Comments
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Li H. L. (1962) segregated some populations at the extreme southwestern limit of the species in Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi as Chamaecyparis henryae based on smoother bark, less flattened branchlets, lighter yellowish green foliage, steeper angle of leaf appression to the stem, more prominently keeled but less glandular leaves, and slightly larger cones, seeds, and seed wings. These features were contrasted with phenotypes found in the "northern and mid-Atlantic" populations, and Li proposed a relationship to C . nootkatensis rather than to C . thyoides . Preliminary comparison of herbarium material from the Southeast (including populations in Georgia and Florida) leads to retention of C . thyoides as a subtly variable complex with the imperfectly differentiated C . henryae at one end of the range.
A. J. Rehder (1949) listed, with bibliographic citations, 30 published varieties and forms best considered as cultivars.
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Description
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Trees to 20(-28) m tall; trunk to 0.8(-1.5) m d.b.h.; bark dark reddish brown, irregularly furrowed and ridged; leafy branchlets fan-shaped. Leaves to 2 mm, usually with circular abaxial gland, apex acute to acuminate; leaves on lower side of branchlets not or only slightly glaucous. Pollen cones dark brown, 2-4 mm; pollen sacs yellow. Seed cones bluish purple to reddish brown, glaucous, globose, 4-9 mm in diam.; cone scales 5-7, fertile scales each with 1 or 2 seeds. Seeds 2-3 mm; wing narrower than seed.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Trees to 20(--28) m; trunk to 0.8(--1.5) m diam. Bark dark brownish red, less than 3 cm thick, irregularly furrowed and ridged. Branchlet sprays fan-shaped. Leaves of branchlets to 2 mm, apex acute to acuminate, bases of facial leaves often overlapped by apices of subtending facial leaves; glands usually present, circular. Pollen cones 2--4 mm, dark brown; pollen sacs yellow. Seed cones maturing and opening the first year, 4--9 mm broad, glaucous, bluish purple to reddish brown, not notably resinous; scales 5--7. Seeds 1--2 per scale, 2--3 mm, wing narrower than body.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., S.C., Va.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Bogs and swamps of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (primarily Coastal Plain); 0--500m.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Cultivated for ornament. Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang [native to E United States]
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Cupressus thyoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1003. 1753.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
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englanti
)
tarjonnut eFloras
Cupressus thyoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1003. 1753; Chamaecyparis henryae Li H. L.; C. thyoides subsp. henryae (Li H. L.) E. Murray; C. thyoides var. henryae (Li H. L.) Little
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Education
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englanti
)
tarjonnut EOL authors
Brief Summary
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englanti
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tarjonnut EOL authors
The Atlantic white-cedar, or swamp cedar, (Chamaecyparis thyoides) is an evergreen tree native to Atlantic coastal areas from southern Maine to northern Florida and along the Gulf coast from the Florida panhandle west to Mississippi. Although it is often commonly referred to a cedar, C. thyoides is actually a cypress, in family Cupressaceae.It is also commonly known as Atlantic white cypress, or white cedar false cypress.
Atlantic white cedar trees most frequently grow in lowland fresh water swamps and bogs within 210 km (130 miles) of the coastline, usually where they are regularly inundated with water.They occasionally, but rarely, occur above 50 m (150 feet) in altitude.Trees form dense stands in acidic peat (also called muck).Especially in the south, sandy soils also support these trees.Atlantic white cedars have a very patchy distribution across their range, reflecting these specific habitats.They can be found in greatest abundance in the Great Dismal Swamp of North Carolina, the Florida Panhandle, and southern Alabama.In other parts of their range they are scattered in smaller, isolated stands.
As seedlings, Altantic white-cedars can grow quickly, up to 0.5 meters (1.5 feet) per year. Adult tree size averages 28 meters (90 feet) tall.Trees have deeply ridged, grey to red-brown colored bark that peels off in long strips from the trunk.Their branches support fanlike sprays of scaly, blue-green leaves that give off an aromatic, cedar-like scent. The shallow roots of Atlantic white-cedars usually do not grow below the top 1-2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) of peat.This makes the trees susceptible to almost any wind.Although these trees are long-lived and can reach 1,000 years of age, the stands they live in rarely survive more than 200 years.
Atlantic white-cedars are monoecious, meaning that they produce separate male and female flowers.The small green female flowers develop on short shoots and tiny yellow or red male (pollen-producing) flowers appear on the tips of branches.They start shedding pollen in April.Blue-green fertilized cones mature into brown spheres about 6 mm (0.2 in) across.Between October and March the cones open to release 5-15 winged seeds, dispersed mostly by wind.Mature trees (usually 15 years of age or older) produce a large number of seeds each year.
Atlantic white-cedars often grow in a pure stands surrounded by other tree species. These can include black gum, gray birch, yellow birch, red maple, sweet bay magnolia, white bay magnolia and water gum, and/or associated conifers such as eastern white pine, pond pine, eastern hemlock, tamarak, and black spruce.Many brush species grow in thick impenetrable tangles in the stand understory. Atlantic white-cedar stands provide cover and food for a large number of birds and other animals.Yellow-throated warblers, prairie warblers, and hooded warblers nest close to the ground in Atlantic white-cedar stands, and pileated woodpeckers nest in tree cavities. White tailed deer and mice browse on Atlantic white cedar foliage and bark, black bears mark the trees to define their territories.
The Atlantic and Gulf populations C. thyoides are disjunct, and some sources recognize them as separate subspecies: C. thyoides thyoides and C. thyoides henryae, respectively.Others consider them as two separate species or variants.For a time the IUCN considered the gulf variety (C. thyoides henryae) “Near Threatened," as stands have been heavily harvested for commercial uses ever since the revolutionary war.Though large, old individuals are lacking, overall tree numbers appear to be recovering, so the subspecies has been relisted as “of least concern.”
The light, fragrant, resistant wood of Atlantic white-cedar has been exploited for many commercial uses including fuel, ship-building, shingles, milled lumber, charcoal, household items, barrels, duck decoys and, during the civil war, charcoal for gunpowder.Atlantic white-cedar wood is still used for telephone poles, posts, siding, furniture, and paneling.The species has been cultivated for horticulture for ornamental planting, and in some parts of the south it is grown for Christmas trees.
(Chesapeake Bay Program, 2012; Earle 2014; Farjon 2013 a,b; Laderman 1989; Little and Garrett 1990; Seiler et al. 2015; Tirmenstein 1991; Wikipedia 2015)
- Chesapeake Bay Program, 2012. Atlantic white cedar. Retrieved February 4, 2016 from http://www.chesapeakebay.net/fieldguide/critter/atlantic_white_cedar
- Farjon, A. 2013b. Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T34056A2841668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34056A2841668.en. Downloaded on 22 February 2016.
- Little, S. and P.W. Garrett, 1990. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agiculture, Forest Service. pp. 672-676. Retrieved February 2, 2016 from http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/chamaecyparis/thyoides.htm.
- Seiler, J., E. Jensen, A. Niemiera, and J. Peterson 2015. Atlantic white cedar. V-tree. Virginia Tech. Dept. of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Retrieved February 6, 2016 from http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=96.
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2016, February 22].
- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 December, 2015. Chamaecyparis thyoides. Retreived February 6, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaecyparis_thyoides&oldid=694633784
- Earle, C.J. 5 December, 2014. Chamaecyparis thyoides. The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved February 5, 2016 from http://www.conifers.org/cu/Chamaecyparis_thyoides.php
- Farjon, A. 2013a. Chamaecyparis thyoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42214A2962150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42214A2962150.en. Downloaded on 22 February 2016.
- Laderman, A.D. 1989. The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85(7.21). 114 pp. Retrieved February 22 2016 from http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/techrpt/85-7-21.pdf.
Common Names
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Atlantic white-cedar
southern white-cedar
white-cedar
swamp-cedar
false-cedar
juniper
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Conservation Status
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Atlantic white-cedar is listed as a rare plant in Virginia where timber
harvest has reduced its numbers [
7]. It may also serve as a "habitat
indicator" for several other rare plants [
7]. In parts of Florida, many
rare or endemic plants are associated with Atlantic white-cedar stands
[
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverAtlantic white-cedar provides cover for a variety of birds and mammals.
The yellow-throated warbler, prairie warbler, and hooded warbler nest
close to the ground in Atlantic white-cedar stands [
42]. Cavities
provide nesting areas for the pileated woodpecker [
42].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
monoecious,
peat,
treeAtlantic white-cedar is a small to medium-sized, columnar evergreen tree
which commonly reaches 40 to 60 feet (12-18 m) in height and 36 inches
(1 m) d.b.h. [
16,
25,
40,
45]. Individuals may occasionally reach 120 feet
(37 m) in height and 60 inches (152 cm) in diameter [
25]. Plants are
long-lived and can reach 1,000 years of age. However, stands rarely
survive more than 200 years [
25].
The fibrous bark is narrowly fissured by long, flat, platelike ridges
[
15,
37]. Scalelike leaves are opposite and average 0.06 to 0.13 inch
(1.5-3.3 mm) in length [
8,
36]. Atlantic white-cedar is shallow-rooted
[
25]. On many swampy sites, roots are confined to the top 1 to 2 feet
(0.3-0.6 m) of peat, but on sites with lower water levels, roots may
extend considerably deeper [
25].
Atlantic white-cedar is monoecious, with staminate and pistillate cones
occurring on separate shoots [
25]. Small, inconspicuous yellow or
reddish staminate flowers are borne singly at the tips of short
branchlets [
15,
16]. Each cone contains 5 to 15 small, rounded,
laterally winged seeds [
15,
25].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
relict,
swampAtlantic white-cedar grows in a narrow belt along the Atlantic and Gulf
coasts from southern Maine to northern Florida westward to southern
Mississippi [
23,
25]. It occurs no farther than 50 to 130 miles (80-210
km) inland [
25]. Vast stands occur in the Great Dismal Swamp of
Virginia and eastern North Carolina. Small isolated stands are more
typical in much of New Jersey, Georgia, and eastern Florida, but stands
are infrequent in Delaware and Maryland. The species is uncommon in
South Carolina but becomes more frequent in the Florida Panhandle and in
southern Alabama [
46]. At the western edge of its range in southern
Mississippi, Atlantic white-cedar grow in scattered relict stands [
46].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
fire suppression,
hardwood,
moderate-severity fire,
natural,
peat,
seed,
severity,
shrub,
swampAdult white-cedar trees are readily killed by fire, but successful
seedling establishment is largely dependent on fires of moderate
severity at relatively short intervals [
43]. Seeds stored in the peaty
soils often germinate in abundance after fire if the upper peat layers
are not destroyed [
4]. Atlantic white-cedar swamp forests in the
Southeast are typically produced by a low-frequency, moderate-severity
fire regime related to "marginally moist soil conditions" [
5]. In many
areas, increased fire suppression has led to the decline of Atlantic
white-cedar by promoting the growth of competing hardwoods such as red
maple, white bay, and black gum [
11].
