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This species is not threatened.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Weeping capuchins may carry many forms of human pathagens. They may also be able to transmit them to other animals or pet species (Nowak, 1999).
Negative Impacts: causes or carries domestic animal disease
Weeping capuchins have been sought by many people as pets. They are highly intelligent and can be trained to do tricks and perform tasks (Nowak, 1999). Many capuchins are kept in zoos or are trained to be part of TV programs. A particular weeping capuchin, "Marcelle" had a role in the television series "Friends." The character who owned this monkey was eventually forced to give him to the San Diego Zoo, because, as primatologists will tell you, MONKEYS DO NOT MAKE GOOD PETS.
Positive Impacts: pet trade
Weeping capuchins probably help to control insect populations. They are also important in dispersing the seeds of fruits they eat. As a prey species, these monkeys probably affect predator populations.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Foraging and dietary patters of C. olivaceus are related to the group size and also to the season in which the animals are observed. It is believed that perceived predation risk plays a significant role in the pattern of food intake. Predation may also influence individual fitness, not only directly, but by its impact on foraging success (Miller and Teaford, 2000).
Weeping capuchins consume fruits, palm nuts, seeds, berries, and many varieties of small vertebrates and invertebrates. A strict hierarchy determines the priority of access to food of the younger capuchins (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989). Other foods may include flowering buds, shoots, barks, gums, arachnids, eggs, and even other small mammals. Some coastal species may also include oysters, crabs, and other marine life (Nowak, 1999).
Animal Foods: mammals; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: omnivore
Weeping capuchins are found in South America. Their range extends from the northern neotropics to northwestern Venezuela to the southern reaches of the Amazon Basin (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989). They exist in dry deciduous forests on the llanos of Venezuela and mature tropical forests of Guyana (Nowak, 1999).
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Weeping capuchins are found in typical llanos habitat of semi deciduous, dry tropical forests.They usually use the lower to middle layers of the forest in order to hunt for food as well as flee from predators. Capuchins use the forest floor and turn over leaf litter in search of small vertebrates and invertebrates. They show a broad tolrerance for habitat types (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989).
Range elevation: 500 to 2700 m.
Average elevation: 1000-1800 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; mountains
In captivity a capuchin may live as long as 55 years. Capuchins in the wild live an average of 34 to 36 years (Nowak, 1999).
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 45 to 55 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 50-52 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 30 to 47 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 40-44 years.
Weeping capuchins are similar in body size to small dogs, about 500 mm in length. The tail in this species is semiprehensile and is roughly the same length as the body, making an overall length of approximately 840 mm (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989).
Males and females generally weigh around 2.5 to 2.8 kg, but the males may weigh about 800 g more. The body is a mostly off-white to pale buff in color. The head is the same color as the body, but has a black to dark gray wedge-shaped patch extending from the forehead backwards over the cranium. The forearms also exhibit this dark black to gray color. The tail is black-tipped and is often carried coiled at the tip. This "ring-tail" is strong enough to support the entire body weight for long periods and is often used while feeding to free up the hands (Nowak, 1999).
Range mass: 1100 to 4300 g.
Average mass: 2500-2810 g.
Range length: 605 to 1120 mm.
Average length: 840 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Weeping capuchins have only a few predators in the wild. They are arboreal and can easily escape from ground predators. The major predator of these monkeys are humans. Live capuchins are in demand because of their mild temperments. They are used as pets, in zoo exhibits and may also be used as a food source for many natives.
Weeping capuchins are a favorite food for some snakes as well as some of the larger tropical rodents (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989).
Known Predators:
These animals mate polygynously, with the dominant male in the troop copulating with all of the receptive females.
Mating System: polygynous
Weeping capuchins are polygamous. There is one dominant male who is responsible for mating with all receptive females in the troop.
Males reach reproductive maturity at 7 years and females are able to bare young in their fourth year (Eisenberg and Redford, 1989). Mature females produce offspring every 19 months on average, although it is not uncommon for females to give birth in successive years. (DiBitella and Janson, 2001). Females give birth to 1 young after a gestation period of 160 days. The infant weighs approximately 200 to 500 g and is able to cling to its mother's hair only moments after being born (Nowak, 1999).
Breeding season: Breeding season: Oct. -Feb. during peak food availability
Range gestation period: 145 to 170 days.
Average gestation period: 160 days.
Range weaning age: 1.5 to 4 months.
Average weaning age: 2.35 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4-6 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 7-9 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 2190 days.
Female capuchins are the primary care givers. The male may invest some time in foraging for the female but invests little or nothing in parental care (Nowak, 1999).
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Cebus olivaceus és una espècie de mico de la família Cebidae que viu al Brasil, Guaiana, Guaiana Francesa, Surinam i Veneçuela.
Cebus olivaceus és una espècie de mico de la família Cebidae que viu al Brasil, Guaiana, Guaiana Francesa, Surinam i Veneçuela.
Der Braune Kapuzineraffe (Cebus olivaceus, Syn.: Cebus nigrivittatus) ist eine im nördlichen Südamerika vorkommende Primatenart aus der Gattung der Ungehaubten Kapuzineraffen (Cebus).
Braune Kapuzineraffen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 37 bis 46 Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist 40 bis 55 Zentimeter lang. Männchen sind im Durchschnitt 20 % größer und mit einem Gewicht von 3 bis 4,2 Kilogramm deutlich schwerer als Weibchen, die rund 2,3 bis 3 Kilogramm erreichen. Ihr Fell macht einen groben und zottigen Eindruck und ist überwiegend braun gefärbt, an der Oberseite des Kopfes befindet sich eine graubraun umkränzte, schwarze, vorne V-förmige Kappe. Die Haare der Körperseiten, von Armen und Beinen und des Schwanzes sind agutifarben, schwarzbraun geringelt. Hände, Füße und Schwanzspitze sind dunkel. Die Gesichtshaare sind graubraun, die unbehaarte Gesichtshaut rosig. Der Schwanz kann – insbesondere bei der Nahrungsaufnahme – als Greifschwanz eingesetzt werden.[1]
Braune Kapuzineraffen sind im nordöstlichen Südamerika beheimatet. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Venezuela östlich des Einzugsbereiches des Maracaibo-Sees, in Guyana, Surinam, Französisch-Guayana und im nordöstlichen Brasilien nördlich des Amazonas. Direkt an der Atlantikküste der drei Guayanas und an der venezolanischen Karibikküste nördlich der Cordillera de la Costa fehlt die Art. Ihr Lebensraum sind Wälder, vor allem immergrüne Primarregenwälder aber auch Galeriewälder in den venezolanischen Llanos und, seltener, trockene Waldtypen. Im Bergland von Guayana kommen sie bis in Höhen von 2000 Metern vor.
