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Benefits ( englanti )

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Local populations trap M. caudata for its hide and for meat. (Bibikov, 1996)

Positive Impacts: food

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Life Cycle ( englanti )

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See Reproduction.

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Conservation Status ( englanti )

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The range of red marmots is extremely fragmented. However, in Eastern Pamir, where the main populations are concentrated, settlements are distributed more continuously. In the 1960s to 1970s only 3 to 4 thousand skins were taken annually. Populations of the red marmot number about 250,000 animals in Kirgizia and about 360,000 individuals in Tadzhikistan. (Bibikov, 1996)

CITES: appendix iii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Behavior ( englanti )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Benefits ( englanti )

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Red marmots may compete for forage with domestic livestock. (Bibikov, 1996)

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Associations ( englanti )

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As a prey species, the abundance of M. caudata likely affects the size of eagle populations.

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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

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Marmots are primarily vegetarians, and they consume a variety of plant species. Seasonal and local differences in forage composition have been found. During feeding, a marmot moves slowly, turning its head alternately from one side to the other. From a distance animals seem to crawl on their bellies. (Bibikov, 1996)

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Distribution ( englanti )

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Red marmots, Marmota caudata, also know as golden or long-tailed marmots, are found in high alpine meadows of the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Tien Shen mountains of Central Asia. In the 1960's, red marmot populations were estimated at about 600,000 including: 200,000 in the Pamirs, 170,000 in Central and Western Tien Shan, 130,000 in Alai, and 100,000 in Gissaro-Darvaze. (Bibikov, 1996)

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )

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Habitat ( englanti )

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Red marmots are most common in the mountain meadows which are often grazed by domestic sheep, goats, and yaks. They aso inhabit semi arid plateus and the edges of nut-forests. They are found from elevations of 1,400 to 5,500 m in the himalayan region. (Bibikov, 1996)

Range elevation: 1400 to 5500 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains

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Life Expectancy ( englanti )

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Although there are not data specifically relating to red marmots, other members of the genus Marmota can live between 13 and 15 years. (Nowak, 1991)

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
13 to 15 years.

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Morphology ( englanti )

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Marmots are the second largest rodents (after beavers) in the Palearctic Region. The body shape and size of these animals reflect their fossorial, or partly subterranean, life. Marmots are solid and box-shaped, with the legs apart. The hind legs are shorter than the forelegs. Their bodies are streamlined and flexible, and marmots are capable of pushing their way through narrow holes. They can change direction during sharp turns. Red marmots weigh as much as 8 to 9 kg.

All four feet have five digits with sturdy, blunt claws. Pads on the digits are very well developed. These pads function to help rake up earth and compensate to some extent for the complete or partial reduction of the fifth digit. Other digits are long, flexible, and capable of holding thin plant stems.

The head of red marmots is flattened, and the neck is short. The large eyes are close to the top of the head, allowing the animal to see the terrain above ground while remaining inside the burrow. Ears are small and barely extend beyond the fur. Long wiskers are located on checks, lower jaw, around the nose, and eyes.

The skulls of marmots are distinguished from those of other sciurids by their large size, large postorbital processes, and relatively small cranium. (Bibikov, 1996)

Average mass: 8-9 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Specific data on predation in red marmots is lacking. In general, the number of marmot predators is not great. Some animals often attack marmots, eating primarily infant animals, especially during the first weeks after their emergence when the young marmots are not experienced with predator evasion.

In mountain regions, bears often dig out marmot burrows. The main predators of Eurasian marmots are stray dogs and wolves. Marmots actively react to predator appearance from far away, emitting alarm calls, and immediately running towards their burrows. Having stopped near the hole, they allow the predator to approach closer, constantly keeping an eye on it.

As mentioned in the physical description of M. caudata, the eyes of marmots are located on top of the head, allowing them to survey the surrounding area from within their burrows. It might be supposed that this is an adaptation allowing these animals to detect and avoid predators from a safe location.

Important predators of marmots everywhere are eagles, especially the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). (Bibikov,1996)

Known Predators:

  • domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • bears (Ursinae)
  • gray wolves (Canis lupus)
  • golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos)
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Reproduction ( englanti )

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The mating system and behavior of red marmots have not been reported. However, other mountain- dwelling marmots tend to mate polygynously. There is ofen a period of courtship behavior, which may include mutual sniffing, locking teeth, or sparring. During copulation, which may occur several times per day, the male typically uses his teeth to hold the female by the skin of her neck or head.

Copulation of some mountain-dwelling marmots may occur prior to emergence from the burrow in spring. This seems to be controlled by the length of the season, with shorter summers being associated with in-burrow breeding. In some species, such as the black-capped marmot, females may not emerge from the burrow until a few days before whelping.

(Bibikov, 1996)

Mating System: polygynous

Specific data on red marmot reproduction is scanty. In general, female red marmots sexually mature around two years of age, so they do not breed until their third summer. Age of sexual maturation seems to depend on the elevation and the duration of hibernation. At lower elevations, some two year old female red marmots have successfully weaned litters.

Females give birth to and rear young in a litter burrow. Red marmots copulate in their burrows before they appear on the surface after winter hibernation. After a short gestation (30 to 35 days), the female gives birth to altricial young. Litters typically contain 4 to 5 young, but can contain up to 10. In general, within the marmots, litter size is negatively correlated with size of the neonate.

Pups have a body mass of 26 to 40 g and a body length of 7.5 to 9.6 cm. The small size of newborn marmots (about 1% of an adult's weight) is probably an adaptation to conditions of the short activity period.

(Bibikov, 1996)

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the hibernaculum before emergence in the spring.

Average number of offspring: 4-5.

Range gestation period: 30 to 35 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

The young are born altricial, and are cared for by the mother in the nesting burrow.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care

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Marmota caudata ( asturia )

tarjonnut wikipedia AST

Marmota caudata ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.

Distribución xeográfica

Alcuéntrase n'Afganistán, Armenia, Azerbaixán, China, India, Kazakstán, Kirguistán, Paquistán, Taxiquistán y Uzbequistán.

Hábitat

El so hábitat natural son: pacionales templaos.

Referencies

  1. Molur, S. (2008). Marmota caudata. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l 6 Xineru 2009.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. Y. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( asturia )

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Marmota caudata ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.

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Qırmızı marmot ( azeri )

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Qırmızı marmot və ya uzunquyruq marmot (lat. Marmota caudata) — gəmiricilər dəstəsinin sincablar fəsiləsinə aid məməli heyvan növü.

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Moregan hirlostek ( bretoni )

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Ar moregan hirlostek (Marmota caudata) a zo ur bronneg krigner hag a vev e kreiz Azia.