Changes in natural fire cycles have contributed to the decline of
Atlantic white-cedar in some areas. In many southeastern swamps, water
tables have been lowered for silvicultural and agricultural purposes,
which has increased the likelihood of dry season fires [
5]. Hardwood
forests of red maple, black gum, or water gum are often favored by
severe, dry season fires [
4,
19,
34]. Atlantic white-cedar may persist
only on small hummocks of peat, near stumps, on moss-covered logs and on
rotten wood located above the general water level [
19]. In North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, moderate fires which occur
during the dry season, or within a few years of a previous fire, often
generate stands of pond pine [
12,
19]. Farther south, moderate or
frequent fires often produce stands of slash pine [
19,
34]. As fire
frequencies increase, Atlantic white-cedar declines and stands may be
replaced by shrub bogs as the fire-sensitive plants are killed and the
seed banks depleted [
5]. In the North, frequent fire tends to favor the
development of uniform stands of Atlantic white-cedar, but in the South,
mixed forests of white-cedar and hardwoods often develop [
47].
In Florida and the Gulf Coast, wet seepage slopes burn infrequently
[
47]. Swamps in which Atlantic white-cedar occurs as a dominant
generally only burn after long droughts which increase the flammability
of peat [
11,
35]. At other times, these swampy areas serve as natural
fire breaks. Fires rarely begin in swampy Atlantic white-cedar stands.
Fire is particularly important in the establishment and persistence of
Atlantic white-cedar forests. Atlantic white-cedar is often capable of
colonizing moist open sites, and wet season fires which occur after
relatively long fire-free intervals tend to produce pure cedar stands
[
12].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
forest,
natural,
peat,
prescribed firePrescribed fire: Prescribed fire can be used to stimulate the
regeneration of Atlantic white-cedar and increase deer browse [
28].
Slash fires can enhance germination of Atlantic white-cedar by clearing
the forest floor [
19]. Competing hardwoods can also be reduced or
eliminated if peat is heated enough to kill underground regenerative
structures [
11,
19].
Fuels/flammability: Logging slash left in Atlantic white-cedar types is
highly flammable and sites often "burn to the waters edge" [
19].
Wildlife: Deer can seriously damage or kill postfire regeneration [
26].
Lightning: Ward and Clewell [
47] reported that in mixed
hardwood-Atlantic white-cedar forests of the Gulf Region, lightning is
apparently the primary natural factor determining the upper age and size
limit of Atlantic white-cedar.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
phanerophyte,
therophyteUndisturbed State: Phanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
Burned or Clipped State: Therophyte
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
organic soils,
peat,
shrub,
swampAtlantic white-cedar grows in bogs or swamps bordering mesotrophic
stagnant water, in swamp forests, bayheads, along stream channels,
behind stable dunes, and in moist depressions in pine flatwoods
[
5,
6,
8,
17,
47]. In New England, it is often associated with glacial
kettles and outwash plains [
41]. Atlantic white-cedar grows in sun but
is also somewhat shade tolerant [
9,
45]. It is able to persist despite
periodic flooding [
1]. Plants can grow where standing water levels
reach 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) during parts of the year and where sites
become partially desiccated during summer [
34]. Atlantic white-cedar
occurs in pure and mixed stands [
36].
In addition to those species listed under DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE,
common overstory associates include eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis),
larch (Larix laricina), black spruce (Picea mariana), black gum (Nyssa
sylvatica), gray birch (Betula populifolia), and red maple (Acer rubrum)
in the northern portion of Atlantic white-cedar's range [
19,
21,
32];
eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in some areas
[
25]; and pond pine (Pinus serotina), red maple, sweetbay magnolia
(Magnolia virginiana), and white bay (Magnolia glauca) in Virginia and
North Carolina [
12,
19,
22]. Farther south, Atlantic white-cedar grows
with loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), titi (Cliftonia monophylla),
water gum, and white bay [
12,
19].
Understory associates: Atlantic white-cedar stands are often
characterized by a dense, tangled, nearly impenetrable undergrowth [
19].
Sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), swamp azalea (Rhododendron
viscosum), great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), highbush blueberry
(Vaccinium corymbosum), dangleberry (Gaylussacia frondosa), and
sweetbells leucothoe (Leucothoe racemosa) are common associates in the
northern portion of its range. Fetterbush lyonia (Lyonia lucida),
sweetbells leucothoe, highbush blueberry, pieris (Pieris nitida),
greenbrier (Smilax laurifolia), coast pepperbush (Cletha alnifolia),
redbay (Persea borbona), palmetto (Sabal palmetto), and sweet pepperbush
grow with Atlantic white-cedar in the South [
4,
25,
49]. Lyonia (Lyonia
spp.), mountainlaurel (Kalmia spp.), titi (Cyrilla racemiflora), and
sweet pepperbush are common associates in shrub bogs [
5].
Climate: Atlantic white-cedar grows under a warm, humid temperate to
subtropical climatic regime [
5,
25]. Annual precipitation averages 40 to
64 inches (102-163 cm) and temperatures range from winter lows of -36
degrees F (-38 degrees C) in Maine to 100 degrees F (38 degrees C)
during the summer in much of its range. Growing season ranges from 140
to more than 350 days [
5,
25].
Soils: Atlantic white-cedar is adapted to highly acidic soils that are
low in nutrients [
41]. It typically grows on muck or peat but also
occurs on some sandy soils [
25]. It is rare or absent where peat
contains significant amounts of silt or clay or where peat is underlain
by clay [
25]. Atlantic white-cedar reportedly thrives on water-logged
organic soils [
41]. Soils are generally acidic, with pH ranging from
3.5 to 5.5 [
22].
Elevation: Atlantic white-cedar typically grows at low elevations along
the coast. Through most of the Northeast, it grows from sea level to
160 feet (50 m) [
21] but can grow at elevations up to 1,500 feet (457 m)
in northern New Jersey [
25].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
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)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp45 Pitch pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
97 Atlantic white-cedar
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
natural,
peat,
seed,
swampAtlantic white-cedar is readily killed or damaged by fire [
5,
45], often
by even low-intensity fires [
5]. Crown fires will generally kill the
trees [
25,
35] and can eliminate an entire stand [
12,
26]. Large trees
not killed outright usually die gradually, beginning at the top [
35].
Mature trees may occasionally survive low-intensity fires on wet sites
in parts of the South [
47]. On these sites, crown fires do not occur
"even under the impetus of strong winds and fires that have crowned in
adjacent associations" [
47]. Seedlings, however, are readily killed by
these low-intensity fires [
47].
Wet swampy stands dominated by Atlantic white-cedar often serve as
natural fire breaks, but trees at the edge are usually commonly killed
before the fire is stopped [
24,
35]. Korstian [
19] observed that in a
portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, all Atlantic white-cedars were killed
by a fire which occurred when the swamp was "full of water." However,
dry-season burns are typically most damaging to young growth and buried
seeds [
19]. Dry season burns often remove the upper layer of peat and
can eliminate all on-site seed [
12,
39].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Browse: Atlantic white-cedar is a preferred deer browse in many areas
[
26]. In lowland sites of New Jersey, deer often browse plants during
the winter [
26]. Seedlings are especially favored [
25] and may be
killed by intense deer use [
26]. Meadow mice occasionally browse the
stems and often girdle seedlings [
25]. Trees serve as territorial
marking posts for black bears in parts of the South [
47].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
swampAtlantic white-cedar grows as an overstory dominant in peaty swamps. It
is listed as a dominant or indicator in the following community type
(cts) classifications:
Area Classification Authority
VA general veg. cts Montague & Day 1980
southern U.S. swamp veg. cts Penfound 1952
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
peat,
seed,
swampTimber harvest: Wetland drainage and heavy cutting has greatly reduced
Atlantic white-cedar, and in many areas harvested stands have been
maintained in an immature and degraded condition [
24,
25,
46]. Harvesting
on a commercial scale is now generally limited to parts of North
Carolina [
41].
Silviculture: Atlantic white-cedar often reestablishes in dense stands
after clearcutting [
19]. Following clearcutting in the Great Dismal
Swamp, seed stored in the upper 1 inch (2.5 cm) of peat germinated at a
rate of more than 3,574,840 per acre (8,640,000/ha) [
19]. The following
guidelines have been recommended for harvested Atlantic white-cedar
sites: (1) remove most of the slash, (2) allow periodic fires, (3)
control deer browsing if necessary, and (4) prevent the establishment of
competing vegetation [
41,
48].
Damage/disease: Atlantic white-cedar is resistant to disease and decay,
and has few insect pests [
25]. It is susceptible to windthrow and
storm-caused breakage [
25].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL CT DE FL GA LA ME MD MA MS
NH NJ NY NC RI SC VA
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
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treeAtlantic white-cedar is attractive and hardy and is often planted as an
ornamental [
9]. More than 19 cultivars are now available [
16,
33].
Atlantic white-cedar is used locally as a Christmas tree in parts of the
South [
46].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
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fruitAtlantic white-cedar browse is highly palatable to white-tailed deer
[
26]. Fruit is evidentally low in palatability for most birds and
rodents [
45].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
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fruitPollen is generally shed in March or April [
37]. Cones mature at the
end of the first growing season [
16]. Most seeds are shed during
October or November, but seeds continue to be shed throughout the winter
and into the early spring [
16,
37]. Citing the results of a single
study, Little and Garrett [
25] reported that 39 percent of all seeds had
fallen by November 15, 60 percent had fallen by December 15, and 93
percent had been shed by March 1. Generalized flowering and fruiting
dates by geographic location are as follows:
Location Flowering Fruit ripe Authority
New England ---- July Seymour 1985 [
40]
NJ March Sept.-Oct. Harris 1974 [
16]
se U.S. March-April ---- Duncan & Duncan 1988 [
9]
s NJ April ---- Little & Garrett 1991 [
25]
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
peat,
presence,
seedAtlantic white-cedar readily establishes on burned sites through seed
stored on-site in peat or transported from adjacent stands [
5,
24].