Braune Kapuzineraffen sind tagaktive Baumbewohner, die vor allem die untere und mittlere Kronenregion bevorzugen. Sie leben in Gruppen aus 10 bis 36 Tieren, die sich aus mehreren Männchen und Weibchen sowie den Jungtieren zusammensetzen. Beide Geschlechter etablieren eine Rangordnung, das höchstrangige Weibchen dominiert alle Gruppenmitglieder mit Ausnahme des führenden Männchens. Das Territorium einer Gruppe umfasst 25 bis 40, manchmal auch bis zu 275 Hektar, die Tagesstreifzüge sind mit 1 bis 3,5 km relativ lang.[2]
Braune Kapuzineraffen sind Allesfresser, die sowohl Früchte, Nüsse, Samen und Knospen als auch Insekten, Spinnen, Vogeleier und kleine Wirbeltiere zu sich nehmen. Auf der Rinderfarm Hato Masaguaral, die in den Llanos des zentralen Venezuela liegt, wurde die Ernährung des Braunen Kapuzineraffen in den späten 1970er Jahren genauer untersucht. Dort bestand 55 % der aufgenommenen Nahrung aus verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen, 39 % waren Kleintiere und 12 % der Nahrung konnten nicht identifiziert werden. Früchte stellten einen Anteil von 46 % der aufgenommenen pflanzlichen Nahrung. Die meisten waren groß, fleischig und reif. Insgesamt wurden Früchte von mehr als 50 Pflanzenarten aus 30 Familien (vor allem Maulbeergewächse und Rötegewächse) verspeist. Ein wichtiges Grundnahrungsmittel sind die verschiedenen Feigen, vor allem Ficus pertusa und F. trigonata, die asynchron zu verschiedenen Monaten reifen. Große Samen werden verschmäht, kleine, darunter sind auch Grassamen, dagegen im Ganzen verspeist. Samen von Meertrauben und Zanthoxylum werden zerknackt und gekaut. In der Trockenzeit von März bis April werden unreife, noch weiche Samen der Palmengattung Copernicia gefressen. Harte Früchte, wie die von Hymenaea courbaril oder Sterculia apetala werden gegen einen harten Gegenstand geschlagen, um sie zu öffnen. Blüten werden nur selten gefressen, wenn dann vor allem die der Kakteengattung Hylocereus. Große Männchen graben auch Wurzeln des Butterblumenbaums aus, um sie zu fressen. Zu ihrer tierischen Nahrung zählen Apfelschnecken (Pomacea), Ameisen (vor allem Knotenameisen), Gottesanbeterinnen, Käferlarven, Laubheuschrecken, Schaben, Schildläuse, Stabheuschrecken, Termiten, Zikaden, Webspinnen, Tausendfüßer, Frösche, Froscheier, kleine Leguane, Vögel, Vogeleier, Nestlinge und Kleinsäuger, darunter auch das Rotschwanzhörnchen (Sciurus granatensis). In der Regenzeit werden vor allem Früchte verspeist, in der Trockenzeit wird tierische Nahrung wichtiger. Bei Beginn der Regenzeit, wenn die Bäume austreiben und frische Blätter vorhanden sind, werden viele Raupen verspeist.[1]
Braune Kapuzineraffen haben eine polygame Sozialstruktur, das führende Männchen der Gruppe zeugt die meisten Jungtiere. Die Weibchen bringen nach einer rund 149- bis 158-tägigen Tragzeit meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Die meisten Geburten finden zum Ende der Trockenzeit und in der beginnenden Regenzeit von Mai bis Juni statt. Das Neugeborene wiegt bei der Geburt rund 200 bis 500 Gramm und klammert sich sofort an den Bauch der Mutter. Nach rund zwei bis vier Monaten wird das Junge entwöhnt. Weibchen werden mit 4 bis 7 Jahren und Männchen mit 6 bis 8 Jahren geschlechtsreif. Die Größe der Erwachsenen erreichen sie allerdings erst mit einem Alter von ca. 15 Jahren.[3]
Braune Kapuzineraffen werden innerhalb der Kapuzineraffen in die Gattung der Ungehaubten Kapuziner (Cebus) gestellt. Je nach Quelle werden zwei bis vier Unterarten unterschieden. Cebus olivaceus apiculatus und C. o. nigrivittatus sind allerdings genetisch mit der Nominatform identisch und es gibt keinen Grund für diese Formen den Unterartenstatus beizubehalten.[4] Das Standardwerk Handbook of the Mammals of the World erkennt zwei Unterarten an, die Nominatform, Cebus o. olivaceus aus dem westlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes und Cebus o. castaneus, die östliche Form, die nur eine schmale, dreieckige Kopfkappe hat und als adultes Tier ein kastanienrotes Fell besitzt. Die Grenze zwischen den Vorkommen der beiden Unterarten ist nicht sicher bekannt. Möglicherweise wird sie durch den Essequibo gebildet. Cebus o. castaneus wurde schon vor etwa 700.000 Jahren von der Nominatform getrennt[4] und muss möglicherweise als eigenständige Art angesehen werden. Diese Erkenntnis beruht jedoch nur auf der genetischen Untersuchung eines einzigen Exemplars von Cebus o. castaneus. In ihren Ansprüchen an die Umwelt unterscheiden sich beide Unterarten. Während die Nominatform eher ein ökologischer Generalist ist, kommt Cebus o. castaneus, wie die Bartsakis (Chiropotes) und die Klammeraffen (Ateles), vor allem im Innern von hohen Terra Firma-Wäldern (nicht periodisch überflutete Regenwälder) vor und ist in Lianendickichten, dichten Euterpe-Beständen, Savannen- und Bergwäldern selten bzw. wurde dort niemals gesichtet. Zwei weitere ehemalige Unterarten, der Kaapori-Kapuziner (Cebus kaapori) aus dem nordöstlichen Brasilien und der in der Küstenregion Venezuelas vorkommende Venezuela-Kapuzineraffe (Cebus brunneus), gelten heute als eigenständige Arten.[1]
Braune Kapuzineraffen sind weit verbreitet, es sind keine größeren Gefährdungen bekannt. Sie kommen in mehreren großen Schutzgebieten vor. Die IUCN listet sie als „nicht gefährdet“ (least concern).[5] Sie sind allerdings seltener als der sympatrisch vorkommende Haubenkapuzineraffe (Sapajus apella).[2]
Der Braune Kapuzineraffe (Cebus olivaceus, Syn.: Cebus nigrivittatus) ist eine im nördlichen Südamerika vorkommende Primatenart aus der Gattung der Ungehaubten Kapuzineraffen (Cebus).