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Marmota cuallarga ( valencia )

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La marmota cuallarga (Marmota caudata) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a l'Afganistan, la Xina, l'Índia, el Kirguizistan, el Pakistan i el Tadjikistan. Es tracta d'un animal diürn i crepuscular que viu en grups. El seu hàbitat natural són els matollars i prats alpins, així com les zones rocoses amb ginebre. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Marmota cuallarga Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Molur, S. Marmota caudata. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 1 novembre 2015.
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Marmota cuallarga: Brief Summary ( valencia )

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La marmota cuallarga (Marmota caudata) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a l'Afganistan, la Xina, l'Índia, el Kirguizistan, el Pakistan i el Tadjikistan. Es tracta d'un animal diürn i crepuscular que viu en grups. El seu hàbitat natural són els matollars i prats alpins, així com les zones rocoses amb ginebre. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.

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Langhalet murmeldyr ( tanska )

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Langhalet murmeldyr (latin: Marmota caudata) er en art af murmeldyr, som er udbredt i bjergrige områder i Afghanistan, Kirgisistan, Pakistan og Tadsjikistan, Indien og Kina. Det langhalede murmeldyr lever i en højde på mellem 3200 og 4850 meter på græssletter og i alpine engområder, ofte mellem klipper bevokset med krybende enebær. Man kender ikke præcist tendensen af artens populationsstørrelse, men den er ganske almindeligt forekommende over et stort geografisk område, og World Conservation Union har vurderet arten til at være "ikke truet".[1]

Beskrivelse

Det langhalede murmeldyr er en ganske stor og kraftig gnaver, der kan veje op til 9 kg. Øjnene sidder højt på det noget flade hoved, ørerne er små og halsen kort. Forpoterne er længere end bagpoterne, og halen er længere end hos andre murmeldyr.

Levevis

Det langhalede murmeldyr danner i almindelighed monogame forhold, men lever i øvrigt i større sociale grupper, hvor op imod syv voksne individer deler et hjemområde. Disse individer er ofte på en eller anden måde i familie med hinanden, og unge individer drager typisk først væk, når de er fuldt udvoksede som treårige eller ældre. En gruppe vil oftest tillade udefrakommende at støde til den, men der er typisk kun én voksen hun ad gangen, der producerer mælk og får unger i løbet af en sæson.[2]

Et hjemområde for en gruppe langhalede murmeldyr er i gennemsnit på omkring tre hektar og omfatter cirka tre hulesystemer (mellem ét og seks). I et rum i en af disse huler ligger dyrene i dvale fra omkring september til april/maj i en periode, hvor jordoverfladen typisk er dækket af sne.[2] Det er ikke nødvendigvis de samme rum, der bruges til dvale hvert år. Parringen finder sted i slutningen af april eller begyndelsen af maj og kan foregå under jorden, inden dyrene dukker frem fra dvalen. Drægtighedsperioden er cirka fire en halv uge, hvorpå hunnen føder et kuld på omkring fire unger, der forlader reden efter omkring seks uger. Kun omkring halvdelen af ungerne overlever sommeren, idet nogle tages af rovdyr, mens andre dræbes af tilflyttende voksne hanner. De fleste voksne individer overlever dvalen, mens en lidt større andel af de unge individer ikke overlever den første vinterdvale. Hunnerne er som regel fire år, inden de første gang bliver drægtige.[2]

Det langhalede murmeldyr er aktivt om dagen og lever af planteføde. Det er mest aktivt om morgenen, hvor det bruger omkring 40 % af tiden på at finde føde. Når de kommer op fra deres huler, spreder dyrene sig, idet de finder føde enkeltvis, ikke som gruppe. Føden tager de enten fra jorden direkte med munden, eller de plukker den fra højere planter. Ind imellem fødeindtagelsen kan de langhalede murmeldyr finde på at stille sig på bagbenene og kigge rundt på omgivelserne. Gruppens medlemmer kan kommunikere med hinanden og afgive ganske komplekse alarmkald, når de for eksempel får øje på rovdyr. De kan også reagere på nabogruppers alarmeringer

De rovdyr, der dræber de langhalede murmeldyr, omfatter blandt andet rød ræv, ulv, sneleopard, kongeørn og ind imellem også lammegrib.[3]

Referencer

  1. ^ Molur, S. (2008). "Marmota caudata". iucnredlist.org. Hentet 2015-09-28.
  2. ^ a b c Blumstein, Daniel T.; Arnold, Walter (1998). "Ecology and Social Behavior of Golden Marmots (Marmota caudata aurea)". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (3). JSTOR 1383095. doi:10.2307/1383095.
  3. ^ Blumstein, Daniel T. (1996). "How Much Does Social Group Size Influence Golden Marmot Vigilance?". Behaviour. 133 (15/16): 1131-1151. doi:10.1163/156853996x00332.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Langhalet murmeldyr: Brief Summary ( tanska )

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Langhalet murmeldyr (latin: Marmota caudata) er en art af murmeldyr, som er udbredt i bjergrige områder i Afghanistan, Kirgisistan, Pakistan og Tadsjikistan, Indien og Kina. Det langhalede murmeldyr lever i en højde på mellem 3200 og 4850 meter på græssletter og i alpine engområder, ofte mellem klipper bevokset med krybende enebær. Man kender ikke præcist tendensen af artens populationsstørrelse, men den er ganske almindeligt forekommende over et stort geografisk område, og World Conservation Union har vurderet arten til at være "ikke truet".

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Langschwanzmurmeltier ( saksa )

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Marmot at Baroghal Pass.JPG

Das Langschwanzmurmeltier (Marmota caudata), auch Langschwänziges Murmeltier oder Rotes Murmeltier genannt, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Hörnchen.

Verbreitungsgebiet

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Langschwanz-Murmeltieres schließt sich dem des Steppenmurmeltiers an und umfasst den westlichen Teil des Tianshan-Gebirges sowie Pamiro-Alai. Es kommt außerdem im Westen des Kunlun, im Hindukusch, im afghanischen Badachschan und Karakorum sowie im nördlichen Kaschmir vor.

Innerhalb dieses recht großen Verbreitungsgebietes ist das Langschwänzige Murmeltier in der Regel in Höhenlagen zwischen 1400 und 4.800 Meter zu finden.[1] Die größten Siedlungen finden sich dabei in den Hochgebirgssteppen des Alai und den Hochgebirgswüsten des Ost-Pamir.

Systematische Einordnung

Zur systematischen Einordnung der Murmeltiere wird unter anderem auch der Bau der Genitalknochen herangezogen. Beim Roten Murmeltier ist der Penisknochen verglichen mit den anderen Arten besonders kompliziert aufgebaut. Im vorderen Abschnitt weist der Knochen einen Kiel auf, der bei anderen Murmeltierarten fehlt.[2] An der Basis ist der Knochen stark abgerundet.