Germination is generally favored when surface peat is too wet to burn
[
34]. Seeds often germinate in abundance and dense stands commonly
develop after a single fire [
5,
12,
19]. Little and others [
50] reported
the presence of 111,520 seedlings per acre (45,109/ha) 1 year after
fire, with numbers declining to 11,360 per acre (4,599/ha) by the second
year.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedground-stored residual colonizer; fire-activated seed on-site in soil
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
litter,
peat,
presence,
seed,
stratificationSeed: Atlantic white-cedar reproduces solely through an abundance of
light, winged seed [
14,
25]. In open stands, trees first produce seed at
3 to 5 years of age and often bear large crops from 4 years of age and
up [
16,
45]. In dense stands, seed production may not begin until plants
reach 10 to 20 years of age [
25]. As many as 9,000,000 seeds per acre
(22 million seeds/ha) may be produced annually [
25].
Seed banking: Seed can remain viable for at least 1 to 2 years when
stored in the upper inch (2.5 cm) of peat [
16,
19]. Little and Garrett
[
25] reported the presence of 260,000 to 1,100,000 viable seeds per acre
(642,000-2,718,000/ha) within the top inch (2.5 cm) of soil.
Germination: Germination of Atlantic white-cedar is often low due to
poor viability and embryo dormancy [
16,
25]. Stratification at 38 to 40
degrees F (3-4 degrees C) for 90 days may promote germination [
2,
25].
Delayed germination is common, and in laboratory tests up to 50 percent
of germination was delayed until the second year [
16]. Results of
specific germination tests were as follows [
16]:
stratification -days germ. test germ. capacity
warm cold day night days percent
0 0 86 F 68 F 60 ----
0 90 86 F 68 F 28 84
Seedling establishment: Open peat and adequate moisture are required
for good seedling establishment [
25,
34]. Rotting wood, sphagnum moss,
and muck or peat serve as favorable seedbeds [
25]. Thick litter and
dense slash can inhibit germination and subsequent establishment [
25].
Adequate light is essential for good initial growth. Seedlings are
vulnerable to drought and flooding and often survive only on favorable
microsites [
25].
Vegetative regeneration: Heavy browsing and other types of injury can
cause plants to layer [
25]. As many as 15 stems may form from the same
root system as shoots develop from lateral branches or dormant stem buds
[
25,
26].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
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climax,
hardwood,
seed,
shrub,
swamp,
treeAtlantic white-cedar is long-lived but is often considered a subclimax
species [
10]. Paradoxically, although some form of disturbance is
generally necessary for establishment, disturbance can lead to
conversion to hardwood types [
39]. Even-aged stands of Atlantic
white-cedar often develop in response to fire, flooding, clearcutting,
or windthrow [
10]. This tree is described as "intermediate in tolerance
to shade" and is unable to grow through dense shrub thickets or a
hardwood overstory [
25]. In many areas, Atlantic white-cedar forests
are successional to evergreen bay forests when fire is excluded [
4,
5].
In the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina, stands are
often replaced by red maple and black gum [
30]; elsewhere in the South,
Atlantic white-cedar forests are replaced by climax stands of swamp red
bay (Tamala pubescens), white bay, and titi [
34] or by sweetbay
magnolia, holly (Ilex myrtifolia), titi, and red bay (Persea pubescens)
in the absence of fire [
4].
Once eliminated from a stand, Atlantic white-cedar will not regain
prominence until fire or other disturbance removes competing hardwoods
and creates a favorable seedbed. Plants reestablish by wind-dispersed
seed when buried seed reserves have been depleted and reestablishment is
often very slow. In some coastal areas, storm-borne saltwater can kill
hardwoods and allow Atlantic white-cedar to form nearly pure stands from
seed stored in the soil [
25].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
Cupressus thyoides L.
Chamaecyparis henryae Li
Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae (Li) Little
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of Atlantic white-cedar is
Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. [
18]. It is a member of the cypress
family (Cupressaceae) [
25].
In some taxonomic treatments, two primarily geographic varieties of
Atlantic white-cedar have been delineated (var. henryae and var.
thyoides) [
16,
25]. However, most current taxonomic treatments no longer
recognize these varieties [
18,
25]. The existence of climatic races is
possible, although they have not yet been defined [
16].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
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seedAtlantic white-cedar has potential value for rehabilitating certain
disturbed wetland habitats. It has been planted at Tennessee Valley
Authority impoundments along shorelines within the fluctuation zone
[
1].
Atlantic white-cedar can be propagated from seed. Cleaned seed averages
460,000 per pound (1,014,000/kg) [
25]. Atlantic white-cedar can also be
propagated from cuttings [
16].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
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tarjonnut Fire Effects Information System Plants
The light brown, straight-grained wood of Atlantic white-cedar is
lightweight, buoyant, and easily worked [
25,
37,
46]. It is fragrant,
repels insects, and is resistant to decay [
41,
46]. Atlantic white-cedar
has been logged heavily since the Revolutionary War [
19,
24] for fuels,
ship-building, shingles, milled lumber, charcoal, household items,
barrels, pails, tubs, water tanks, and duck decoys [
25,
46].
The wood of Atlantic white-cedar is currently used for telephone poles,
posts, pilings, ties, siding, boat railing, decking, lawn furniture,
paneling, and ice cream buckets [
16,
46].
- bibliografinen lainaus
- Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
kastilia
)
tarjonnut IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Because Atlantic white-cedar grows characteristically in pure stands it
is found mostly in one forest cover type, Atlantic White-Cedar (Society of
American Foresters Type 97) (5), but is listed as an associate in six
other types: Pitch Pine (Type 45); Slash Pine-Hardwood (Type 85);
Baldcypress (Type 101); Water Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo (Type 103);
Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102); Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Type104).
Over its great latitudinal range, however, several other species of trees
have been found growing with it. These include red maple (Acer
rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), gray
birch (Betula populifolia), pond pine (Pinus serotina), eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and loblolly-bay (Gordonia
lasianthus).
Many non-arborescent plants also grow with white-cedar. In a study of
sixteen 0.04-hectare (0.1-acre) plots in southern New Jersey, the most
common species of 25 shrubs associated with it were sweet pepperbush (Clethra
alnifolia), swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum), highbush
blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), dangleberry (Gaylussacia
frondosa), and sweetbells leucothoe (Leucothoe racemosa). In a
North Carolina study, fetterbush lyonia (Lyonia lucida) was the
most common shrub, but sweetbells leucothoe, highbush blueberry, and sweet
pepperbush were also present (6).
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Climate
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The climate throughout most of the range of white-cedar is classed as
humid but varies widely in other respects. Average annual precipitation is
1020 to 1630 mm (40 to 64 in) and is well distributed throughout the year.
The frost-free season is from 140 to 305 days. Temperature extremes range
from -38° C (-36° F) in Maine in winter to highs of over 38°
C (100° F) during the summer in most sections (6).
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Damaging Agents
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Crown fires kill white-cedar. Composition of
the succeeding stand varies according to (1) the degree to which the
forest floor is burned, (2) the age of the burned stand and thus the
amount of viable seed stored in the forest floor, (3) the proximity to
other sources of white-cedar seed, and (4) the stocking of hardwoods and
shrubs in the understory. If fire burns deep enough to eliminate trees of
all kinds, a pond (or open bog) or a cover of leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne
calyculata) may result. If the hummocks remain above the water table,
a new stand of Atlantic white-cedar or hardwoods usually develops.
White-cedar on typical swamp sites is shallow rooted and subject to
windthrow, especially in stands that have been opened by partial cuttings.
Wind, often aided by snow or ice, is beneficial to hardwood understory
development at times when white-cedar stands are gradually opened by the
periodic windthrow or breakage of scattered trees; but extensive wind
damage in one storm favors development of another white-cedar stand. Along
the coast, salt water brought in by storm tides kills stands of various
species, sometimes permitting a pure white-cedar stand (developing from
seeds stored in the forest floor) to follow one composed largely of
hardwoods (6).
Few fungi attack Atlantic white-cedar, and damage is not usually
serious. Keithia chamaecyparissi and Lophodermium juniperinum
attack white-cedar foliage; Gymnosporangium ellisii sometimes
causes a broom-like development of branches; G. biseptatum occasionally
causes a spindle-shaped swelling of stems or branches. Roots may be
attacked by Armillaria mellea, Heterobasidion annosum, or Phaeolus
schweinitzii. The latter and Fomitopsis cajanderi may attack
heartwood, although the heartwood of Atlantic white-cedar is very
resistant to decay (7).
White-cedar has no serious insect enemies, although larvae of the common
bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) may feed on its foliage.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
White-cedar is monoecious, but the
staminate and pistillate flowers are produced on separate shoots. The
flower buds are formed in the summer and, though minute, are discernible
in the fall or winter. In New Jersey, the brownish staminate buds are only
about 1 mm (0.04 in) long or wide in February. The greenish pistillate
buds at the ends of short shoots are about the same size. When mature, the
four-sided, oblong, staminate flowers are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long, and
the pistillate flowers are about that wide. Pollen shedding usually occurs
in early April in southern New Jersey.
The cones mature at the end of the first growing season. Full-grown
cones are spherical, about 6 mm (0.2 in) in diameter and contain 5 to 15
winged seeds (6). Seeds are rounded, slightly compressed, about 3 mm (0. 1
in) long, and have winged margins about as broad as the seeds. There are
about 1,014,000 seeds per kilogram (460,000/lb) (12).
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Genetics
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
In some taxonomic treatments of white-cedar, the southern element in
Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi has been named as a separate variety,
Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae (Li) Little. Of the
many horticultural cultivars, at least one narrow, upright form has been
described (10).
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Growth and Yield
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
On good sites white-cedar grows 0.3 to 0.5 m
(1.0 to 1.5 ft) in height each year and 0.25 to 0.40 cm (0.10 to 0.15 in)
in d.b.h. until trees are 40 to 50 years old. After 50 years, height
growth slows, while diameter growth continues at about the same rate for
an additional 50 years. Height growth essentially ceases at 100 years (6).
