].
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Sosna zachodnia: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Sosna zachodnia (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Sosna zachodnia występuje na obszarze Ameryki Północnej, na górzystych terenach USA (Kalifornia, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Waszyngton) i Kanady (Alberta, Kolumbia Brytyjska). W Polsce spotykana bardzo rzadko w uprawie.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
Pinus monticola
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Pinus monticola: Brief Summary
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
Pinus monticola é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Сосна гірська веймутова
(
Ukrainian
)
provided by wikipedia UK
Види сосен Північної та Центральної Америки
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
Thông trắng miền tây
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Thông trắng miền tây (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus monticola; họ Pinaceae) là loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở miền tây Hoa Kỳ và Canada, đặc biệt là khu vực Sierra Nevada, dãy núi Cascade, dãy núi Coast và phía bắc dãy núi Rocky. Loài thông này có thể sống tại các cao độ ngang mực nước biển trong nhiều khu vực, cụ thể là tại Oregon và Washington. Nó là cây biểu trưng của bang Idaho.
![src=]()
Các cây trưởng thành trong rừng hỗn hợp, một số bị tàn rụi do nấm gỉ sét.
Thông trắng miền tây là cây thân gỗ lớn, cao tới 30–50 m và đôi khi tới 70 m. Là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) của chi Pinus, nên giống như các thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim của nó mọc thành chùm gồm 5 lá, với vỏ bao sớm rụng. Các lá kim có khía răng cưa mịn, dài 5–13 cm. Các nón thuôn dài và mảnh dẻ, dài 12–32 cm và rộng 3–4 cm (khi chưa mở), còn khi mở thì rộng 5–8 cm; các vảy mỏng và dẻo. Các hạt nhỏ, dài 4–7 mm với cánh mỏng và dài 15–22 mm.
Nó có họ hàng với thông trắng miền đông (Pinus strobus), chỉ khác ở chỗ có nón lớn hơn, các lá tồn tại hơi lâu hơn (2-3 năm thay vì 1,5-2 năm) với các dải khí khổng rõ nét hơn, cũng như cách mọc hơi hẹp và hơi rậm rạp hơn. Các cành sinh ra theo vòng xoắn đều, với tốc độ sinh sản 1 cành/năm; điều này là rõ nét ở các cây mọc hẹp trong khu vực dày cây, trong khi ở các cây mọc có không gian rộng thì có dạng tròn hơn với các cành cây to tỏa rộng. Nó được trồng rộng rãi như là một loại cây tạo cảnh quan, nhưng trong quá khứ cũng bị đốn hạ nhiều.
![src=]()
Thông trắng miền tây tại Portland, Oregon
Nó bị nấm gỉ sét phồng rộp thông trắng (Cronartium ribicola) phá hại nhiều. Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ ước tính 90% thông trắng miền tây bị giết chết bởi nấm gỉ sét này ở phía tây dãy núi Cascade. Nhiều quần thể lớn đã bị thay thế bằng các loài thông khác hay các loài cây không phải thông.
Khả năng đề kháng đối với nấm gỉ sét là di truyền, và do sự biến động di truyền ở thông trắng miền tây nên một số cá thể cây lại ít bị nấm gỉ sét tác động. Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ có chương trình định vị và tạo giống thông trắng miền tây và thông Lamberta có khả năng kháng nấm. Các cây giống non của các loài này đã dược đem trồng trong tự nhiên.
Tham khảo
![src=]()
Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về
Thông trắng miền tây
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Thông trắng miền tây: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Thông trắng miền tây (danh pháp hai phần: Pinus monticola; họ Pinaceae) là loài thông có trong khu vực miền núi ở miền tây Hoa Kỳ và Canada, đặc biệt là khu vực Sierra Nevada, dãy núi Cascade, dãy núi Coast và phía bắc dãy núi Rocky. Loài thông này có thể sống tại các cao độ ngang mực nước biển trong nhiều khu vực, cụ thể là tại Oregon và Washington. Nó là cây biểu trưng của bang Idaho.
![src=]()
Các cây trưởng thành trong rừng hỗn hợp, một số bị tàn rụi do nấm gỉ sét.
Thông trắng miền tây là cây thân gỗ lớn, cao tới 30–50 m và đôi khi tới 70 m. Là thành viên của nhóm thông trắng (phân chi Strobus) của chi Pinus, nên giống như các thành viên khác của nhóm này, các lá kim của nó mọc thành chùm gồm 5 lá, với vỏ bao sớm rụng. Các lá kim có khía răng cưa mịn, dài 5–13 cm. Các nón thuôn dài và mảnh dẻ, dài 12–32 cm và rộng 3–4 cm (khi chưa mở), còn khi mở thì rộng 5–8 cm; các vảy mỏng và dẻo. Các hạt nhỏ, dài 4–7 mm với cánh mỏng và dài 15–22 mm.
Nó có họ hàng với thông trắng miền đông (Pinus strobus), chỉ khác ở chỗ có nón lớn hơn, các lá tồn tại hơi lâu hơn (2-3 năm thay vì 1,5-2 năm) với các dải khí khổng rõ nét hơn, cũng như cách mọc hơi hẹp và hơi rậm rạp hơn. Các cành sinh ra theo vòng xoắn đều, với tốc độ sinh sản 1 cành/năm; điều này là rõ nét ở các cây mọc hẹp trong khu vực dày cây, trong khi ở các cây mọc có không gian rộng thì có dạng tròn hơn với các cành cây to tỏa rộng. Nó được trồng rộng rãi như là một loại cây tạo cảnh quan, nhưng trong quá khứ cũng bị đốn hạ nhiều.
![src=]()
Thông trắng miền tây tại Portland, Oregon
Nó bị nấm gỉ sét phồng rộp thông trắng (Cronartium ribicola) phá hại nhiều. Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ ước tính 90% thông trắng miền tây bị giết chết bởi nấm gỉ sét này ở phía tây dãy núi Cascade. Nhiều quần thể lớn đã bị thay thế bằng các loài thông khác hay các loài cây không phải thông.
Khả năng đề kháng đối với nấm gỉ sét là di truyền, và do sự biến động di truyền ở thông trắng miền tây nên một số cá thể cây lại ít bị nấm gỉ sét tác động. Cục Lâm nghiệp Hoa Kỳ có chương trình định vị và tạo giống thông trắng miền tây và thông Lamberta có khả năng kháng nấm. Các cây giống non của các loài này đã dược đem trồng trong tự nhiên.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
_at_Bhandakthathaatch_(8000_ft)_I_IMG_7363.jpg){kind=small}
İynəyarpaqlılar ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin. Etdiyiniz redaktələri mənbə və istinadlarla əsaslandırmağı unutmayın.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu borovice pohorská ve Wikimedia Commons
_002_Pinus_monticola.jpg)