The wedge-capped capuchin or Guianan weeper capuchin (Cebus olivaceus) is a capuchin monkey from South America. It is found in northern Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela.[1][5] Cebus olivaceus is known to dwell in tall, primary forest and travel over long distances during the day.[6]
These primates are medium-sized monkeys with distinctive "wedge cap" markings on their head and slightly longer limbs than other capuchins for jumping through the forest canopy.[7] Similar to other capuchin monkeys, the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits, invertebrates, other plant parts, and on rare occasions small vertebrates. They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur, especially in the rainy seasons, as a potential means of mosquito repellent.[8] Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars.
Cebus olivaceus is a polygamous species that lives in groups anywhere from 5-30 individuals, with a female biased sex ratios. The group is organized according to a pre-determined hierarchal system of dominance for both males and females. Although biological lineage is less of a factor of dominance for males than it is for females, due to male migration between groups. Wedge-capped capuchin partake in several behavioral mechanisms to assert and maintain dominance within the group including: infanticide, when an infant is deliberately killed; grooming, used to facilitate social rapport; and alloparenting, which is when members of the group care for offspring that are not their own.
The genus Cebus is divided into several different species. However, taxonomists argue over the specific divisions within the genus, which are uncertain and controversial. The chestnut capuchin (C. castaneus) of northeastern Brazil, southern Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, as well as the brown weeper capuchin (C. brunneus) of northern Venezuela, were both previously considered subspecies of the wedge-capped capuchin, together being referred to as the weeper capuchin. However, a 2012 study found grounds to separate them as distinct species from one another, although this taxonomy is still highly contentious.[9] The American Society of Mammalogists, IUCN Red List, and ITIS all follow this taxonomy, although only tentatively.[5][10]
Adult wedge-capped capuchins weigh approximately 3 kg, but weight varies moderately with sex.[11] They receive their name from a black triangle of dark fur centered on their foreheads. Generally this species is light brown to brown with yellow and gray tinges on varying parts of their bodies.[6] Their “wedge cap” starts between the eyes and extends backwards to cover the top of the head. Their faces are hairless and surrounded by light brown or blonde fur.
Wedge-capped capuchins show similar levels of sexual dimorphism as other capuchin monkeys. On average, males weigh about 30% more than females.[12] Additionally, males have relatively longer canines than females (even after overall body size is accounted for). Male maxillary and mandibular (upper and lower) canines of males are on average 70% and 40% larger than female canines respectively. This may be indicative of male competition for females.[13]
Wedge-capped capuchins have been compared to tufted capuchins to discern the relationship between locomotion and skeletal proportions. Wedge-capped capuchins spent relatively more time running and jumping through the forest canopy while tufted capuchins spent more time walking and moving slowly. As such, wedge-capped capuchins have relatively longer limbs (particularly the hind limbs) than tufted capuchins.[7]
Due to large physical variations in Cebus, taxonomists have frequently debated the exact classifications and details of the genus. However, most agree that the wedge-capped capuchin shares the genus with four others: C. apella, C. albifrons, C. capucinus, and C. kaapori. The wedge-capped capuchin has a diploid chromosome number of 52, though some others in the genus have 54 chromosomes. Nine human chromosomes correspond to those of the C. olivaceus. Phylogenetic analysis and constructions of cladograms have demonstrated that the wedge-capped capuchin is closely related to C. apella.[14][15]
Wedge-capped capuchins prefer undisturbed primary forests in which they can move through the canopy (locomotion and limb morphology). They occupy the rainforests of northern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as the drier forests along riverbeds in Guyana.[2] These habitats vary in terms of forest height, composition, and continuity. When wedge-capped capuchins have the option between dense high-canopy primary forests and more fragmented, lower forests, they generally inhabit the primary forests.[16] They are found north of the Orinoco River, south of the Sierra de Perijá and Venezuelan Coastal Range, and east to the Essequibo River in western Guyana.[17]
Wedge-capped capuchins are omnivorous and eat both animal and plant foods. Foraging behavior varies seasonally, as well as with age and sex. In general, these monkeys spend approximately equal amounts of time exploiting animal and plant resources.[18] The exception to this are infants that spend far more time foraging for plants foods than animals. Most of the plant food consumed is ripe fruit, the majority of which are figs, but also palm nuts, seeds, berries, flowering buds, shoots, barks and gums.[19] Their animal prey is almost exclusively invertebrates. Their prey consists of snails, arachnids,[19] wasps, caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, birds eggs, other small mammals[19] and many insects that inhabit palm crowns.[20] Some coastal populations may also include oysters, crabs, and other marine life in their diet.[19]
While males and females spend about the same amount of time foraging for insects, they exploit different types of resources. Males spend more time searching for insects on the surface of branches, while females search for most of their insects atop palm trees. There is little variation in plant material consumed between males and females.[18] Also, adults and sub-adults eat more animal material than juveniles and infants.[18]
Food washing has been observed in non-human primates including macaques and capuchins. The primates will sometimes wash their sandy fruits and foods prior to eating them. This act has been described as an example of protoculture.[21] Wedge-capped capuchins were shown to wash sandy food in four spontaneous occasions in both captive and wild populations. Urbani found that food washing was a response to certain circumstantial problems and not through imitation or learning, as argued in studies of other species.[22]
Wedge-capped capuchins live in groups ranging from as few as 5 individuals to more than 30 individuals. The groups generally consist of one reproductively active adult male, several adult females and their offspring, and, in some cases, non-reproductive adult males. Juveniles generally make up about 50% of a groups population. The population structure is heavily skewed toward females. There are approximately 2 females to every male at birth.[23] This ratio increases to more than 4 adult females for every adult male. This is the result of both female-biased birth ratios and male migration behavior.[11]
Birthrate in wedge-capped capuchins varies with age. Younger and middle-aged females (6 to 26 years old) give birth as often as once every two years. Older females (older than 26 years) may only give birth once every three or four years. It is important to note that both male and female wedge-capped capuchins live as long as 36 years.[11]
In wedge-capped capuchins, males emigrate from their natal groups while females generally remain in the same group for the majority of their lives. Males generally leave their natal group between 3 and 6 years of age. Young males spend little time alone after leaving their natal groups and quickly integrate into a new group. Males prefer to join groups with a high ratio of females to adult males, as this maximizes their probability for future mating success.[24] Immigrating males generally meet little opposition when joining a new group. Older females may migrate to new groups on rare occasions.[11]
Infanticide, or the deliberate killing of an infant, in any non-human primate is of considerable interest to ecologists because it can affect the particular primate's reproductive success and ultimately lead to great demographic changes within the primate's troop. Infanticide has been observed in C. olivaceus.