Quellen

Literatur

  • Dmitri Iwanowitsch Bibikow: Die Murmeltiere der Welt. Marmota (= Die neue Brehm-Bücherei. Bd. 388). 2., völlig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Westarp-Wissenschaften u. a., Magdeburg u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-89432-426-0.
  • Monika Preleuthner, Gerhard Aubrecht (Hrsg.): Murmeltiere (= Kataloge des Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums. NF Nr. 146 = Stapfia. Band 63). Biologiezentrum, Linz 1999, ISBN 3-85474-044-1 (Murmeltiere. In: ZOBODAT.at. OÖ Landes-Kultur GmbH; abgerufen am 1. Januar 1900 , mit einer Liste von 17 PDF-Dateien).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Bibikow: Die Murmeltiere der Welt. 1996, S. 20.
  2. Bibikow: Die Murmeltiere der Welt. 1996, S. 54.

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Langschwanzmurmeltier: Brief Summary ( saksa )

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Marmot at Baroghal Pass.JPG

Das Langschwanzmurmeltier (Marmota caudata), auch Langschwänziges Murmeltier oder Rotes Murmeltier genannt, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Hörnchen.

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Langsturtmarmot ( länsifriisi )

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De langsturtmarmot of reade marmot (Latynske namme: Marmota caudata) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae) en it skaai fan 'e marmotten (Marmota), dat foarkomt yn Sintraal-Aazje.

Fersprieding en biotoop

It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e langsturtmarmot omfiemet dielen fan Kazachstan, Kirgyzje, Tadzjikistan, Oezbekistan, Afganistan, Pakistan, Yndia en Sina, dêr't dizze soarte libbet yn 'e berchgebieten fan 'e Hindoekûsj, de Karakoram, it westen fan 'e Kunlun, de Pamir, de Altai en it westen fan 'e Tjensjan-bergen. Yn 'e regel komme langsturtmarmotten foar op in hichte fan tusken de 1.400 en 4.800 m. Se jouwe de foarkar oan tuskenbeiden gerslân. De grutste populaasjes befine har op 'e heechberchtmesteppes fan 'e Altai en de heechberchtmewoastyn fan 'e eastlik Pamir.

Skaaimerken

De langsturtmarmot wurdt troch soölogen benammen as in aparte soarte ûnderskaat op grûn fan 'e genitale bonken: it penisbonkje hat by langsturtmarmotten in folle yngewikkelder struktuer as by oare marmottesoarten.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Langsturtmarmot: Brief Summary ( länsifriisi )

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De langsturtmarmot of reade marmot (Latynske namme: Marmota caudata) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e iikhoarntsjes (Sciuridae) en it skaai fan 'e marmotten (Marmota), dat foarkomt yn Sintraal-Aazje.

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Long-tailed marmot ( englanti )

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The long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata) or golden marmot is a marmot species in the family Sciuridae.[2] It occurs in mountainous regions in the central parts of Asia where it lives in open or lightly wooded habitats, often among rocks where dwarf junipers grow.[1][3] It is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern.[1] As suggested by its name, it is a relatively long-tailed species of marmot.[3]

Description

Two of its subspecies

The long-tailed marmot is a large, sturdy rodent weighing up to 9 kg (20 lb).[4] Its typical weight range is from 1.5 to 7.3 kg (3.3–16.1 lb), with the lower weights in the spring directly after hibernation and the higher weights in the autumn just before hibernation where more than one–quarter of its mass can be fat. Males average slightly larger than females. Its head-and-body length is 37–80 cm (15–31 in) and the tail is about 16–28 cm (6.3–11.0 in) long. The tail is 37–55% of the head-and-body length. This is considerably longer than typical of other marmots, although the proportionally longest-tailed individuals of the grey (M. baibacina) and alpine marmots (M. marmota) are comparable to the shortest-tailed individuals of the long-tailed marmot.[3] The eyes are close to the top of the rather-flattened head, the ears are small and the neck is short. The forelegs are longer than the hind legs.[4]

Several subspecies have been described for the long-tailed marmot, but only three are generally recognised: M. c. caudata, M. c. aurea and M. c. dichrous. The last has occasionally been considered a separate species.[2] They differ in colours and some measurements, with M. c. caudata averaging larger than the others. M. c. aurea, the subspecies found in most of its range, is relatively bright golden-buff or orange-tawny overall. Its face is brownish and the top of its head is typically brown to black, but in small parts of its range it is the same colour as its back. The tip of the tail often is blackish. M. c. caudata also has a brown face, and its flanks and underparts are yellowish, but the rear top of its head and mid-back are black, while the tail is black or mixed yellowish and black. M. c. dichrous is black-brown below, but this subspecies is dimorphic in the colour of its upperparts: they are blackish-brown to dull brown in dark animals, and light brown to cream in pale animals.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The long-tailed marmot is restricted to Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, far southern Kazakhstan (where rare), Uzbekistan, northern Pakistan, northernwestern India and western China.[1][3] In China, it has only been recorded in the Tian Shan Mountains of Xinjiang.[5] Other mountain ranges where it occurs are the Pamir, Alay, Hindukush, Kunlun-Shan, Karakoram and northwestern Himalayas.[3] Although its distribution comes into contact with those of the Menzbier's (M. menzbieri), grey (M. baibacina) and Himalayan marmots (M. himalayana), they are not known to hybridise.[3]

Among its three subspecies, M. c. aurea is widespread and found in all countries where the species occurs, only being absent from the regions inhabited by the two remaining subspecies. M. c. caudata is from areas south of Chitral in Pakistan and adjacent parts of India, and M. c. dichrous is from highlands near Kabul and Ghazni in Afghanistan.[3]

Overall the long-tailed marmot has a very wide altitude range, occurring from 600 to 5,200 m (2,000–17,100 ft), but this varies extensively depending on each mountain range with the upper limit essentially restricted by the location of the permanent snow line. The only countries where it has been recorded below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) are Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, but in both places it also occurs much higher. It is more tolerant of aridity than the closely related Menzbier's marmot and the more distantly related grey marmot, and where their distributions approach each other the long-tailed marmot tends to occupy drier habitats. Furthermore, where its distribution approaches that of the Menzbier's marmot the long-tailed occurs at lower altitudes from 1,300 to 2,200 m (4,300–7,200 ft).[3] The long-tailed marmot occurs in a wide range of open or lightly wooded habitats, including alpine meadows, foothill to highland steppes, semi-deserts, scrublands and open woodland (typically with junipers no more than 4 m or 13 ft high), especially in rocky areas.[1][3][5] However, it avoids places with saline soils.[5]

Ecology and behaviour

The long-tailed marmot usually forms monogamous relationships but lives in larger social groups, with up to seven adults sharing a single home range. These individuals are likely to be related to each other with young adults normally only dispersing after they have become fully grown at three or more years of age. Adult immigrants are tolerated in the group but only a single adult female normally lactates and rears young in any one season.[6]