Although white-cedar trees are relatively small, the basal area and
volume of stands tend to be high because of the high stand density. On the
basis of three 0.1 ha (0.25 acre) plots, one stand in Gates County, NC,
had 68 m²/ha (294 ft²/acre) of basal area, 85 percent of which
was white-cedar. Most of the trees of these plots were between 5 and 36 cm
(2 and 14 in) in d.b.h. According to yield tables, basal areas may reach
more than 69 m²/ha (300 ft²/acre). On areas with a site index at
base age 50 years of 14 m (45 ft), 50-year-old stands may have 56 to 57 m²/ha
(245 to 250 ft²/acre) of basal area and a total volume, including
stumps and tops, of 322 m³/ha (4,600 ft³/acre). On a site index
of 12 m (40 ft), a 60-year-old stand may have 4,200 stems per hectare
(1,700/acre), yielding about 220 m³/ha (35 cords/acre) to an inside
bark top diameter of 10 cm (4 in); a 70-year-old stand on a site index of
21 m (70 ft), 865 trees per hectare (350/acre) and 693 m³/ha (110
cords/acre). The yield to an inside-bark top diameter of 15 cm. (6 in) is
600 m³/ha (42,900 fbm/acre, International rule) at 60 years, and 1000
m³/ha (71,500 fbm/acre) at 100 years, both on a site index of 21 m
(70 ft) (6).
In southern New England (lat. 41° to 42° N.), mature
white-cedars reach heights of 12 to 18 m (40 to 60 ft) and a d.b.h. of
about 41 cm (16 in), although some have grown to 122 cm (48 in). Optimum
development-a maximum height of 37 m (120 ft) and a d.b.h. of 152 cm (60
in)-- apparently occurred in the Virginia-North Carolina section at lat.
34° to 37° N. The maximum sizes for white-cedar in Alabama
(approximately lat. 31° N.) are somewhat less: 24 to 27 m (80 to 90
ft) high, with d.b.h. rarely more than 61 cm. (24 in) (6).
Potentially, white-cedar is a relatively long-lived species. According
to one source, some trees have reached 1,000 years of age, although stand
age rarely exceeds 200 years (6).
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Reaction to Competition
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Atlantic white-cedar is more tolerant
of shade than associated species such as gray birch and pitch pine, but
much less tolerant than red maple, blackgum, sweetbay, and other hardwoods
that form the climax on swamp sites in its range. It is most accurately
classed as intermediate in tolerance to shade. White-cedar reproduction
can grow through, and eventually overtop, scattered to moderately dense
shrubs such as highbush blueberry, although in the process the cedar
shoots may become extremely slender, almost like grass. White-cedar is not
sufficiently tolerant, however, to grow through dense shrub thickets or
through a hardwood overstory (6).
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Rooting Habit
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Atlantic white-cedar has a shallow root system.
In swamps where the lower soil layers are permanently saturated with
water, the roots are confined chiefly to the upper 1 to 2 feet of peat.
Where the water table occurs at lower levels and the soils are more deeply
aerated, the roots often penetrate to greater depths.
The small taproot formed during the first year is subsequently lost in
the development of the strong superficial lateral roots. These are
numerous but do not become large. Because of its characteristically
shallow root system and weak root hold in the spongy organic soils,
white-cedar cannot withstand severe winds, and many mature trees are
felled in storms. Trees which have grown in dense stands on swamp peat
never become windfirm, and consideration must be given this fact in
planning the harvest of this species.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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englanti
)
tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Under favorable conditions,
some 3-year-old Atlantic white-cedars bear mature cones. In one planting
of 1,300 2-year-old seedlings, 2 percent of the trees had mature cones at
the end of the first growing season in the field. In another planting, 20
percent of the 3-year-old seedlings produced one or more cones, and one
tree had 64; but these seedlings were relatively large, 28 cm (11 in)
tall. Seedlings only 10 cm (4 in) tall produced no cones (6).
Natural reproduction in open stands starts bearing seed at 4 or 5 years,
in dense stands at 10 to 20 years (6).
Cone production varies appreciably with tree size and crown class.
Intermediate or crowded stems produce markedly fewer cones than open-grown
or dominant trees of the same size. In one comparison of clumped and
open-grown trees, the larger, mostly dominant trees in the clumps were
fully as productive as open-grown trees of the same size; but the
intermediate and smaller clumped trees were much less productive than
their open-grown counterparts (4). Average numbers of cones per tree for
some selected sizes were as follows:
Parent trees
Clumped trees
Open-grown trees
no. of cones
1.5 to 2.1 m (5 to 7 ft) tall
4
52
8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) d.b.h.
1,074
2,891
13 to 18 cm (5 to 7 in) d.b.h.
4,540
4,218
White-cedar usually produces fair to excellent seed crops each year.
Under one mature stand the catch in seed traps was 19.77 million seeds per
hectare (8 million/acre) in 1 year and 22.24 million/ha (9 million/acre)
the next year (6).
Natural seed dissemination begins in October in New Jersey and most of
the seeds are released before the end of the winter. In one study, 39
percent of the crop fell by November 15, more than 60 percent by December
15, and 93 by March 1 (6).
Seed dispersal is influenced by weather conditions. In one series of
observations, rain showers of 4 mm (0.16 in) or less caused only partial
closing of some cones, whereas rains of 11 mm (0.45 in) or more caused all
cones to close (6).
Wind distributes most of the white-cedar seeds, although some may be
further scattered by floating on water. Probably because the seeds are so
small and have relatively large wings, the rate of fall is slow- 0.02 m
(0.6 ft) per second in still air. Calculations based on this rate of fall
indicate that a wind of 8 km/h (5 mi/h) would carry most seeds from a 15-m
(50-ft) tree about 183 m (600 ft). Records of seed traps around and under
white-cedar stands showed that most of the seeds fall directly under the
stands. Where surrounding vegetation was of comparable height, no seeds
were trapped beyond 20 in (66 ft) from the stand's edge.
In a study of seed distribution from isolated trees, 60 percent of the
seeds fell at a distance greater than the height of the tree, even though
the catch per trap decreased greatly with increased distance. Because of
prevailing winds during dry periods, 80 to 85 percent of the seed catch
was on the east side of the source (6).
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Seedling Development
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The viability of white-cedar seeds varies
from very low to a high of nearly 90 percent. In some tests, the average
was 84 percent (12). One cutting test of New Jersey seeds from a poor crop
yielded only 8 percent sound seeds, but actual germination from a good
crop the following year reached 76 percent. Viability of seeds from trees
3 to 4 years old may be low; in two tests only 3 to 25 percent of such
seeds germinated (6).
Germination is epigeal, but delayed germination is common. Half the
seeds sown in the fall in a nursery may not germinate until the second
year. Consequently, stratification for 90 days at 4° C (40° F)
before sowing has been recommended (12). Some of the seeds produced by
mature stands remain viable for an unknown length of time when stored in
the forest floor. In a New Jersey study of sites protected from additional
seedfall for 1 year, the surface 2.5 cm (1.0 in) of forest floor was found
to contain 642,000 to 2,718,000 viable seeds per hectare (260,000 to
1,100,000/acre), with nearly an equal amount in the 5-cm (2-in) muck layer
underneath (6).
A fair amount of light is necessary for good germination of white-cedar
seeds, but in one study, light intensity had to be less than 16 percent of
full sunlight before germination was greatly reduced. Some germination
occurred under a hardwood overstory where light intensity was only 1
percent of full sunlight (6).
Favorable moisture conditions are highly important for the germination
and establishment of Atlantic white-cedar seedlings. In one experiment
with artificial seeding, 49 percent of the seeds germinated in clearcut
plots under typical swamp conditions, whereas in similar plots on drier
but still poorly drained sites, only 16 percent germinated on exposed
soil. As seedlings develop a very short taproot, the successful
establishment of white-cedar requires not only adequate surface moisture
for seed germination, but also available moisture within reach of the
comparatively shallow root systems.
Suitable seedbeds include moist rotting wood, sphagnum moss, and muck,
which are all common in many swamps, and moist mineral soil. A thick
litter of pine needles, or the leaves of shrubs and hardwood trees, is
unfavorable. On one poorly drained site with a thick litter, removing the
litter from seed spots increased germination from less than 1 percent on
untreated areas to 13 percent on the cleared spots. Stocking of spots was
3 and 81 percent.
Dense slash is extremely unfavorable for white-cedar establishment. In
studies of natural reproduction on cutover areas, slash-free spots had at
least 28 times as many seedlings as spots covered with dense slash (6).
The microrelief of swamps also greatly affects seedling establishment.
Spots where water stands on the surface during much of the year are
unfavorable for both seed germination and seedling survival. Suitable
conditions are limited to the hummocks above the usual water table, but on
these hummocks seedlings may die during dry periods from insufficient
moisture. In general, the younger or smaller the seedlings are, the
greater the mortality from either drowning or drought.
Relatively open conditions are essential for good survival and growth of
white-cedar seedlings. At light intensities of 4 to 6 percent of full
sunlight, as under mature white-cedar stands in New Jersey, seedlings
survive for only 1 to 3 years. Partial cuttings that thin the overstory
enable white-cedar reproduction to live longer, but not as long as
competing hardwoods and shrubs. Under a light intensity of 77 percent, the
initial growth of white-cedar seedlings was about twice that under a
16-percent intensity and almost 4 times that under a 2-percent intensity.
Hence, only relatively open areas, such as abandoned cranberry bogs and
clearcuttings, provide the conditions necessary for white-cedar seedlings
to compete successfully with hardwood and shrub associates (6).
Open-grown Atlantic white-cedar seedlings may reach an average height of
6 cm (2.5 in) on unfavorable sites (such as sandy, poorly drained soils or
cranberry bogs) and 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) on favorable sites in the
first year. In contrast, seedlings growing in swamps under heavy shade may
reach a height of only 2.5 cm (1 in) and a taproot length of only 5 cm (2
in) during the same time.
On favorable open sites, seedlings add 0.2 to 0.3 m (0.6 to 0.9 ft) to
their height during the second year, and about 0.3 m (1 ft) a year for a
few years thereafter. Under these conditions, stems 3 m (10 ft) tall may
be 7 or 8 years old in the South and about 10 years old in the Northeast.
On less favorable sites, however, they may grow to heights of only 1.2 to
2.1 m (4 to 7 ft) in 15 years (6).