Genetically, it may pay for a male wedge-capped capuchin to kill an unrelated newborn, so that he can then mate with the mother sooner than if the baby was still alive. This allows the male to propagate his genes faster through the troop. However, in Valderrama's research,[25] the infanticidal male gained reproductive success from the killing in only one of the three cases studied. High-ranking females' infants were targeted in all three cases. The variability surrounding the infanticide among the three cases studied is characteristic surrounding infanticide among any other non-human primates.
Both male and female wedge-capped capuchins have a dominance hierarchy. Female status is often established based on matrilines, with dominant mothers tending to have dominant daughters. Male dominance is not as easily passed from one generation to the next due to male migration.
This dominance hierarchy is particularly helpful in explaining female-initiated agonistic behavior. Females higher in the hierarchy tend to be more aggressive toward both females and males that are lower on their respective dominance hierarchies. Aggressive behavior includes lunging, vocalization, and chasing. Sometimes many females chase males together. Male aggression was not correlated with position in the dominance hierarchy. Male aggression toward females is generally limited to vocalizations, lunging, and chasing.[26] On one occasion, however, an adult male was observed to attack and kill a young adult female from the same group. This level of aggression is not the norm, usually being practiced in the animal kingdom as a method of takeover.[27]
Grooming behavior plays an important role in the group dynamics of wedge-capped capuchins. Grooming may be a way for both sub-adult males and females to integrate themselves into the adult social structure. This has been particularly well-documented in female-female interactions. Sub-adult females rarely groom each other, but rather focus their attention on grooming older females. These young females, who stay in their natal groups, must develop relationships with adult females to assimilate into the adult female social structure. In these instances, young females often seek out grooming opportunities with adult females. The adult females who are the recipients of this behavior are generally less enthusiastic about the interaction than their younger counterparts. This may indicate that adult females gain little benefit from these grooming interactions compared with sub-adult females. Sub-adult females may support their older companions in aggressive interactions. Young females that fail to establish relationships with older females become peripheral to the group and lose access to resources.[28]
Grooming behavior among adult females has a different pattern. Contrary to the normal pattern in primates, females often groom individuals who are lower in rank than they are. This may be largely due to the presence of two different grooming strategies among adult female wedge-capped capuchins. One of these strategies is referred to as appeasement. Subordinate females, when approached by dominant females, will lie down and solicit grooming. This has been interpreted as a way to avoid aggressive behavior from the dominant female. Interactions where a dominant female approaches a subordinate one often end in aggressive behavior, and soliciting grooming is a way to diffuse that aggression. This form of grooming is usually not reciprocated by the subordinate female.[29]
The other form of grooming behavior among adult females is affiliative. In contrast to grooming as appeasement, affiliative grooming is dependent on reciprocation. These interactions usually occur between individuals that hold high or intermediate positions in the dominance hierarchy. This form of grooming helps establish alliances between females that may provide both social and material advantages.[29]
Allomaternal care, where an individual other than an infant’s mother helps care for it, is common in wedge-capped capuchins. There are several behaviors associated with allomaternal care in these monkeys, including nursing and carrying the infant. For the first three months after birth, infants are cared for exclusively by their mothers. However, allomaternal care dramatically increases during the next three months of development to the point where infants generally receive less care from their mothers than from other females. Siblings provide far more care for infants than non-related individuals. Additionally, high-ranking females interact more often with the infants of low-ranking females than vice versa. Allomaternal care is provided most often by juveniles and young adults. Adult females participate far less in alloparental care. This is common among many primate groups and indicates that young females may gain valuable experience in raising infants that will help them in the future.[30]
It is important to note that allomaternal nursing (wet nursing) is common in wedge-capped capuchins but very rare among other primates. Even more interesting is that this nursing behavior in wedge-capped capuchins is not correlated with relatedness. This behavior may be an example of reciprocity, where the favor of one female nursing another’s infant is eventually returned.[30]
Parasitic nursing has also been observed in wedge-capped capuchins. In these instances, juvenile and young adult females, who are usually higher in the dominance hierarchy, nurse from older females of lower rank. In contrast to allomaternal behavior, parasitic nursing does not appear to give any benefits to the monkey providing the milk.[31]
Wedge-capped capuchins sometimes rub themselves with millipedes they find while foraging. The monkeys rub the millipede against their fur, sometimes for as long as two minutes at a time. They also occasionally put the millipede in their mouths, remove them, and continue to rub them over their bodies. These capuchins often share these millipedes. The purpose of this strange behavior is difficult to determine. One theory is that the millipede, when threatened, releases noxious chemicals as a defense mechanism. These chemicals may act as insect repellants against mosquitos. This behavior is most common during the rainy season, when mosquitos are most prevalent.[8]
Wedge-capped capuchins have been observed to give alarm calls if they observe a potential predator. Such predators include jaguars, ocelots, tayras, boa constrictors, caimans,Annacondas, and collared peccaries. In addition, alarm calls have been observed when the capuchin sees one of several birds, such as hook-billed kites, black vultures, green ibises, rufous-vented chachalacas, harpy eagles, or ornate hawk-eagles. Due to these predators, the wedge-capped capuchin has taken to living in groups; as group size increases, vigilance per animal decreases, though it has not yet been demonstrated that capuchins in larger groups are any less vulnerable than those in smaller groups.[32]
Wedge-capped capuchins are ranked as an animal as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The wedge-capped capuchin is ranked as least concern because the animal is common and has a widespread range. Human hunting is one of the major threats to capuchin survival in some regions.[2]
The wedge-capped capuchin or Guianan weeper capuchin (Cebus olivaceus) is a capuchin monkey from South America. It is found in northern Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela. Cebus olivaceus is known to dwell in tall, primary forest and travel over long distances during the day.
These primates are medium-sized monkeys with distinctive "wedge cap" markings on their head and slightly longer limbs than other capuchins for jumping through the forest canopy. Similar to other capuchin monkeys, the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits, invertebrates, other plant parts, and on rare occasions small vertebrates. They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur, especially in the rainy seasons, as a potential means of mosquito repellent. Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars.
Cebus olivaceus is a polygamous species that lives in groups anywhere from 5-30 individuals, with a female biased sex ratios. The group is organized according to a pre-determined hierarchal system of dominance for both males and females. Although biological lineage is less of a factor of dominance for males than it is for females, due to male migration between groups. Wedge-capped capuchin partake in several behavioral mechanisms to assert and maintain dominance within the group including: infanticide, when an infant is deliberately killed; grooming, used to facilitate social rapport; and alloparenting, which is when members of the group care for offspring that are not their own.
El capuchino llorón (Cebus olivaceus) es una especie de primate neotropical propio de las selvas de las Guayanas, el norte de Brasil, Colombia y Venezuela. Sus hábitos y alimentación son similares al de otras especies del género Cebus.
Cebus olivaceus Cebus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cebinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago
Sapajou brun, Singe musqué
Le Capucin olive[réf. nécessaire] (Cebus olivaceus) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Cebidae, appelée aussi Sapajou brun[1] ou Singe musqué[1].