Home ranges of the long-tailed marmot average about three hectares (7.5 acres) and contain about three burrow systems (range one to six). In a chamber in one of these burrows the marmots hibernate from about September to April or May, a period during which the ground is covered with snow for much of the time.[6] Different burrows may be used for hibernation in different years. Mating occurs in late April and early May and may take place underground before the marmots emerge from the burrow after the winter. The gestation period is about four and a half weeks and the litter of about four pups emerges from the nest at about six weeks of age. Only about half of the pups survive the summer, some being consumed by predators and others being killed by adult males joining the group. Most adults survive the hibernation period but a rather higher proportion of juveniles die during their first winter. Females do not usually breed as three-year-olds but wait till the following year.[6]

The long-tailed marmot is diurnal and feeds on plant material. It is most active in the morning when about 40% of the time is spent foraging. After emerging from the burrow, the marmot spreads out and do not forage as a group. Food is either collected from the ground by the mouth or plucked from taller plants. Between bouts of foraging, a marmot sometimes stands on its back legs and surveys its surroundings. Group members communicate with each other, emitting complex alarm calls when predators are spotted. They also react to alarm calls of neighbouring groups.[7]

Predators

Predators of the long-tailed marmot include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the grey wolf (Canis lupus), the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and possibly the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus).[7] On the Tibetan plateau, marmot species also form part of snow leopard prey.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Cassola, F. (2017). "Marmota caudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12825A111931601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12825A111931601.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Species Marmota caudata". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 801. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kryštufek, B.; B. Vohralík (2013). "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias". Lynx, N. S. (Praha). 44: 27–138.
  4. ^ a b DeWeerd, B. (2003). "Marmota caudata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2014-10-21.
  5. ^ a b c Smith, A.T.; Xie, Y., eds. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  6. ^ a b c Blumstein, D. T.; Arnold, W. (1998). "Ecology and Social Behavior of Golden Marmots (Marmota caudata aurea)". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (3): 873–886. doi:10.2307/1383095. JSTOR 1383095.
  7. ^ a b Blumstein, D. T. (1996). "How Much Does Social Group Size Influence Golden Marmot Vigilance?". Behaviour. 133 (15/16): 1133–1151. doi:10.1163/156853996x00332. JSTOR 4535417.
  8. ^ Lyngdoh, S., Shrotriya, S., Goyal, S.P., Clements, H., Hayward, M.W. and Habib, B. (2014). "Prey preferences of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e88349. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988349L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088349. PMC 3922817. PMID 24533080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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Long-tailed marmot: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata) or golden marmot is a marmot species in the family Sciuridae. It occurs in mountainous regions in the central parts of Asia where it lives in open or lightly wooded habitats, often among rocks where dwarf junipers grow. It is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern. As suggested by its name, it is a relatively long-tailed species of marmot.

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Marmota caudata ( kastilia )

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La marmota de cola larga (Marmota caudata) o marmota dorada, es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en Afganistán, Armenia, Azerbaiyán, China, India, Kazajistán, Kirguistán, Pakistán, Tayikistán, y Uzbekistán.

Hábitat

Su hábitat natural son: pastizales templados.

Referencias

  1. Molur, S. (2008). «Marmota caudata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 6 de enero de 2009.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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La marmota de cola larga (Marmota caudata) o marmota dorada, es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

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Marmota caudata ( baski )

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Marmota caudata Marmota generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Geoffroy (1844) Sciuridae In Jacquemont.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Marmota caudata Marmota generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Marmota caudata ( ranska )

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Marmotte à longue queue

La Marmotte à longue queue[1] (Marmota caudata) est une espèce de marmotte (mammifère fouisseur de l'ordre des rongeurs).

Notes et références

  1. Annexes au Journal officiel des Communautés européennes du 18 décembre 2000. Lire en ligne.

Voir aussi

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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( ranska )

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Marmotte à longue queue

La Marmotte à longue queue (Marmota caudata) est une espèce de marmotte (mammifère fouisseur de l'ordre des rongeurs).

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Marmat earrfhada ( Iiri )

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Is ainmhí é an marmat earrfhada (Marmota caudata). Mamach atá ann. Maireann sé sna cnoic i lár na hÁise.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Marmota caudata ( Italia )

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La marmotta dalla coda lunga (Marmota caudata (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1844)), nota anche come marmotta rossa, è una specie della famiglia degli Sciuridi (Sciuridae) diffusa nelle regioni montuose dell'Asia centrale.[2]

Descrizione

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Due delle tre sottospecie:

La marmotta dalla coda lunga è un roditore grande e robusto che può raggiungere i 9 kg,[3] anche se generalmente il suo peso va da 1,5 a 7,3 kg, con i valori minimi in primavera, subito dopo il letargo, e quelli massimi in autunno, appena prima del letargo, quando il suo peso è costituito per più di un quarto da massa grassa. In media i maschi sono leggermente più grandi delle femmine. La lunghezza testa-corpo è di 37-80 cm e la coda misura 16-28 cm. Quest'ultima ha una lunghezza pari al 37-55% di quella del corpo ed è notevolmente più lunga di quella delle altre marmotte, anche se gli esemplari dalla coda più lunga di marmotta grigia (M. baibacina) e di marmotta delle Alpi (M. marmota) hanno code paragonabili a quelle degli esemplari dalla coda più corta di marmotta dalla coda lunga.[4] Gli occhi sono vicini alla sommità della testa, piuttosto appiattita, le orecchie sono piccole e il collo è corto. Gli arti anteriori sono più lunghi dei posteriori.[3]

Sono state descritte diverse sottospecie di marmotta dalla coda lunga, ma solo tre vengono generalmente riconosciute: M. c. caudata, M. c. aurea e M. c. dichrous. Quest'ultima è stata occasionalmente considerata una specie separata.[5] Si differenziano per la colorazione e per le dimensioni: di queste, M. c. caudata è in media più grande delle altre. M. c. aurea, la sottospecie che occupa la parte più estesa dell'areale, è nel complesso di colore marrone dorato o arancio-fulvo relativamente brillante. Il muso è brunastro e la sommità della testa va di solito dal marrone al nero, ma in zone limitate dell'areale è dello stesso colore del dorso. La punta della coda è spesso nerastra. Anche M. c. caudata ha il muso marrone e i fianchi e le parti inferiori giallastri, ma la sommità posteriore della testa e metà del dorso sono nere, mentre la coda è nera o ricoperta da peli misti giallastri e neri. M. c. dichrous ha le parti inferiori bruno-nerastre, ma è dimorfica per quanto riguarda il colore delle parti superiori: esistono pertanto una forma scura, dal dorso dal bruno-nerastro al marrone opaco, e una forma chiara, dal dorso dal marrone chiaro al crema.[4]

Biologia

 src=
Una marmotta catturata da un leopardo delle nevi in Kirghizistan.