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Soils and Topography
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
White-cedar grows on wet ground or in swamps, sometimes on sandy soils,
but usually on muck, formerly called peat. Soils include the orders of
Spodosols and Histosols. The muck ranges from a few centimeters to 12 m
(40 ft) in depth and is generally acid, with pH often between 3.5 and 5.5.
White-cedar is absent or uncommon in areas where muck is underlaid by clay
or contains appreciable amounts of silt or clay (6).
As its range is restricted principally to coastal areas and to wet or
swampy ground, Atlantic white-cedar usually grows at low elevation. In
southeastern New Jersey these typically range from about 1 m (3 ft), where
white-cedars border the tidal marsh, to 43 m (140 ft) in some inland
stands. The species currently grows in at least one upland bog in northern
New Jersey at an elevation of 457 m (1,500 ft).
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Special Uses
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
The lightweight, straight-grained wood of Atlantic white-cedar is easily
worked, resistant to decay, and shrinks and warps very little during
seasoning. These characteristics probably govern its use today as much as
they did in colonial times. In those times it was used for shingles,
barrels, tanks, and small boats. Today it is still used where durability,
light weight, and resistance to weathering are important considerations:
telephone poles, piling, ties, siding, boat railing, and ice cream tubs.
Atlantic white-cedar has limited value for wildlife-white-tailed deer
browse its foliage-and is occasionally used as an ornamental (2,4).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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englanti
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
White-cedar seedlings or saplings, if
severely browsed or otherwise injured, will sometimes develop shoots from
lateral branches or from dormant buds on the stem. One white-cedar
seedling girdled by meadow mice produced 26 sprouts 2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in)
long at its base. Seedlings of this species when repeatedly browsed by
deer may develop multiple stems through layering. From one such seedling 1
m (3 ft) tall, 14 additional stems 0.2 to 1.0 m (0.5 to 3.3 ft) tall
developed. Growth of the layered stems is slow, however (6).
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Brief Summary
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englanti
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Cupressaceae -- Cypress family
Silas Little and Peter W. Garrett
Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), also called
southern white-cedar, white-cedar, and swamp-cedar, is found most
frequently in small dense stands in fresh water swamps and bogs. Heavy
cutting for many commercial uses during this century has considerably
reduced even the largest stands so that the total volume of this species
growing stock is not currently known. It is still considered a
commercially important single species in the major supply areas of North
and South Carolina, Virginia, and Florida.
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Distribution
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englanti
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tarjonnut Silvics of North America
Atlantic white-cedar grows in a narrow coastal belt 80 to 210 km (50 to
130 miles) wide from southern Maine to northern Florida and west to
southern Mississippi. Atlantic white-cedar forests, however, have always
been of minor importance because the scarcity of suitable sites makes
distribution of the species within the coastal belt exceedingly patchy.
White-cedar is most important commercially in southeastern New Jersey,
southeastern Virginia, eastern North Carolina, and northwestern Florida
(1,3,8,9,11).
- The native range of Atlantic white-cedar.
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Physical Description
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englanti
)
tarjonnut USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots in flat sprays, Buds not resinous, Leaves scale-like, Leaves opposite, Non-needle-like leaf margins entire, Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Scale leaves without raised glands, Scale leaf glands not ruptured, Scale leaves overlapping, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones < 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds tan, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds equally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings narrower than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- Damon Little
Hvid ædelcypres
(
tanska
)
tarjonnut wikipedia DA
Hvid ædelcypres (Chamaecyparis thyoides), er et lille stedsegrønt træ.
Beskrivelse
Skudsystemerne er flade og bregneagtige, med grønne til blå-grønne skælformede nåle. Koglerne er runde, 4-9 mm i diameter, bestående af 6-10 skæl. Til at begynde med grønne eller violette, men bliver brune når de er modne.
Højde x bredde: 25 × 5 m.
Hjemsted
Den amerikanske atlanterhavskyst fra Maine til Georgia, og langs den Mexicanske Golf fra Florida til Mississippi. Den vokser på fugtige jorde langs kysten, men træffes helt op til ca. 500 m i Appalacherne.
I de sumpede floddale, som er dannet langs de meget rene floder i Nord- og Sydcarolina, der har udløb i Atlanterhavet, findes arten sammen med bl.a. Konvalbusk, Alnus maritima (en art af el), Glyceria obtusa (en art af sødgræs), hvid næbfrø, rundbladet soldug, sortfrugtet vinterbær, storfrugtet tranebær, virakfyr og ægte vokspors[1]
Anvendelse
Træet har ingen forstlig betydning i Danmark. Der findes en lang række sorter til havebrug, heraf flere dværgformer, men det er mindre almindeligt end Lawsoncypres.
Note
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^ www.delawareestuary.org: The Partnership for the Delaware Estuary: Atlantic Coastal Plain Blackwater Stream Floodplain Forest (engelsk)
Stub
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Hvid ædelcypres: Brief Summary
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tanska
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tarjonnut wikipedia DA
Hvid ædelcypres (Chamaecyparis thyoides), er et lille stedsegrønt træ.
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Weiße Scheinzypresse
(
saksa
)
tarjonnut wikipedia DE
Die Weiße Scheinzypresse (Chamaecyparis thyoides) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist in den Küstenregionen der östlichen und südöstlichen USA heimisch.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Bäume am natürlichen Standort
Die Weiße Scheinzypresse wächst als immergrüner Baum der Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 28 Meter und Brusthöhendurchmesser von 80 bis 150 Zentimeter erreichen kann. Die dunkel braunrote Borke wird bis zu 3 Zentimeter dick und ist unregelmäßig gefurcht. Die Zweige gehen fächerartig von den Ästen ab.[1][2]
Die schuppenartigen Blätter werden rund 2 Millimeter groß. Die Blattbasen vorderer Blätter werden häufig von den Spitzen der hinteren Blätter verdeckt. Die Spitze der Blätter ist spitz zulaufend.[1]
Die dunkelbraunen männlichen Blütenzapfen werden 2 bis 4 Millimeter groß. Sie enthalten gelbe Pollensäcke. Die Zapfen sind bei einem Durchmesser von 4 bis 9 Millimeter unregelmäßig geformt. Zur Reife sind sie blaugrün über bläulich purpurnen bis rötlich braun gefärbt. Jeder Zapfen besteht aus sechs bis zehn Zapfenschuppen von denen jeder ein bis zwei Samenkörner trägt. Die geflügelten Samen werden 2 bis 3 Millimeter groß.[1]
Verbreitung und Standort
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Weißen Scheinzypresse umfasst die Atlantik- und die Golfküste der USA. Sie kommt dort in der Atlantischen Küstenebene und der Golfküstenebene vor. Das Verbreitungsgebiet an der Atlantikküste erstreckt sich dabei von Maine im Norden bis nach South Carolina im Süden. An der Golfküste reicht es von Mississippi im Westen bis nach Florida im Osten.[1]
Die Weiße Scheinzypresse gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 0 bis 500 Metern. Sie wächst vor allem in Sumpfgebieten.[1]
Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung als Cupressus thyoides erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 2, S. 1003. Im Jahr 1888 wurde sie in Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 71 durch Nathaniel Lord Britton, Emerson Ellick Sterns und Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg in die Gattung Chamaecyparis überstellt.[3]
Die Art wird in zwei Unterarten unterteilt:[3]
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. henryae (H.L. Li) A.E. Murray. Sie hat eine offenere Wuchsform und wird meist auch größer als subsp. thyoides. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt an der Golfküste, in Alabama, Florida und Mississippi.[1][4] Synonyme sind Chamaecyparis henryae H.L. Li und Chamaecyparis thyoides var. henryae (H.L.Li) Little. Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[5]
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. thyoides ist die Nominatform. Sie kommt entlang der Atlantikküste der Vereinigten Staaten vor.[1][4]
Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Weiße Scheinzypresse wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als „nicht gefährdet“ geführt. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine erneute Überprüfung der Gefährdung notwendig ist.[6]
Quellen
-
Christopher J. Earle: Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 14. Januar 2011, abgerufen am 30. Dezember 2011 (englisch).
- Frank D. Watson, James E. Eckenwalder: Cupressaceae. Chamaecyparis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Volume 2. Oxford University Press, New York u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7, Chamaecyparis thyoides (englisch, Chamaecyparis thyoides – Online – dieses Werk ist textgleich Online).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c d e f g Christopher J. Earle: Chamaecyparis thyoides. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 14. Januar 2011, abgerufen am 30. Dezember 2011 (englisch).
-
↑ Frank D. Watson, James E. Eckenwalder: Cupressaceae. Chamaecyparis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Volume 2. Oxford University Press, New York u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7, Chamaecyparis thyoides (englisch, Chamaecyparis thyoides – Online – dieses Werk ist textgleich Online).
-
↑ a b Chamaecyparis thyoides bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 30. Dezember 2011.
-
↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Chamaecyparis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 22. März 2019.
-
↑ Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. henryae bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 8. August 2016.
-
↑ Chamaecyparis thyoides in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 30. Dezember 2011.
Weblinks
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Weiße Scheinzypresse: Brief Summary
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tarjonnut wikipedia DE
Die Weiße Scheinzypresse (Chamaecyparis thyoides) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist in den Küstenregionen der östlichen und südöstlichen USA heimisch.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
englanti
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tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar, Atlantic white cypress, southern white cedar, whitecedar, or false-cypress), a species of Cupressaceae, is native to the Atlantic coast of North America and is found from southern Maine to Georgia and along the Gulf of Mexico coast from Florida to Mississippi. It is one of two species of Chamaecyparis found in North America. C. thyoides resides on the East Coast and C. lawsoniana can be found on the West Coast. There are two geographically isolated subspecies, treated by some botanists as distinct species, by others at just varietal rank: Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides and Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae (H.L.Li) E.Murray (syn. Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. henryae (H.L.Li) Little; Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li)[2][3][4] The species grows in forested wetlands where they tend to dominate the canopy. The trees are associated with a wide variety of other wetland species because of their wide north-south range. The remaining populations are now found mostly in remote locations that would be difficult to harvest, so its popularity as a source of lumber has decreased.