Weeper capuchin. Wedge-capped capuchin (C. o. olivaceus), brown weeper capuchin (C. o. brunneus), chestnut capuchin (C. o. castaneus). Les Anglo-Saxons l’appellent weeper, le capucin pleureur, en raison du long cri monosyllabique ‘woooooo’ qu’il émet en guise de cri de contact ou lorsqu’il est quelque peu en détresse. Caiarara da serra, caiarara marrom (Brésil). Sahi-hu (en tupi), caí (en guarani), au Brésil. Mono chuco ou machango (Venezuela). Nakú (« singe ») en langue warao (Indiens de l’Orénoque, Venezuela). Iwarka en langue pemón (Indiens de la Gran Sabana, Venezuela). Bergikeskesi ou nyan-karu mongi (« le singe qui mange le maïs ») au Surinam. Iwarîka ou iwaraka (langue macuxi, Guyana). Kaïwololo en langue wayampi en Guyane française.
Nord de l’Amérique du Sud. Presque tout le Venezuela, Guyanes et nord du Brésil (États d’Amazonas, Roraima, Para et Amapá) au sud jusqu’à l’Amazone, à l’ouest jusqu’au Rio Negro et à l’est jusqu’aux îles de Caviana et Mexiana (juste au nord de Marajó). Récemment introduit dans l’île de Margarita au large du nord du Venezuela et s’y rencontre dans la région du mont Matasiete.
Forêt sèche et llanos - mosaïque de prairies et de forêt tropicale, la terre étant inondée de juin à octobre (nord du Venezuela), forêt pluviale (Guyanes), de plaine et submontagneuse jusqu’à 2 000 m d’altitude. Fréquente de préférence le sous-bois.
Commun dans les régions du Venezuela que n’ont colonisées ni le Capucin à front blanc ni le Capucin brun. Sur le reste de sa zone de distribution, sa densité chute sensiblement. Seulement 1,4 à 1,9/km² dans les forêts de la Counami (Guyane française), où il doit cohabiter avec le Sapajou des Guyanes (C. (S.) apella).
Cinq sous-espèces sont connues mais leur statut étant incertain, une révision taxinomique s’impose :
Ressemble au Capucin à front blanc (C. (C.) albifrons), surtout à l’état juvénile. Pas de crête sagittale. Pelage long, le plus souvent rugueux et ébouriffé (la seule espèce du genre Cebus dont la fourrure n’est pas soyeuse). Épaules marron jaunâtre. Dos, croupe et flancs marron roussâtre. Raie dorsale diffuse, continue et contrastante. Ventre et thorax roussâtres. Gorge rousse. Surface latérale des bras bicolore mal définie (marron jaune puis marron roussâtre). Surface médiale des bras marron jaune clair. Surface latérale des jambes marron roussâtre. Surface médiale des jambes marron noirâtre. Queue marron roussâtre dessus et dessous, avec un pinceau marron noirâtre noir peu contrastant. Nuque châtaigne roussâtre. Couronne noire qui n’atteint pas les oreilles et descend en un triangle caractéristique jusqu’à la base du nez (qui lui donne son nom anglais, wedge capuchin, wedge désignant une cale, un coin). Ce V devient moins visible à la maturité, notamment chez les femelles qui ont le front broussailleux. Pas de touffes. Tête claire : notamment, les favoris n’ont pas une couleur distincte ; de même, on ne distingue pas de tract préauriculaire. Il n’existe donc pas de contraste marqué entre les poils entourant la face et ceux du reste du corps, contrairement à ce qu’on observe chez les capucins à front blanc et à face blanche. Pas de barbe. Face presque nue gris brun clair, le museau et la lèvre supérieure parfois pigmentés de gris foncé.
Les spécimens du nord-ouest de la distribution (Roraima) ont un pelage marron jaunâtre olive plus rêche que les spécimens de la partie orientale de la distribution (Amapá, Marajó) qui présentent un pelage marron roussâtre parfois soyeux et lisse. Les spécimens centraux (centre du Guyana, Surinam et Guyane française) seraient davantage brun sombre (castaneus). Fourrure sable clair chez apiculatus.
Mâle : Corps de 38 à 46 cm. Queue de 44 à 49 cm. Poids 2,9 kg. Femelle : Corps 39 cm. Queue 45 cm. Poids de 2,1 à 2,4 kg. Cerveau : 80,8 g.
Quadrupède. Sauteur. Suspension. Queue préhensile.
Le capucin olive est un animal diurne et arboricole. Il parcourt chaque jour 2 à 3 km à la recherche de nourriture dans la canopée et au sol (environ 14 % du temps).
Dans les llanos vénézuéliens (études menées à Hato Masaguaral et Hato Piñero), le territoire mesure 2 à 3 km2 et chevauche extensivement celui des groupes voisins.
Il s’associe avec le Saïmiri commun (Saimiri sciureus). En revanche, il entretient des relations conflictuelles avec le Hurleur roux (Alouatta seniculus) lorsque les deux espèces se rencontrent sur un même arbre fruitier, notamment les figuiers.
Généraliste opportuniste. Quasi-omnivore à tendance frugivore. Au Venezuela (Río Guarico), pendant la saison des pluies, les fruits sont si nombreux que les capucins peuvent se permettre de ne les consommer qu’à moitié, abandonnant les restes en contrebas aux pécaris ou aux tortues charbonnières. Plus de 50 espèces figurent à son menu. Décortiquer les gousses et les cosses est un art dans lequel ce manipulateur excelle. Sous chaque feuille ou presque se cache une chenille qui fera un apéritif protéiné. Les escargots seront servis en guise de digestif : ils représentent 32 % des proies capturées soit une part supérieure aux insectes sociaux (22 %). Agile, il parvient jusqu’à l’extrémité des branches et pille les œufs de l’Hoazin : l’œuf est emporté puis cassé délicatement sur une grosse branche et gobé sans perdre de liquide : il faut des années d’entraînement pour une telle performance. Les œufs du Cassique à queue jaune, pondus dans un nid suspendu, sont, eux, inatteignables. Les grands mâles n’hésitent pas à s’attaquer aux grenouilles, aux lézards et aux iguanes verts. Les écureuils sont traqués impitoyablement et décapités avant consommation. En décembre et janvier, la survie devient plus problématique. L’eau s’est évaporée au soleil. Quelques millilitres de liquide enfermés dans une coquille d’escargot mort sont les bienvenus. Les assoiffés lèchent la rosée sur les feuilles et arrachent l’écorce pour y trouver de l’humidité. À un moment ou un autre de la journée, ils sont obligés d’aller boire à l’un des rares marigots restants. Au point d’eau, les capucins passent après les pécaris qui s’y vautrent copieusement. Le butor (sorte de héron trapu) éloigne les singes en courant ailes déployées et reçoit des bouts de branche sur la tête : ils devront attendre une bonne partie de la journée que l’oiseau ait terminé sa pêche. Pendant la saison sèche, les capucins en sont réduits à manger des insectes, notamment des sauterelles en abondance (mais aussi fourmis, guêpes, mille-pattes), les racines des jeunes arbres, les noix tombées au sol. Ils lèchent le nectar des fleurs : leurs voisins, les hurleurs roux, sont moins délicats, qui avalent les fleurs en entier. Sur une année entière, la part de fruits s’élève à 55 % du régime alimentaire et celle des proies à 33 %, des pourcentages équilibrés en relation avec un habitat à saisons marquées.