La marmotta dalla coda lunga di solito forma coppie monogame, pur vivendo in gruppi sociali più ampi, dove fino a un massimo di sette adulti condividono un unico home range. È probabile che questi individui siano imparentati tra loro; i giovani adulti normalmente si disperdono solo dopo il completo sviluppo, a tre o più anni di età. Gli adulti estranei vengono tollerati nel gruppo, ma di norma solo un'unica femmina adulta allatta e alleva dei piccoli nel corso di una stagione.[6]

Gli home range della marmotta dalla coda lunga misurano in media circa tre ettari e ospitano circa tre sistemi di tane (da una sola a sei). All'interno della camera di una di queste tane le marmotte vanno in letargo da settembre fino ad aprile o maggio, periodo durante il quale il terreno è coperto di neve per la maggior parte del tempo.[6] Nel corso degli anni possono essere utilizzate per il letargo tane diverse. L'accoppiamento ha luogo tra la fine di aprile e l'inizio di maggio e può avvenire sotto terra prima che questi animali emergano dalla tana dopo l'inverno. Il periodo di gestazione è di circa quattro settimane e mezzo e la cucciolata, composta da circa quattro piccoli, esce dal nido a circa sei settimane di età. Solo circa la metà dei piccoli sopravvive all'estate: alcuni vengono uccisi dai predatori, altri dai maschi adulti che si uniscono al gruppo. La maggior parte degli adulti sopravvive al periodo di letargo, ma una percentuale piuttosto elevata di giovani muore durante il loro primo inverno. Le femmine di solito, pur raggiungendo la maturità sessuale a tre anni, aspettano l'anno successivo per riprodursi.[6]

La marmotta dalla coda lunga è diurna e si nutre di sostanze di origine vegetale. È più attiva al mattino, quando circa il 40% del tempo viene dedicato alla ricerca di cibo. Dopo essere uscite dalla tana, le marmotte si disperdono e non si alimentano in gruppo. Il cibo viene raccolto da terra con la bocca o strappato dalle piante più alte. Tra un pasto e l'altro, la marmotta a volte si erge sulle zampe posteriori e osserva l'ambiente circostante. I membri del gruppo comunicano tra loro, emettendo complessi richiami di allarme quando vengono individuati dei predatori. Reagiscono anche ai richiami di allarme lanciati dai gruppi vicini.[7]

Predatori

Tra i predatori della marmotta dalla coda lunga figurano la volpe rossa (Vulpes vulpes), il lupo (Canis lupus), l'aquila reale (Aquila chrysaetos) e, forse, l'avvoltoio barbuto (Gypaetus barbatus).[7] Sull'altopiano del Tibet, le varie specie di marmotta fanno anche parte della dieta del leopardo delle nevi.[8]

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale della marmotta dalla coda lunga è limitato ad Afghanistan, Kirghizistan, Tagikistan, estremità meridionale del Kazakistan (dove è molto rara), Uzbekistan, Pakistan settentrionale, India nord-occidentale e Cina occidentale.[4] In Cina la sua presenza è stata segnalata solo sulle montagne del Tien Shan nello Xinjiang.[9] Altre catene montuose in cui è presente sono il Pamir, l'Alaj, l'Hindu Kush, il Kunlun, il Karakoram e l'Himalaya nord-occidentale.[4] Nonostante in alcune zone entri in contatto con la marmotta di Menzbier (M. menzbieri), la marmotta grigia (M. baibacina) e la marmotta dell'Himalaya (M. himalayana), non sono noti casi di ibridazione.[4]

Delle tre sottospecie, M. c. aurea è la più diffusa e si trova in tutti i paesi in cui è presente la specie, essendo assente solo dalle regioni abitate dalle due sottospecie rimanenti. M. c. caudata è diffusa nelle zone a sud di Chitral in Pakistan e nelle zone adiacenti dell'India, e M. c. dichrous vive sugli altopiani nei pressi di Kabul e Ghazni in Afghanistan.[4]

Complessivamente la marmotta dalla coda lunga occupa un intervallo altimetrico molto ampio, essendo presente tra i 600 e i 5200 m, ma questo varia notevolmente a seconda della catena montuosa, in quanto il suo limite superiore è per lo più limitato dal limite delle nevi permanenti. Gli unici paesi in cui la specie è stata segnalata al di sotto dei 2000 m sono il Kirghizistan e il Tagikistan, ma in entrambi i luoghi si trova anche molto più in alto. Tollera meglio l'aridità rispetto alla marmotta di Menzbier, sua parente stretta, e alla marmotta grigia, con la quale è imparentata più alla lontana, e nelle zone in cui le specie coabitano la marmotta dalla coda lunga tende ad occupare habitat più asciutti. Inoltre, dove l'areale si sovrappone a quello della marmotta di Menzbier, quella dalla coda lunga si trova ad altitudini più basse, tra 1300 e 2200 m.[4] La marmotta dalla coda lunga si può incontrare in un'ampia varietà di habitat aperti o leggermente boscosi, inclusi prati alpini, steppe pedemontane e d'altopiano, semideserti, boscaglie e boschi aperti (spesso di piante di ginepro alte non più di 4 m), specialmente nelle aree rocciose.[1][4][9] Tuttavia, evita i luoghi con terreni salini.[9]

Tassonomia

Come è già stato detto, gli studiosi riconoscono tre sottospecie:[10]

  • M. c. caudata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1844, la forma nominale, diffusa nella regione del Kashmir. Presenta spesso il dorso di colore marrone molto scuro o nero;
  • M. c. aurea Blanford, 1875, diffusa nel Turkestan. Viene spesso chiamata marmotta dorata a causa della colorazione giallo brillante o arancio del ventre e dei peli dello stesso colore che vanno a mischiarsi con quelli più scuri su alcune parti del dorso;
  • M. c. dichrous Anderson, 1875, presente in Afghanistan. Mostra una colorazione grigiastra, con lati del collo e spalle brizzolati. Il ventre presenta una maggiore quantità di marrone.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) F. Cassola, 2017, Marmota caudata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Marmota caudata, su Mammal Diversity.
  3. ^ a b B. DeWeerd, Marmota caudata, su Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan, 2003. URL consultato il 21 ottobre 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h B. Kryštufek e B. Vohralík, Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias, vol. 44, Praga, Lynx, 2013, pp. 27-138.
  5. ^ Don E. Wilson e DeeAnn M. Reeder (a cura di), Marmota caudata, in Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference, vol. 2, 3ª ed., Baltimora, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  6. ^ a b c D. T. Blumstein e W. Arnold, Ecology and Social Behavior of Golden Marmots (Marmota caudata aurea), in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 73, n. 3, 1998, pp. 873-886, DOI:10.2307/1383095, JSTOR 1383095.
  7. ^ a b D. T. Blumstein, How Much Does Social Group Size Influence Golden Marmot Vigilance?, in Behaviour, vol. 133, n. 15/16, 1996, pp. 1133-1151, DOI:10.1163/156853996x00332, JSTOR 4535417.
  8. ^ S. Lyngdoh, S. Shrotriya, S. P. Goyal, H. Clements, M. W. Hayward e B. Habib, Prey preferences of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia): regional diet specificity holds global significance for conservation, in PLOS ONE, vol. 9, n. 2, 2014, pp. e88349, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988349L, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0088349, PMC 3922817, PMID 24533080.
  9. ^ a b c A. T. Smith e Y. Xie, A Guide to the Mammals of China, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 190-191, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  10. ^ Richard W. Thorington, Squirrels of the world, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012, ISBN 9781421404691, OCLC 821734054.