Distribution and habitat
Chamaecyparis thyoides grows within 100 miles of the coastline and less than 50 m above sea level[5] along much of the East Coast and Gulf Coast.[6] Rare populations grow in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, where the tree may be found up to 460 m above sea level.[2] Nationally, Atlantic white cedar is protected in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Cod National Seashore, Croatan National Forest, Francis Marion National Forest, Ocala National Forest, and Apalachicola National Forest. Altered fire regimes, logging, and draining of wetlands outside of the few protected areas have all contributed to the general decrease in the size and occurrences of Atlantic white cedar stands. The tree is listed as Rare in Georgia and New York, of Special Concern in Maine, and Extirpated in Pennsylvania.[5][7][8] In Mississippi, the species is at risk of extirpation as a consequence of overexploitation, changes in land use, and extreme weather events.[9]
Chamaecyparis thyoides lives almost exclusively in freshwater wetlands and is considered an obligate wetland species. It prefers habitats where the soil is saturated with water at least during the majority of the growing season. The soils in these regions have a thick organic layer, often classified as a histic surface horizon, with sandy material at greater depths and poor drainage. Atlantic white cedar wetlands are acidic and there is little oxygen stored in the soil because water has displaced the air. Plants that live in these environments must be specially adapted to such conditions.
Ecology
Red maple and black gum trees are often found in the canopy along with Atlantic white cedar throughout its range. Sphagnum mosses also often grow in these wetlands.[7][8] The caterpillar of the Hessel's Hairstreak butterfly feeds exclusively on C. thyoides, where its green color helps to camouflage it.[10]
The trees themselves grow on hummocks, small mounds, with water pooling in the depressions surrounding them. This keeps the tree from being underwater year-round and helps to protect from floods. The tree benefits from periodic low-intensity fires which expose seedlings to sunlight and limit competition with other canopy flora, particularly red maple. Too frequent or intense fires or flooding can damage seedlings stored in the top layer of soil and full-grown trees.[5]
Description
Chamaecyparis thyoides is an evergreen coniferous tree usually growing to 20–28 m (66–92 ft) (but may grow up to 35 m (115 ft)) tall with an average diameter of 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in), up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in), and feathery foliage in moderately flattened sprays, green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale-like, 2–4 mm (3⁄32–5⁄32 in) long, and produced in opposite decussate pairs on somewhat flattened shoots; seedlings up to a year old have needle-like leaves. The tree is bare of branches for three-fourths of the trunk height and the bark can be ash-gray to reddish brown. Bark is smooth on juveniles, but mature trees have deep ridges and bark as thick as 5 cm (2 in). C. thyoides is monoecious, so a single tree will carry both the pollen and seeds needed for reproduction in cones. The seed cones are globose, 4–9 mm (5⁄32–11⁄32 in) diameter, with 6-10 scales (1-2 seeds per scale), green or purple, maturing to brown in 5–7 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow but turn brown as the tree matures, 1.5–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long and 1–2 mm (1⁄32–3⁄32 in) broad, releasing their yellow pollen once a year in spring.[2][3][7][8] The tree begins bearing seeds at 4–5 years, but does not reach full maturity and start producing cones until it is 10-20 years old. Seeds are dispersed nearly every year and travel by wind.[11] Height and diameter of the tree increase steadily until the tree is 50 years old, at which point height growth slows. Both height and diameter no longer increase once the tree is 100 years old. Stands are generally all younger than 200 years, though some trees as old as 1000 years have been reported. Because they have relatively shallow roots, C. thyoides are vulnerable to being blown over by wind.[5][12]
Subspecies variation
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides: Leaves and immature cones usually glaucous blue-green; cones mature to dark brown-black; facial leaves flat, not ridged, but with visible glands.
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae: Leaves and immature cones green, not glaucous; cones mature to light brown; facial leaves with a longitudinal ridge with glands less obvious or absent.[2][5][8]
Cultivation and uses
Chamaecyparis thyoides is of some importance in horticulture, with several cultivars of varying crown shape, growth rates and foliage color having been selected for garden planting. Named cultivars include 'Aurea' (yellow foliage), 'Heatherbun' (dwarf, purple in winter),[13] 'Andelyensis' (dwarf, dense foliage), 'Ericoides' (juvenile foliage), and 'Glauca' (strongly glaucous foliage).[3] In some locations, particularly Mobile County, Alabama, the tree is cultivated as a Christmas tree.[14]
Wood
Its wood is considered hardy, as it is resistant to decay and warping in a variety of temperatures and moisture levels. The most common use of white cedar wood is lumber, for which stands usually require 70 years of growth from germination to harvest. The lumber may be used in house construction, though scarcity of Atlantic white cedar makes it difficult to use as the primary material. The wood was favored for roof shingles because it is lightweight, but has since been replaced by cheaper and more fire-resistant materials such as asphalt. The durability of the heartwood makes it popular for use as siding and paneling, and the less resistant sapwood has been used for interior finishes. White cedar lumber has also been used in boat construction, but this requires much older, larger trees. North Carolina is the greatest producer of lumber for boat construction because it has the greatest number of old-growth C. thyoides forests. Other uses include fencing, telephone and electric poles, woodenware, duck decoys, lawn furniture, and as Christmas trees.[14][15]
Conservation
Prior to European colonization of the Americas, there were an estimated 500,000 acres (200,000 ha) of swamps and bogs dominated by stands of Atlantic white cedars. At present, less than 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) still remain.[16] Though the tree is not listed as threatened, Atlantic white cedar wetlands are considered a globally threatened ecosystem, and often serve as carbon sinks because of their peat-building abilities.[7][8][12] Since 2012, ex situ gene conservation efforts of Atlantic white cedars have been ongoing at North Carolina State University and the United States Forest Service.
Gallery
Chamaecyparis thyoides in bog habitat, Franklin Parker Reserve in New Jersey
C. thyoides trunks in Franklin Parker Reserve
Close up of bark, Blue Hills Reservation in Massachusetts
References
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^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Chamaecyparis thyoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42214A2962150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42214A2962150.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
-
^ a b c d Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
-
^ a b c Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
-
^ Mylecraine KA; et al. (2004). "Geographic allozyme variation in Atlantic white-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (Cupresseceae)". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (12): 2443–2454. doi:10.1139/X04-125.
-
^ a b c d e "Plants Profile for Chamaecyparis thyoides". USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service.
-
^ "Chamaecyparis thyoides". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 December 2017.
-
^ a b c d Mylecraine KA; et al. (2009). "Rangewide provenance variation in Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides): Early survival and growth in New Jersey and North Carolina plantations". Forest Ecology and Management. 216 (1): 91–104. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.053.
-
^ a b c d e Laderman, AD (1989). "The ecology of the Atlantic white cedar wetlands: a community profile". US Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report. 85 (7.21).
-
^ Hale, Clayton W; Granger, Joshua J; Correa, Sandra B; DuBien, Janice L; Siegert, Courtney M (2022-05-07). "Atlantic White-Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides [L.] B.S.P.) Response Post-Hurricane Disturbance". Forest Science. 68 (3): 270–282. doi:10.1093/forsci/fxac007. ISSN 0015-749X.
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^ Bright, S; Charny, V; Howell, WM (2013). "Butterflies: new records for Alabama". Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science. 84 (1): 37.
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^ Harlow, William Morehouse (1979). Textbook of Dendrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. pp. 200–201. ISBN 0-07-026570-4.
-
^ a b Crawford ER; et al. (2007). "Influence of environment and substrate quality on root decomposition in naturally regenerating and restored Atlantic white cedar wetlands". Wetlands. 27 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2007)27[1:ioeasq]2.0.co;2.
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^ Cope, EA; illustrated by Bent King (1986). Native and Cultivated Conifers of Northeastern North America : a guide. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 68. ISBN 080141721X.
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^ a b Ward, Daniel (1989). "Commercial Utilization of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cuppressaceae)". Economic Botany. 43 (3): 386–415. doi:10.1007/bf02858736. JSTOR 4255181. S2CID 3200627.
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^ Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees You Want to Know. Whitman Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin, 1934 p31
-
^ Jetton, Robert; Whittier, W. Andrew (2019). "Effect of Seed Coat Sterilization and Photoperiod Treatments on the Germination of Atlantic White-Cedar Seeds" (PDF). Tree Planters' Notes. 62.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
englanti
)
tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar, Atlantic white cypress, southern white cedar, whitecedar, or false-cypress), a species of Cupressaceae, is native to the Atlantic coast of North America and is found from southern Maine to Georgia and along the Gulf of Mexico coast from Florida to Mississippi. It is one of two species of Chamaecyparis found in North America. C. thyoides resides on the East Coast and C. lawsoniana can be found on the West Coast. There are two geographically isolated subspecies, treated by some botanists as distinct species, by others at just varietal rank: Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides and Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae (H.L.Li) E.Murray (syn. Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. henryae (H.L.Li) Little; Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li) The species grows in forested wetlands where they tend to dominate the canopy. The trees are associated with a wide variety of other wetland species because of their wide north-south range. The remaining populations are now found mostly in remote locations that would be difficult to harvest, so its popularity as a source of lumber has decreased.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
kastilia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Chamaecyparis thyoides, el falso ciprés blanco,[2] es una especie de Chamaecyparis nativa de la costa del Océano Atlántico de América del Norte desde Maine al sur de Georgia (Estados Unidos), con una población aislada en el Golfo de México, y la costa de Florida sobre el Misisipi. Crece en lugares húmedos, en la planicies costeras a altitudes desde el nivel del mar hasta los 50 m, y más raramente en las estribaciones de los Montes Apalaches hasta 460 m de altitud.[3][4] El nombre también es a veces erróneamente citado como "Cedro Blanco del Atlántico", nombre que es rechazado por el Comité Conjunto de nomenclatura Hortícolas, ya que es un ciprés, no un cedro.[5]
Descripción
Se trata de un árbol perteneciente a la familia de las coníferas, Perennifolio (siempre verde) que alcanzan entre 20 y 28 m (raramente llega a 35 m) de altura, con follaje plumoso moderadamente aplanado, de color verde a azul-verde. Las hojas son escamosas, de 2-4 mm de largo, y se producen en pares opuestos en brotes algo aplanadas; las plántulas de hasta un año de edad son agujas como las hojas. Las piñas o conos son globosos, de 4 a 9 mm de diámetro, con 6-10 escamas, verde o moradas, de color marrón cuando maduran de 5 a 7 meses después de la polinización. Las piñas con polen son de color púrpura o marrón, de entre 1.5 y 3 mm de largo y 1 o 2 mm de ancho, liberando su polen amarillo en primavera.[3][6]
Hay dos subespecie geográficamente aisladas, tratadas por algunos botánicos como especies distintas, por otros como una sola variedad (biología):[3][6]
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides subespecie thyoides (ciprés blanco del Atlántico). Costa del Atlántico, de Maine a Georgia. Las hojas y conos generalmente son azul-verde, hojas planas faciales, no rígidas; con piñas de 4-7 mm de largo. (Preocupación menor)
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides subespecie henryae Costa del Golfo de México, de la Florida al Mississippi. Las hojas y conos siempre verde, no glauco; las hojas tienen una cresta longitudinal, y conos de 6-9 mm de largo. (Casi amenazada)
Las polillas y orugas adultas a veces comen el follaje, mientras que los especímenes jóvenes evitan atacar esta especie de árbol.