Des cas d’infanticide ont été observés chez cette espèce, un comportement que l’on ne retrouve, parmi les singes néotropicaux, que chez les hurleurs. En outre, les femelles dominantes tètent parfois les femelles de rang inférieur, mais celles-ci ne sont pas toujours lactantes. Ce comportement étrange ressortit à une forme de parasitisme. L’allomaternage a été observé chez cette espèce.
À Hato Masaguaral, les capucins frottent contre tout leur pelage un mille-pattes (Orthoporus dorsovittatus) dont les sécrétions défensives à base de benzoquinones éloignent les moustiques.
Variable. 10 à 50. 13,2 (RN des Nouragues, Guyane française). 12 (de 9 à 14), dans le Parc naturel de Brownsberg (Surinam).
Groupe multimâle-multifemelle ou groupe unimâle. Polygamie ou polygynie. Les variations de taille parmi les troupes et leurs conséquences structurelles ont été longuement étudiées à Hato Piñero (Venezuela). Dans ces llanos, les capucins olive s’organisent en groupes restreints comprenant une dizaine de membres et un seul mâle adulte reproducteur (structure unimâle) ainsi qu’en vastes troupes de 20 à 40 individus avec plusieurs mâles adultes (structure multimâle), communautés mouvantes qui se recomposent en permanence au gré des conflits et des alliances.
La compétition est âpre pour s’approprier les meilleures branches. Pendant la saison sèche (qui dure de janvier à mars), les grandes formations évincent les plus petites qui doivent systématiquement céder le terrain et donc parcourir davantage de chemin pour se nourrir. Mais le fait d’appartenir à une « grosse équipe » n’a pas que des avantages. La concurrence augmente linéairement. Si les jeunes mâles semblent n’avoir peur de rien, les mères doivent se défendre âprement pour avoir leur part du butin. Même si les femelles ont globalement un plus grand succès reproductif au sein des vastes communautés, elles peuvent choisir de vivre en harem (groupe unimâle) afin de limiter le stress lié à la compétition alimentaire et d’évoluer en grandes troupes seulement lorsque la nourriture abonde.
Le Capucin olive propose un système social intermédiaire entre celui du Sapajou des Guyanes et celui du Capucin à front blanc. Les mâles sont hiérarchisés par l’âge et la taille et les femelles évoluent dans un cadre matriarcal. La femelle alpha est l’animal le plus agressif : les autres individus passent leur temps à éviter les colères de la mégère inapprivoisable. Les femelles de haut rang recherchent la compagnie et toilettent le mâle alpha : en échange de faveurs sexuelles, il leur assure sa protection et un accès privilégié aux ressources ainsi qu’à leurs enfants. Les autres membres du groupe sont relativement tolérants et affichent leur solidarité. Les femelles de haut rang, semble-t-il, se reproduisent plus tôt dans leur vie et à une fréquence plus élevée que les femelles inférieures. Les jeunes femelles tissent avec leurs alter ego féminins et les femelles âgées des liens forts qui persistent souvent à l’état adulte.
Femelle philopatrique. Le mâle émigre vers 2 ans.
Communique par des appels calmes. Selon le danger, il module ses réactions. À la vue d’un félin, il pousse des cris stridents, signes de grande inquiétude. À la vue d’un python, ce sont de simples couinements d’alarme. Éloigner un grand serpent relève du loisir, échapper aux serres de l’aigle est une tout autre histoire ... 11 vocalisations ont été distinguées, réparties en quatre catégories selon leur objet : cri de contact concernant un seul individu, cri de contact concernant la troupe, cri d’alarme destiné à la troupe et cri ponctuant la fin d’une attaque réelle ou potentielle. Les appels de régulation spatiale sont au nombre de trois : ‘huh’ pour maintenir la distance entre les membres, ‘arrawks’ pour la réduire et ‘hehs’ pour l’augmenter.
Les démonstrations agressives incluent des bonds exagérés et des secouements de branches. En face d’un dominé, un animal subordonné grimace afin de l’apaiser et de faciliter le contact. Communication olfactive : imprègne son pelage et ses mains de sa propre urine, comme les saïmiris, pour conserver l’odeur du clan. Communique également par l’urine (dépôt sur le corps puis indirectement sur les substrats).
Grooming fréquent.
Majorité des naissances entre mai et juillet, en période d’abondance (Venezuela), même si la période des naissances commence dès la fin de la saison sèche
Jacaré (caïman) lorsque le singe s’abreuve au sol. Ocelot, tayra. Rapaces.
Déforestation. Chasse.
PN de la Sierra de Perijá, PN de Terepaima, PN de Guatopo, PN d’Aguaro-Guariquito, PN de Mochima, PN d’El Guácharo, R. d’Imataca (Venezuela). P. naturel de Brownsberg et RN du Surinam central (Surinam). R. de la forêt pluviale d’Iwokrama, Plateau de Potaro (Guyana). RN des Nouragues et RN de La Trinité (Guyane française). SE d’Anavilhanas, SE de Maracá, RB du Trombetas et PN de Tumucumaque (Brésil).
Sapajou brun, Singe musqué
Le Capucin olive[réf. nécessaire] (Cebus olivaceus) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Cebidae, appelée aussi Sapajou brun ou Singe musqué.
Il cebo olivaceo (Cebus olivaceus Schomburgk, 1848) è un primate platirrino appartenente alla famiglia Cebidae.
Misura circa 90 cm di lunghezza, di cui la metà spetta alla coda, per un peso medio di 3 kg.
È di colore bruno chiaro su tutto il corpo, fatta eccezione per la coda, dalla punta nera, e la testa, dove l'area fra la fronte e la nuca sono più scure rispetto al resto del corpo: tale inscurimento del pelo lo si può trovare anche negli avambracci.
Si tratti di animali diurni ed arboricoli: vivono in gruppi di 10-30 individui, che vivono nell'ambito di un territorio ben definito che spazia dai 25 ai 50 ettari, anche se sono stati registrati casi di territori più ampi di 100 ettari.