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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( Italia )

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La marmotta dalla coda lunga (Marmota caudata (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1844)), nota anche come marmotta rossa, è una specie della famiglia degli Sciuridi (Sciuridae) diffusa nelle regioni montuose dell'Asia centrale.

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Langstaartmarmot ( flaami )

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De langstaartmarmot of rode marmot (Marmota caudata) is een soort marmot, een knaagdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De langstaartmarmot leeft verspreid over berggebieden in Centraal-Azië: hij komt voor in de Hindoekoesj, de Karakoram, het westen van de Kunlun, de Pamir, de Altaj, het westen van de Tiensjan en Badakhshan in Afghanistan. In de regel leeft het dier tussen de 1.400 en 4.800 m hoogte. De grootste populaties bevinden zich in de hooggebergtesteppes van de Altaj en de hooggebergtewoestijn van de oostelijke Pamir.

De langstaartmarmot wordt door zoölogen met name onderscheiden op grond van de genitale botten: het penisbotje heeft een veel ingewikkelder structuur dan bij andere marmottensoorten.

  1. (en) Langstaartmarmot op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Langstaartmarmot: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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De langstaartmarmot of rode marmot (Marmota caudata) is een soort marmot, een knaagdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De langstaartmarmot leeft verspreid over berggebieden in Centraal-Azië: hij komt voor in de Hindoekoesj, de Karakoram, het westen van de Kunlun, de Pamir, de Altaj, het westen van de Tiensjan en Badakhshan in Afghanistan. In de regel leeft het dier tussen de 1.400 en 4.800 m hoogte. De grootste populaties bevinden zich in de hooggebergtesteppes van de Altaj en de hooggebergtewoestijn van de oostelijke Pamir.

De langstaartmarmot wordt door zoölogen met name onderscheiden op grond van de genitale botten: het penisbotje heeft een veel ingewikkelder structuur dan bij andere marmottensoorten.

(en) Langstaartmarmot op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Świstak ogoniasty ( puola )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Świstak ogoniasty[3] (Marmota caudata) zwany także świstakiem czerwonym – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny wiewiórkowatych (Sciuridae), jeden z przedstawicieli rodzaju Marmota[4].

Opis:

  • Wielkość: 45- 57cm
  • Ogon: 18- 22cm, czasami nawet do 30cm

Okryty jest długą, gęstą sierścią o barwie czerwonorudej do pomarańczowej; grzbiet czasem bardzo ciemny, prawie czarny. Ogon jest rudy, ale jaśniejszy z wierzchu.

Siedlisko: Piętra alpejskie i subalpejskie, lubi miękką ziemię, w której może łatwo kopać. Występuje w górach Pamiru, Tienszan a także na stepach i zimnych półpustyniach na wschód od Pamiru. W Indiach spotykany w Kaszmirze i Hindukuszu, występuje bardziej na zachód niż świstak himalajski. Zamieszkuje tereny na wysokości od 2400 do 4300 m n.p.m.

Zachowanie: Łatwiej niż inne gatunki świstaków przystosowuje się do środowiska leśnego. Na polanach leśnych kopie nory i żeruje wśród gęstych krzewów, również wykorzystuje powalone pnie jako punkty obserwacyjne. W górach osiedla się tam, gdzie istnieje dostatecznie gruba warstwa ziemi i gdzie stosunkowo wcześnie ustępuje śnieg. Unika nagich skał, usypisk i terenów błotnistych.

Pożywienie: Żywią się głównie liśćmi krzewów i roślin zielonych, przede wszystkim trawą.

Liczebność: Nieznana.

Przypisy

  1. Marmota caudata, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Marmota caudata. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska-Jurgiel, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 208. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. [dostęp 2015-11-18].
  4. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Marmota (Marmota) caudata. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 15 października 2011]

Bibliografia

  • Encyklopedia Dzikich Zwierząt- Góry. Warszawa: Świat Książki 1997, ​ISBN 83-7129-211-2​.
  • Ssaki W. Serafiński, E. Wielgus- Serafińska; wydawnictwo PWN.
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Świstak ogoniasty: Brief Summary ( puola )

tarjonnut wikipedia POL

Świstak ogoniasty (Marmota caudata) zwany także świstakiem czerwonym – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny wiewiórkowatych (Sciuridae), jeden z przedstawicieli rodzaju Marmota.

Opis:

Wielkość: 45- 57cm Ogon: 18- 22cm, czasami nawet do 30cm

Okryty jest długą, gęstą sierścią o barwie czerwonorudej do pomarańczowej; grzbiet czasem bardzo ciemny, prawie czarny. Ogon jest rudy, ale jaśniejszy z wierzchu.

Siedlisko: Piętra alpejskie i subalpejskie, lubi miękką ziemię, w której może łatwo kopać. Występuje w górach Pamiru, Tienszan a także na stepach i zimnych półpustyniach na wschód od Pamiru. W Indiach spotykany w Kaszmirze i Hindukuszu, występuje bardziej na zachód niż świstak himalajski. Zamieszkuje tereny na wysokości od 2400 do 4300 m n.p.m.

Zachowanie: Łatwiej niż inne gatunki świstaków przystosowuje się do środowiska leśnego. Na polanach leśnych kopie nory i żeruje wśród gęstych krzewów, również wykorzystuje powalone pnie jako punkty obserwacyjne. W górach osiedla się tam, gdzie istnieje dostatecznie gruba warstwa ziemi i gdzie stosunkowo wcześnie ustępuje śnieg. Unika nagich skał, usypisk i terenów błotnistych.

Pożywienie: Żywią się głównie liśćmi krzewów i roślin zielonych, przede wszystkim trawą.

Liczebność: Nieznana.