Cultivo y usos
Chamaecyparis thyoides es una especie de relativa importancia para la horticultura como árbol de jardín, logrando diferentes formas en la corona según el método de cultivo que haya sido seleccionados para la plantación, modificando la tasa de crecimiento, el color de las hojas y el tamaño. Entre algunas variedades se encuentran los 'Andelyensis' (enano, con follaje denso), '(ericoides' follaje juvenil), y el 'Glauca' (follaje glauco fuerte).[6]
Taxonomía
Chamaecyparis thyoides fue descrita por (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. y publicado en Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New York 71. 1888.[7]
- Variedad aceptada
- Sinonimia
-
Chamaecyparis atrovirens Beissn.
-
Chamaecyparis ericoides Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis kewensis Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis nana Parl.
-
Chamaecyparis pseudosquarrosa Parl.
-
Chamaecyparis pumila Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea (Spreng.) Spach
-
Chamaecyparis squarrosa Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis variegata Carrière
-
Cupressus ericoides Beissn.
-
Cupressus palustris Salisb.
-
Cupressus pseudosquarrosa (Carrière) Lavallée
-
Cupressus thyoides L.
-
Retinispora andelyensis Carrière
-
Retinispora pseudosquarrosa Carrière
-
Thuja sphaeroidalis Rich. & A.Rich.
-
Thuja sphaeroidea Spreng.
-
Widdringtonia ericoides Knight[8]
Referencias
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Chamaecyparis thyoides». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
-
↑ Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano. Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
-
↑ a b c Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
-
↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chamaecyparis thyoides Archivado el 16 de octubre de 2008 en Wayback Machine.
-
↑ Kelsey, H. P., & Dayton, W. A. (1942). Standardized Plant Names, ed.2. American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature. Horace McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa.
-
↑ a b c Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
-
↑ «Chamaecyparis thyoides». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 30 de marzo de 2015.
-
↑ «Chamaecyparis thyoides». The Plant List. Consultado el 30 de marzo de 2015.
Bibliografía
- Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1999. Flora of China (Cycadaceae through Fagaceae). 4: 1–453. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
kastilia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia ES
Chamaecyparis thyoides, el falso ciprés blanco, es una especie de Chamaecyparis nativa de la costa del Océano Atlántico de América del Norte desde Maine al sur de Georgia (Estados Unidos), con una población aislada en el Golfo de México, y la costa de Florida sobre el Misisipi. Crece en lugares húmedos, en la planicies costeras a altitudes desde el nivel del mar hasta los 50 m, y más raramente en las estribaciones de los Montes Apalaches hasta 460 m de altitud. El nombre también es a veces erróneamente citado como "Cedro Blanco del Atlántico", nombre que es rechazado por el Comité Conjunto de nomenclatura Hortícolas, ya que es un ciprés, no un cedro.
![src=]()
Follaje piñas con polen.
![src=]()
Conos
![src=]()
Ilustración
![src=]()
Troncos
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Céadras geal
(
Iiri
)
tarjonnut wikipedia GA
Cineál crainn ar speiceas den ghéineas Chamaecyparis é is ea an Céadras geal. Tá sé dúchasach d'oirthear Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Táirgeann sé adhmad bán nó leathbhuí.
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as
Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh
Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag
Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán
Gaeilge a dhéanamh.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
galicia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia gl Galician
Chamaecyparis thyoides é unha especie de conífera da familia das cupresáceas (Cupressaceae), subfamilia das cupresoideas (Cupressoideae), unha das seis incluídas no xénero Chamaecyparis.
Propia da costa do Océano Atlántico de Norteamérica, distribúese desde o estado de Maine até o sur do de Xeorxia, cunha poboación illada no Golfo de México, e pola costa da Florida, até o río Mississippi.[1]
Crece en lugares húmidos, nas chairas costeiras a altitudes desde o nivel do mar até os 50 m e, máis raramente, no sopé dos montes Apalaches até os 460 m de altitude.[1] [2] [3]
Caracteríticas
É unha árbore perennifolia que alcanza entre os 20 e os 28 m de altura (raramente chega aos 35 m), con follaxe plumosa moderadamente aplanada, de cor que pode ir da verde á verdeazulada. As folla son escamentas, de 2 a 4 mm de longo, as máis delas cunha glándula resinífera dorsal, e se presentann en pares opostos en brotes algo aplanados. As piñas ou conos son subglobosas, pequenas, de 4 a 9 mm de diámetro, con de 6 a 10 escamas, verdes ou moradas, que tornan a cor parda cando maduran, de 5 a 7 meses despois da polinización. As piñas con pole son de cor purpúrea ou parda, de entre 1,5 e 3 mm de longo e de 1 a 2 mm de ancho, liberando o seu polen amarelo en primavera.[2] [4] [5] [6]
A copa é flamíxera (en forma de chama), estreitándose cara á cima, arredondada. A casca dos troncos é de cor parda escura ou parda agriusada apagada, fendéndose en capas de longas láminas verticais.[6]
O seu crecemento é moi lento, e a súa vida bastante curta.[6]
Taxonomía
Descrición
A especie foi orixinalmente descrita en 1753 por Carl von Linné na páxina 1003 do volume 2 da súa obra Species Plantarum, baixo o nome de Cupressus thyoides. En 1888, no catálogo preliminar de Anthophyta and Pteridophyta, foi rexistrada como crecendo espontaneamente ao redor dunhas cen millas na contorna de Nova York por Nathaniel Lord Britton, Emerson Ellick Sterns e Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg, que a reclasificaron dentro do xénro Chamaecyparis.[7]
Sinónimos
Ademais de polo seu nome actual, e polo basónimo (nome que lle adxudicou Linnaeus cando a describiu por primeira vez, a especie tamén se comeceu polos seguintes sinónimos:[8]
-
Chamaecyparis atrovirens Beissn.
-
Chamaecyparis ericoides Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis kewensis Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis nana Parl.
-
Chamaecyparis pseudosquarrosa Parl.
-
Chamaecyparis pumila Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea (Spreng.) Spach
-
Chamaecyparis squarrosa Carrière
-
Chamaecyparis variegata Carrière
-
Cupressus ericoides Beissn.
-
Cupressus palustris Salisb.
-
Cupressus pseudosquarrosa (Carrière) Lavallée
-
Cupressus thyoides L. (basónimo)
-
Retinispora andelyensis Carrière
-
Retinispora pseudosquarrosa Carrière
-
Thuja sphaeroidalis Rich. & A.Rich.
-
Thuja sphaeroidea Spreng.
-
Widdringtonia ericoides Knight
Subespecies
Recoñécense dúas subespecies, xeograficamente illadas, tratadas por algúns botánicos como especies distintas, mentres que outros considéranas como unha soa variedade:[1] [2] [4] [9]
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides. Costa do Atlántico, de Maine a Xeorxia. As follas e os conos xeralmente de cor verdazuladae, follas planas faciais, non ríxidas, e con piñas de 4 a 7 mm de longo. (Status: preocupación menor).
-
Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae. Costa do Golfo de México, da Florida ao Mississippi. As follas e os conos son sempre verdes, non glaucas; as follas presentan unha crista lonxitudinal, e os conos son de 6 a 9 mm de longo. (Status: case ameazada).
Cultivo e usos
Chamaecyparis thyoides é unha especie de relativa importancia para a horticultura como árbore de xardín, con varios cultivares segundo o método de cultivo que se seleccionara para a plantación, lográndose espécimes de diferentes tamaños e formas da copa, taxas de crecemento e cor das follas. Entre estes cultivares están 'Aurea' (con follaxe amarela), 'Heatherbun' (anana, de cor púrpura en inverno),[10] 'Andelyensis' (anana, con follaxe densa), 'Ericoides' (con follaxe xuvenil), e 'Glauca' (con follaxe glauca intensa).[4]
Nalgúns lugares, particularmente no condado de Mobile, Alabama, esta árbore cultívase como árbore de Nadal.[11]
En Galicia
En xardíns e parques de Galicia esta especie e pouco abundante, pero podense ver exemplares dela no Parque de Castrelos de Vigo e no Campus Sur da Universidade de Santiago.[12]
Nome en galego
Posíebeis nomes en galego poderían ser falso ciprés branco americano ou camecíparis branco americano.[6]
Galería
Chamaecyparis thyoides na Franklin Parker Reserve, New Jersey
Lámina de C. thyoides, por P.-J.Redouté (1800)
Notas
-
↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Chamaecyparis thyoides na Lista vermella da UICN Versión 2017-3. Consultada o 19 de decembro de 2017.
-
↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Farjon 2005.
-
↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chamaecyparis thyoides Arquivado 16 de outubro de 2008 en Wayback Machine..
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Rushforth 1987.
-
↑ Castro, Freire & Preunell 1989, p. 71.
-
↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Mitchel 1979, p. 87.
-
↑ Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. en Tropicos.
-
↑ "Chamaecyparis thyoides". The Plant List. Consultado o 21 de outubro de 2017.
-
↑ Mylecraine, K. A. et al. (2004): "Geographic allozyme variation in Atlantic white-cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (Cupresseceae)". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2443–2454.
-
↑ Cope, E. A. (1986): Native and Cultivated Conifers of Northeastern North America: a guide. Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1721-X, p. 68.
-
↑ Ward, Daniel (1989): "Commercial Utilization of Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cuppressaceae)". Economic Botany 43 (3): 386–415.
-
↑ Castro, Freire & Prunell 1989, p. 73.
Véxase tamén
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Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
galicia
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tarjonnut wikipedia gl Galician
![src=]()
Follaxe e conos brancos.
Chamaecyparis thyoides é unha especie de conífera da familia das cupresáceas (Cupressaceae), subfamilia das cupresoideas (Cupressoideae), unha das seis incluídas no xénero Chamaecyparis.