La parte centrale di questi territori viene marcata dal gruppo con l'urina e difesa strenuamente da gruppi rivali, mentre le aree periferiche di territori limitrofi possono tranquillamente sovrapporsi senza che avvengano episodi aggressivi di sorta.
Il percorso che gli animali fanno per trovare il cibo è tendenzialmente sempre il solito, nell'ambito del quale il gruppo percorre circa 2 km al giorno: a seconda della stagione, delle condizioni climatiche, della presenza o meno di predatori e dell'ingrandimento o riduzione del gruppo, la coppia dominante può decidere di cambiare giorno per giorno il tragitto.
Questi animali sono stati osservati a più riprese, anche in gruppi diversi, nell'atto di fregarsi un particolare millepiedi tossico sul dorso, in modo tale che le tossine prodotte dall'animale imbevessero il pelo e funzionassero da repellente per le zanzare.
Questi animali si nutrono principalmente di frutta e semi, ma non disdegnano di acchiappare qualora possibile una varietà di vertebrati ed invertebrati: le popolazioni costiere e fluviali integrano la dieta con animali acquatici, come molluschi e crostacei. L'accesso al cibo è regolato a seconda della gerarchia del gruppo, anche se la priorità è riservata ai giovani.
La stagione riproduttiva va da ottobre e febbraio: il maschio dominante ha la priorità di accoppiamento su tutte le femmine in estro. La gestazione dura circa cinque mesi e mezzo, al termine dei quali viene dato alla luce un unico cucciolo, che viene accudito principalmente dalla madre, al dorso della quale si attacca saldamente a partire dai primi istanti di vita. Il cucciolo viene svezzato attorno ai tre mesi d'età e raggiunge la maturità sessuale ad otto mesi se maschio ed a cinque se femmina: le femmine sono tuttavia in grado di allevare correttamente un cucciolo solo dopo il quarto anno di vita, imparando le tecniche dalle altre femmine più anziane del gruppo, mentre è raro che i maschi riescano ad accoppiarsi prima del settimo anno di vita.
Le femmine tendono a portare a termine una gravidanza ogni due anni, ma in caso di morte prematura del cucciolo la femmina può concepire a partire dall'estro successivo.
Con cinque sottospecie (Cebus olivaceus apiculatus, Cebus olivaceus brunneus, Cebus olivaceus castanaeus, Cebus olivaceus nigrivittatus, Cebus olivaceus olivaceus) la specie è diffusa in Sudamerica nord-orientale (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana francese, Brasile settentrionale).
Predilige gli llanos con vegetazione semidecidua, ma sono assai adattabili e colonizzano un'ampia gamma di habitat differenti.
Il cebo olivaceo (Cebus olivaceus Schomburgk, 1848) è un primate platirrino appartenente alla famiglia Cebidae.
De treurkapucijnaap (Cebus olivaceus) of Manchette-kapucijnaap is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cebidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Schomburgk in 1848.
Deze capucijnaap heeft een plomp lichaam met relatief korte poten en een grijpstaart. Hij mist de onbehaarde plek onder de staartpunt. De vacht is hoofdzakelijk bruin, met lichtere armen en benen en een grijs of geelachtig aangezicht. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 37 tot 46 cm, de staartlengte 40 tot 55 cm en het gewicht 2,5 tot 3,5 kg.
Zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit zaden, vruchten, slakken en insecten. Dit dier leeft in groepsverband samen met meer dan 30 individuen, meestal vrouwtjes met jongen en enkele volwassen mannetjes, waarvan zich één mannetje voortplant. Vrouwtjes zorgen voor elkaars jongen. De groepsleden communiceren met elkaar door middel van een klagend gehuil.
Deze soort komt voor in de tropische wouden van noordoostelijk Zuid-Amerika, met name in Guyana, Frans Guiana, Suriname, Noord-Brazilië, Venezuela en vermoedelijk Noord-Colombia.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe treurkapucijnaap (Cebus olivaceus) of Manchette-kapucijnaap is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cebidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Schomburgk in 1848.
Som de andre ca. fem artene ekte kapusiner har sørgekapusinen en kraftig kropp med forholdsvis korte bein og armer, og gripehale. Den har ikke, som mange andre amerikanske aper, bar hud på undersiden av halen. Pelsen er hovedsakelig brun, men blekere på armene og mer grå eller gul i asniktet. Frø, frukt, og småkryp, særlig snegler og insekter, utgjør det meste av kosten. Sørgekapusinen danner flokker på 30 eller flere individer - flest hunner og unger, og flere hanner per flokk, men bare èn dominant hann får pare seg. Mødrene tar seg av hverandres unger. Flokkmedlemmene holder kontakt med hverandre med klagende, gråtende skrik.
Som de andre ca. fem artene ekte kapusiner har sørgekapusinen en kraftig kropp med forholdsvis korte bein og armer, og gripehale. Den har ikke, som mange andre amerikanske aper, bar hud på undersiden av halen. Pelsen er hovedsakelig brun, men blekere på armene og mer grå eller gul i asniktet. Frø, frukt, og småkryp, særlig snegler og insekter, utgjør det meste av kosten. Sørgekapusinen danner flokker på 30 eller flere individer - flest hunner og unger, og flere hanner per flokk, men bare èn dominant hann får pare seg. Mødrene tar seg av hverandres unger. Flokkmedlemmene holder kontakt med hverandre med klagende, gråtende skrik.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Kapucynka oliwkowa[2] (Cebus olivaceus) – gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny płaksowatych (Cebidae) występujący w lasach Ameryki Południowej.
Kapucynki są białobrązowe, z czarnoszarym wzorem na głowie. Ich ciała mierzą ok. pół metra, ogon mierzy niemal drugie tyle. Masa ciała tych zwierząt wynosi od jednego do czterech i pół kilograma.
Kapucynki oliwkowe żyją w stadach składających się z 10–33 osobników. Są terytorialne, ale nie bronią swojego terenu w okresie rozrodu – na jednym obszarze może żyć kilka stad. Z obcymi stadami rywalizują jednak o żywność i dostęp do wody. Są wszystkożerne, żywią się owocami, orzechami, nasionami, kwiatami, ale także insektami, jajami, niewielkimi ptakami i ssakami.
Kapucynki są poligamiczne – jeden samiec kopuluje z wieloma partnerkami. Sezon godowy trwa od września do lutego. Samica po trwającej ok. 5 miesięcy ciąży rodzi jedno młode, które następnie karmi mlekiem przez 1,5–4 miesiące. Samce osiągają dojrzałość płciową po 8 miesiącach, samice po pięciu. Kapucynki oliwkowe mogą żyć do 55 lat, ale zazwyczaj dożywają 35.