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Marmota caudata ( portugali )

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A Marmota caudata é uma espécie de marmota da família Sciuridae. Ocorre em regiões montanhosas nas partes centrais da Ásia, onde vive em habitats abertos ou levemente arborizados, geralmente entre rochas onde crescem zimbros anões . Na lista vermelha da IUCN está como menos preocupante. Como sugerido por seu nome, é uma espécie de marmota de cauda relativamente longa. Os seus habitats naturais são: montanhas dos Alpes.[1]

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.[1]

Descrição

A marmota de cauda longa é um roedor grande e robusto que pesa até 9 kg (20 lb). Sua faixa de peso típica é de 1,5 a 7,3 kg (3,3-16,1 lb), com os pesos mais baixos na primavera logo após a hibernação e os pesos mais altos no outono, pouco antes da hibernação, onde mais de um quarto de sua massa pode ser gordo. Os machos são ligeiramente maiores que as fêmeas. O comprimento da cabeça e do corpo é de 37–80 cm (15–31 pol.) E a cauda tem cerca de 16–28 cm (6,3–11,0 pol.) De comprimento. A cauda tem 37–55% do comprimento da cabeça e do corpo. Isso é consideravelmente mais longo do que o típico de outras marmotas, embora os indivíduos de cauda proporcionalmente mais longa das Marmotas baibacina e alpinas ( M. marmota) são comparáveis ​​aos indivíduos de cauda mais curta da Marmotas caudata. Os olhos estão próximos ao topo da cabeça um tanto achatada, as orelhas são pequenas e o pescoço é curto. As pernas dianteiras são mais longas que as traseiras.

Várias subespécies foram descritas para a marmota de cauda longa, mas apenas três são geralmente reconhecidas: M. c. caudata , M. c. aurea e M. c. dichrous . O último ocasionalmente foi considerado uma espécie separada. Eles diferem em cores e algumas medidas, com M. c. caudata em média maior do que os outros. M. c. aurea , a subespécie encontrada na maior parte de sua distribuição, é relativamente brilhante de amarelo-dourado ou laranja-amarelado em geral. Sua face é acastanhada e o topo de sua cabeça é tipicamente marrom a preto, mas em pequenas partes de sua gama é da mesma cor que seu dorso. A ponta da cauda geralmente é preta. M. c. caudata também tem a face marrom, e seus flancos e plumas são amarelados, mas a parte superior posterior de sua cabeça e o meio das costas são pretos, enquanto a cauda é preta ou mista amarelada e preta. M. c. dichrous é preto-marrom abaixo, mas esta subespécie é dimórfica na cor de suas partes superiores: eles são marrom-escuro a marrom opaco em animais escuros e marrom claro a creme em animais claros.

Distribuição e habitat

Himalayan marmot (Marmota caudata).jpg
Acima: M. c. aurea em Ladakh , Índia Abaixo: M. c. caudata no Parque Nacional Deosai , Paquistão
Duas de suas subespécies Acima: M. c. aurea em Ladakh , Índia Abaixo: M. c. caudata no Parque Nacional Deosai , Paquistão

A marmota de cauda longa está restrita ao Afeganistão , Quirguistão , Tadjiquistão , extremo sul do Cazaquistão (onde rara), Uzbequistão , norte do Paquistão , noroeste da Índia e oeste da China . Na China, só foi registrado nas montanhas Tian Shan de Xinjiang . Outras cadeias de montanhas onde ocorre são Pamir , Alay , Hindukush , Kunlun-Shan , Karakoram e noroeste do Himalaia . Embora sua distribuição entre em contato com as das marmotas Menzbier ( M. menzbieri ), cinza ( M. baibacina ) e do Himalaia ( M. himalayana ), elas não são conhecidas por hibridizarem .

Entre suas três subespécies, M. c. aurea é amplamente distribuída e encontrada em todos os países onde a espécie ocorre, apenas estando ausente nas regiões habitadas pelas duas subespécies restantes. M. c. caudata é de áreas ao sul de Chitral no Paquistão e partes adjacentes da Índia, e M. c. dichrous é das terras altas perto de Cabul e Ghazni, no Afeganistão.

No geral, a marmota de cauda longa tem uma faixa de altitude muito ampla, ocorrendo de 600 a 5.200 m (2.000-17.100 pés), mas isso varia amplamente dependendo de cada cordilheira com o limite superior essencialmente restrito pela localização da linha de neve permanente. Os únicos países onde foi registrado abaixo de 2.000 m (6.600 pés) são Quirguistão e Tajiquistão, mas em ambos os lugares também ocorre muito mais alto. É mais tolerante com a aridez do que a marmota de Menzbier intimamente aparentada e a marmota cinza mais distante, e onde suas distribuições se aproximam, a marmota de cauda longa tende a ocupar habitats mais secos. Além disso, onde sua distribuição se aproxima da da marmota de Menzbier, a cauda longa ocorre em altitudes mais baixas de 1.300 a 2.200 m (4.300-7.200 pés). A marmota de cauda longa ocorre em uma ampla gama de habitats abertos ou levemente arborizados, incluindo prados alpinos , contrafortes de estepes montanhosas , semidesertos, matagais e bosques abertos (normalmente com zimbros com não mais de 4 m de altura), especialmente em áreas rochosas. No entanto, evita locais com solos salinos.

Referências

  1. a b c (em inglês) Baillie, J. 1996. Marmota caudata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Dados de 24 de Julho de 2007.
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Marmota caudata: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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A Marmota caudata é uma espécie de marmota da família Sciuridae. Ocorre em regiões montanhosas nas partes centrais da Ásia, onde vive em habitats abertos ou levemente arborizados, geralmente entre rochas onde crescem zimbros anões . Na lista vermelha da IUCN está como menos preocupante. Como sugerido por seu nome, é uma espécie de marmota de cauda relativamente longa. Os seus habitats naturais são: montanhas dos Alpes.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

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Långsvansat murmeldjur ( ruotsi )

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Långsvansat murmeldjur (Marmota caudata[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Geoffroy 1844. Den ingår i släktet murmeldjur och familjen ekorrar.[5][6]

Beskrivning

Som alla murmeldjur är arten en stor, kompakt byggd gnagare med en bred fotbas och fötter med välutvecklade trampdynor och fem kraftiga, trubbiga klor på varje fot. Arterna för ett underjordiskt liv, och djuren kan röra sig smidigt genom tunnlarna trots sin storlek. Huvudet på det långsvansade murmeldjuret är platt, med en kraftig nacke, små öron, kraftiga morrhår och stora, högt sittande ögon.[7] Hela kroppen är orangefärgad till ljusbrun, med liten skillnad mellan rygg- och buksida. Svansen är lång för att vara ett murmeldjur, med en svart spets. Längden är mellan 42,5 till 57 cm, exklusive den 18,5 till 27,5 cm långa svansen, och vikten varierar mellan 4,1 och 4,6 kg.[8]

Underarter

Catalogue of Life[5] samt Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter:[9]