Propia da costa do Océano Atlántico de Norteamérica, distribúese desde o estado de Maine até o sur do de Xeorxia, cunha poboación illada no Golfo de México, e pola costa da Florida, até o río Mississippi.
Crece en lugares húmidos, nas chairas costeiras a altitudes desde o nivel do mar até os 50 m e, máis raramente, no sopé dos montes Apalaches até os 460 m de altitude.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
Italia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia IT
Chamaecyparis thyoides (o falso cipresso) è una specie delle Cupressaceae, nativa della costa atlantica nordamericana.
È naturalizzata nella zona costiera che va dal Maine alla Georgia, lungo il Golfo del Messico, Florida e Mississippi. È una delle due specie di Chamaecyparis presenti nel Nord America insieme alla ben più famosa Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana presente sulla costa ovest.
È possibile identificare due varietà geograficamente isolate, considerate alternativamente specie o sottospecie.
Distribuzione e habitat
Chamaecyparis thyoides cresce principalmente al di sotto dei 50 m sul livello del mare, principalmente lungo l'East Coast e il golfo del Messico, mentre rari gruppi possono essere trovati sugli Appalachi, ma mai oltre i 460 m sul livello del mare.
L'habitat preferito è rappresentato dalle zone umide dal veloce ricambio d'acqua infatti è classificato secondo il "wetland inidcator status" come specie facoltativa delle zone umide, riuscendo comunque a sopportare terreni umidi solamente durante il periodo vegetativo.
Il terreno di crescita è tipico delle torbiere caratterizzato da uno spesso strato di materiale organico misto a materiale sabbioso con basso drenaggio causando così una forte mancanza di ossigeno, la presenza di conifere associata alla decomposizione di materiale organico fa impennare l'acidità del terreno.
Rischi legati all'habitat e proprietà ecologiche
A causa della generale diminuzione artificiale delle aree umide la specie ha subito e continua a subire una rapida diminuzione del proprio habitat. Inoltre i numerosi incendi, disboscamenti ed estrazioni della torba continuano a danneggiare il patrimonio boschivo già in pericolo, addirittura è considerato raro in Georgia e nello stato di New York, minacciato nel Maine e localmente estinto in Pennsylvania.
Note
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Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
Italia
)
tarjonnut wikipedia IT
Chamaecyparis thyoides (o falso cipresso) è una specie delle Cupressaceae, nativa della costa atlantica nordamericana.
È naturalizzata nella zona costiera che va dal Maine alla Georgia, lungo il Golfo del Messico, Florida e Mississippi. È una delle due specie di Chamaecyparis presenti nel Nord America insieme alla ben più famosa Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana presente sulla costa ovest.
È possibile identificare due varietà geograficamente isolate, considerate alternativamente specie o sottospecie.
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Atlantersypress
(
norja
)
tarjonnut wikipedia NO
Atlantersypress (Chamaecyparis thyoides) er en art av bartrær innenfor dvergsypresslekten i sypressfamilien (Cupressaceae). Lokalt kalles den «Atlantic White Cypress» eller «Atlantic Whitecedar». Hele treet er giftig. Den vokser opptil 460 moh. i det østlige USA langs kysten av Atlanterhavet, fra Maine i nord via Florida til delstaten Mississippi.
![src=]()
Bilde av eldre løvverk med skjellaktige blad - slik alt eldre løvverk av dvergsypresser er.
Arten blir 20-35 meter høy, men bare 15 meter i parker i Europa – og kjennes på en fjæraktige utstående grener og en langsgående trevlete, gråbrun og fibrøs bark. Den har flate, vifteaktige og grønne til blågrønne bladskudd, som er skjellaktige og 2-4 mm lange. Nålene er eggeformede og tilspisset og ligger inntil kvisten. Unge blader inntil 12 mnd gamle har nåleform.
Frøkonglene går fra purpurgrønt til brunt gjennom sesongen, de modner på 5-7 måneder. De er ca. 5-9 mm lange, og har 6-10 skjell med hver sin torn på. Hannblomsten er brun eller purpurbrun, inntil 3 X 2 mm stor.
Det er to varianter som av og til anses som distinkte arter: Chamaecyparis thyoides ssp. thyoides – «Atlantic White Cypress». Atlanterhavskysten fra Maine til Georgia. Blader og kongler skinnende blågrønne, blader flate, kongler 4-7 mm store. Chamaecyparis thyoides ssp. henryae – «Gulf White Cypress». Mexicogulfen, Florida, Mississippi. Blader og kongler alltid grønne, blader med midtribb, kongler 6-9 mm store. truet av utryddelse.
Atlantersypress vokser på våte steder nær kysten. Den danner som regel rene bestander, men av og til kan den finnes sammen med andre trær som sumpsypress, weymouthfuru og andre furuarter, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, rødlønn, sumptre, gulbjørk, canadahemlokk og Gordonia lasianthus. I undervegetasjonen finnes konvallbusk, Vaccinium corymbosum, Lyonia lucida og andre busker.
Hele treet er giftig, men noen ganger spiser eldre individer av larven av løvskognonne bladverket. Arten har flere kultivarer, så sikker identifikasjon kan være krevende.
Litteratur
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Atlantersypress: Brief Summary
(
norja
)
tarjonnut wikipedia NO
Atlantersypress (Chamaecyparis thyoides) er en art av bartrær innenfor dvergsypresslekten i sypressfamilien (Cupressaceae). Lokalt kalles den «Atlantic White Cypress» eller «Atlantic Whitecedar». Hele treet er giftig. Den vokser opptil 460 moh. i det østlige USA langs kysten av Atlanterhavet, fra Maine i nord via Florida til delstaten Mississippi.
![src=]()
Bilde av eldre løvverk med skjellaktige blad - slik alt eldre løvverk av dvergsypresser er.
Arten blir 20-35 meter høy, men bare 15 meter i parker i Europa – og kjennes på en fjæraktige utstående grener og en langsgående trevlete, gråbrun og fibrøs bark. Den har flate, vifteaktige og grønne til blågrønne bladskudd, som er skjellaktige og 2-4 mm lange. Nålene er eggeformede og tilspisset og ligger inntil kvisten. Unge blader inntil 12 mnd gamle har nåleform.
Frøkonglene går fra purpurgrønt til brunt gjennom sesongen, de modner på 5-7 måneder. De er ca. 5-9 mm lange, og har 6-10 skjell med hver sin torn på. Hannblomsten er brun eller purpurbrun, inntil 3 X 2 mm stor.
Det er to varianter som av og til anses som distinkte arter: Chamaecyparis thyoides ssp. thyoides – «Atlantic White Cypress». Atlanterhavskysten fra Maine til Georgia. Blader og kongler skinnende blågrønne, blader flate, kongler 4-7 mm store. Chamaecyparis thyoides ssp. henryae – «Gulf White Cypress». Mexicogulfen, Florida, Mississippi. Blader og kongler alltid grønne, blader med midtribb, kongler 6-9 mm store. truet av utryddelse.
Atlantersypress vokser på våte steder nær kysten. Den danner som regel rene bestander, men av og til kan den finnes sammen med andre trær som sumpsypress, weymouthfuru og andre furuarter, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Persea borbonia, rødlønn, sumptre, gulbjørk, canadahemlokk og Gordonia lasianthus. I undervegetasjonen finnes konvallbusk, Vaccinium corymbosum, Lyonia lucida og andre busker.
Hele treet er giftig, men noen ganger spiser eldre individer av larven av løvskognonne bladverket. Arten har flere kultivarer, så sikker identifikasjon kan være krevende.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
ruotsi
)
tarjonnut wikipedia SV
Chamaecyparis thyoides[2] (vitcypress, tujacypress[3]) är en cypressväxtart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné under namnet Cupressus thyoides, och fick sitt nu gällande namn 1888 av Nathaniel Lord Britton, Emerson Ellick Sterns och Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg.
Namn
Arten kallas på engelska White Cedar eller White Cypress. Av svenskarna i Nya Sverige kallades den vit en.[4]
Taxonomi
Chamaecyparis thyoides ingår i släktet ädelcypresser, och familjen cypressväxter.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[5]
- C. t. henryae
- C. t. thyoides
Utbredningsområde
Östra och sydöstra USA, från Maine till Georgia. Arten växer på höjder mellan 0 och 500 meter över havet. Den växer främst i våtmarker. Subsp. henryae i Florida, Alabama och Mississippi i mossar och kärr.[7]
Bildgalleri
Källor
- ^ [a b] 1998 Chamaecyparis thyoides Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
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^ Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., 1888 In: Prelim. Cat. Anth. Pter. New York: 71.
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^ https://skud.slu.se/Skud/ReportPlant?skudNumber=446&infoViewType=reference
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^ Pehr Kalm, Pehr Kalms resa till Norra Amerika, Helsingfors 1904, del 2, sid. 121.
- ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (28 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/14376178. Läst 26 maj 2014.
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^ Conifer Database. Farjon A., 2011-02-11
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^ Christopher J. Earle, "Chamaecyparis thyoides", The Gymnosperm Database 2011-01-14.
Externa länkar
- lisenssi
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- Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
ruotsi
)
tarjonnut wikipedia SV
Chamaecyparis thyoides (vitcypress, tujacypress) är en cypressväxtart som först beskrevs av Carl von Linné under namnet Cupressus thyoides, och fick sitt nu gällande namn 1888 av Nathaniel Lord Britton, Emerson Ellick Sterns och Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
Chamaecyparis thyoides
(
vietnam
)
tarjonnut wikipedia VI
Chamaecyparis thyoides là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được L. Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1888.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Chamaecyparis thyoides: Brief Summary
(
vietnam
)
tarjonnut wikipedia VI
Chamaecyparis thyoides là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được L. Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1888.
- lisenssi
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- tekijänoikeus
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
美国尖叶扁柏
(
kiina
)
tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
美国尖叶扁柏: Brief Summary
(
kiina
)
tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
美国尖叶扁柏（学名：Chamaecyparis thyoides）又稱大西洋雪杉、雪松、側葉扁柏、尖葉扁柏，为柏科扁柏属的植物分布在美国東岸北至緬因州，南達佛羅里達州及密西西比州沿岸地方。中国大陆的杭州、庐山、南京等地目前已由人工引种栽培。
Datos: Q1744650
Multimedia:
Especies: Chamaecyparis thyoides
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