Kapucynki oliwkowe są przez niektórych ludzi uważane za dobry materiał na zwierzęta domowe. Są inteligentne i chętnie uczą się nowych sztuczek. Jednak m.in. ze względu na swoje skłonności niszczycielskie większość udomowionych osobników po pewnym czasie jest oddawana do ogrodów zoologicznych.
Kapucynka oliwkowa (Cebus olivaceus) – gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny płaksowatych (Cebidae) występujący w lasach Ameryki Południowej.
Caiarara ou Cairara (Cebus olivaceus, antigamente designado Cebus nigrivittatus) é uma espécie de primata pertencente à família Cebidae. É encontrado na Guiana, Guiana Francesa, Suriname, Colômbia e norte do Brasil.
Caiarara ou Cairara (Cebus olivaceus, antigamente designado Cebus nigrivittatus) é uma espécie de primata pertencente à família Cebidae. É encontrado na Guiana, Guiana Francesa, Suriname, Colômbia e norte do Brasil.
Gråtande kapucin (Cebus olivaceus[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Schomburgk 1848. Cebus olivaceus ingår i släktet kapuciner och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5]
Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 37 till 46 cm och en svanslängd av 45 till 55 cm. Honor är med en vikt av 2,3 till 3 kg lättare än hannar som väger 3 till 4,2 kg. Den lite styva pälsen på ovansidan bildas av bruna hår med svarta band som ger ett spräckligt utseende. Pälsen blir vid händerna, fötterna och vid svansens spets mörkare. Vid främre huvudet och i ansiktet är pälsen ljus gråbrun. I ansiktets centrum förekommer ett naket område med mörk rosa hud. Gråtande kapucin har en mörk luva på huvudets topp och från denna luva går en V-formig mörk fläck framåt. Några populationer har röda eller svarta skuggor i pälsen.[7]
Denna primat förekommer i norra Sydamerika från Venezuela över regionen Guyana till norra Brasilien. Habitatet utgörs av regnskogar och mindre skogar i regioner som annars är täckt av savann.[1]
Individerna bildar flockar med 8 till 40 medlemmar. Oftast finns fler honor än hanar i flocken. Inom varje kön etableras en hierarki. Unga hanar som blev könsmogna lämnar sin flock och ibland byter även honor flock. Födan utgörs främst av frukter och frön. Dessutom äter arten blad och blommor samt insekter och andra ryggradslösa djur. I sällsynta fall fångar de mindre ryggradsdjur upp till ekorrens storlek.[1] Hanar vistas mer på marken än honor.[7]
Ungarna föds vanligen under regntiden mellan maj och augusti. Honan föder en unge per kull. Honor blir könsmogna efter 6 år och hanar efter 8 år.[1] Allmänt är äldre hannar vänliga mot andra hannars ungar och fadern lekar ibland med sina ungar. I sällsynta fall dödas en unge av en aggressiv hanne. Enstaka hannar lämnar flocken när de är två år gamla och de flesta hannar stannar tre till sex år i flocken. Vid en studie vandrade en flock mellan 1060 och 3580 meter per dag.[7]
Arten jagas för köttets skull.[7] Allmänt betraktas beståndet och utbredningsområdet som stora. Gråtande kapucin listas av IUCN som livskraftig (LC).[1]
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Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Gråtande kapucin.
Wikispecies har information om Cebus olivaceus.
Gråtande kapucin (Cebus olivaceus) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Schomburgk 1848. Cebus olivaceus ingår i släktet kapuciner och familjen cebusliknande brednäsor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Cebus olivaceus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Schomburgk mô tả năm 1848.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cebus olivaceus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Schomburgk mô tả năm 1848.
Cebus olivaceus R.H.Schomb., 1848
Ареал
Траурный капуцин (лат. Cebus olivaceus) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.
Вес взрослого самца около 3 кг, самки примерно на 30 % мельче. На передней части головы треугольник чёрных или тёмно-серой шерсти. В остальном окрас от светло-кориченового до коричневого, с желтоватым или сером оттенком. Тёмная «шапочка» начинается между глазами и распространяется на макушку. Лицо безволосое, окружено светло-коричневой шерстью.[1] Помимо размеров, самцов отличают более крупные клыки (на 40-70 % крупнее, чем у самок). Это может свидетельствовать о существовании соперничества между самцами за обладание самкой.[2]
Встречаются в северной части Бразилии, Гайане, Французской Гвиане, Венесуэле, Суринаме и, возможно, на севере Колумбии. Представители вида населяют густые первичные леса, преодолевая в течение дня значительные расстояния по кронам деревьев.[3]
Полигамны, образуют группы от 5 до 30 особей. Самок в группе больше, чем самцов. В группе строгая иерархия, во главе доминантные особи обоих полов. Социальное поведение внутри группы включает инфантицид (убийство детёнышей), груминг (взаимный поиск в шерсти), аллопарентальную заботу о детёнышах (воспитание самками чужих детёнышей). Всеядны, в рационе преимущество фрукты, беспозвоночные, молодые ростки, иногда мелкие позвоночные. Во время сезона дождей натирают шерсть ядовитыми многоножками в качестве защиты от кровососущих насекомых. Являются объектом охоты многих хищников — от птиц до ягуаров.[4]
Классификация внутри рода Cebus дискуссионна, однако практически во всех классификациях выделяются четыре вида: Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, Cebus capucinus и Cebus kaapori. Траурный капуцин имеет 52 хромосомы, тогда как некоторые другие представители рода имеют 54 хромосомы. Филогенетический анализ показывает, что ближайший родственник траурного капуцина — C. apella.[5][6]
Траурные капуцины предпочитают первичные леса, в густых кронах которых они могут эффективно передвигаться. Населяют дождевые леса повсеместно в северной части Южной Америки. Также часто селятся в более сухих лесах вдоль рек в Гайане и Суринаме.[7] Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Вызывает наименьшие опасения». Возможные угрозы виду — охота и разрушение среды обитания.[8][9]
|coauthors= (справка); Проверьте дату в |date= (справка на английском) |date= (справка на английском) Траурный капуцин (лат. Cebus olivaceus) — вид приматов семейства цепкохвостых обезьян, обитающих в Южной Америке.
울보카푸친(Cebus olivaceus)은 신세계원숭이에 속하는 꼬리감는원숭이의 일종이다. 남아메리카의 브라질 북부, 가이아나, 프랑스령 기아나, 수리남, 베네수엘라에서 발견되며, 그리고 북부 콜롬비아에도 사는 것으로 추측된다.[1]
울보카푸친은 과일과 곤충, 유충을 먹으며, 뿐만 아니라 새알과 작은 새들, 도마뱀, 개구리 그리고 박쥐와 마모셋과 같은 작은 포유류로 먹는다.