  • Marmota caudata caudata (Geoffroy, 1844)
  • Marmota caudata aurea (Blanford, 1875)
  • Marmota caudata dichrous (Anderson, 1875)

Utbredning

Detta murmeldjur förekommer i Centralasien, nordvästra Sydasien och västra Kina från Afghanistan, norra Pakistan, Kirgizistan, Tadzjikistan, troligtvis Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, nordvästra Indien till den autonoma regionen Xinjiang i Kina.[1]

Ekologi

Marmota caudata lever i bergsområden på höjder mellan 1 400 och 5 500 meter över havet.[7] Habitatet utgörs av bergsängar eller buskskogar samt klippiga områden med glest fördelade små träd av ensläktet. Individerna är dagaktiva, men går vanligen ovan jord endast under morgon och skymning.[1][7] Resten av tiden, mellan 16 och 20 timmar per dygn, även under sommaren, tillbringar de i sina underjordiska gångsystem, som är mycket komplexa. Arten sover vintersömn, som de tillbringar i en särskild håla i sitt gångsystem. Ingången till denna håla stängs med en propp av jord, grus och spillning för att bevara värmen. Individerna kan tillbringa så mycket som 6 månader i denna håla.[7]

Fortplantning

Litet är känt om artens fortplantning.[7] De flesta andra murmeldjur tenderar att vara polygama (egentligen polygyniska – en hane har flera honor)[7] men denna art har ofta iakttagits i monogama situationer med en hane och en hona. Den har även påträffats i sociala grupper om upp till 7 vuxna individer med mer än en hona, men i sådana grupper har endast en hona ungar.[8] Båda könen blir könsmogna omkring 2 års ålder.[7] Honan föder mellan 2 och 5 outvecklade ungar efter en dräktighet mellan 30 och 35 dygn. Sent i april till början av maj visar de sig för första gången ovan jord.[8][7]

Totala livslängden är inte känd, men andra arter i samma släkte kan bli mellan 13 och 15 år.[7]

Föda och predation

Det långsvansade murmeldjuret är växtätare, och lever av olika gräsarter och gröna växtdelar som blad. De förefaller att föredra det senare.[8][7] Själv utgör arten föda åt många djur, som björnar, förvildade hundar, vargar, och framför allt örnar, i synnerhet kungsörn. Det är främst ungdjuren som tas, även om det förekommer att björnar gräver ut hela bon.[7]

Bevarandestatus

IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig, och populationen är stor. Ingenting är emellertid känt om populationens status, och IUCN anger som lokala hot habitatförlust till följd att artens habitat nyttjas som betesmarker och för uppodling, samt i vissa områden jakt, både som föda och i naturmedicinska syften.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] Molur, S. 2008 Marmota caudata Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 30 april 2016.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ (2001) , website, 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  5. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Kunze T., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2015). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/search/all/key/marmota+caudata/match/1. Läst 30 april 2016.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b c d e f g h i j k] Benjamin DeWeerd (2003). Marmota caudata long-tailed marmot” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Marmota_caudata/. Läst 30 april 2016.
  8. ^ [a b c d] Andrew T. Smith och Yan Xie (2013) (på engelska). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. sid. 77. ISBN 978 0 691 15427 5. https://books.google.se/books?id=sgQsHR-WnTUC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=%22Marmota+caudata%22&source=bl&ots=gD0LRNsHHU&sig=ibZ7UdK7pVOSRVqlALBGNwLqqwo&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdhKGLhoTMAhXBVSwKHfFnBBQ4FBDoAQhNMAg#v=onepage&q=%22Marmota%20caudata%22&f=false
  9. ^ (2005) , website Marmota caudata, Mammal Species of the World

Externa länkar

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Långsvansat murmeldjur: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

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Långsvansat murmeldjur (Marmota caudata) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Geoffroy 1844. Den ingår i släktet murmeldjur och familjen ekorrar.

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Macmot đuôi dài ( vietnam )

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Macmot đuôi dài hay macmot vàng (danh pháp hai phần: Marmota caudata) là một loài macmot trong họ Sóc. Loài này có ở Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, và Uzbekistan. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là đồng cỏ ôn đới.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Molur, S. (2008). Marmota caudata. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2009.

Tham khảo

  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

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Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Sóc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Macmot đuôi dài: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Macmot đuôi dài hay macmot vàng (danh pháp hai phần: Marmota caudata) là một loài macmot trong họ Sóc. Loài này có ở Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, và Uzbekistan. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là đồng cỏ ôn đới.

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長尾旱獺 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Marmota caudata
(Geoffroy, 1844)

長尾旱獺Marmota caudata)是一種旱獺。牠們分佈在阿富汗阿美尼亞阿塞拜疆中國印度哈薩克斯坦巴基斯坦塔吉克斯坦烏茲別克斯坦。牠們棲息在溫帶的草原。牠們的存活受到失去棲息地的威脅。

參考

  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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長尾旱獺: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

長尾旱獺(Marmota caudata)是一種旱獺。牠們分佈在阿富汗阿美尼亞阿塞拜疆中國印度哈薩克斯坦巴基斯坦塔吉克斯坦烏茲別克斯坦。牠們棲息在溫帶的草原。牠們的存活受到失去棲息地的威脅。

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긴꼬리마멋 ( Korea )

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긴꼬리마멋 또는 황금마멋(Marmota caudata)은 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 아프가니스탄키르기스탄, 파키스탄, 타지키스탄, 인도, 중국에서 발견되며, 해발 3,200m와 4,850m 사이에서 서식한다. 전형적인 서식지는 거친 초원과 고산 목초지이고, 키 작은 향나무속 나무가 자라는 바위 지역에서도 발견된다. 개체수 추이가 알려져 있지만 않지만, 분포 지역이 넓고 전체 개체수 크기가 크기 때문에 국제 자연 보전 연맹이 보전 상태를 "관심대상종"으로 분류하고 있다.[1]

계통 분류

다음은 2009년 헬겐(Helgen) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]

마멋족      

열대땅다람쥐속

   

영양다람쥐속

         

바위다람쥐속

   

황금망토땅다람쥐속

    마멋속

우드척

   

고산마멋

     

노란배마멋

     

흰등마멋

     

올림픽마멋

   

밴쿠버섬마멋

             

알래스카마멋

     

멘즈비어마멋

   

긴꼬리마멋

           

알타이마멋

   

만주마멋

       

검은머리마멋

     

히말라야마멋

   

타르바간마멋

                   

땅다람쥐속

       

작은땅다람쥐속

     

프랭클린땅다람쥐속

     

프레리도그속

   

피그미땅다람쥐속

         

전북구땅다람쥐속

       

각주

  1. Marmota caudata. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2014.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2014년 10월 29일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 801쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russell; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (April 2009). “Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus” (PDF). 《Journal of Mammalogy》 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1. 2011년 10월 22일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
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