dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

tarjonnut AnAge articles
Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, but one wild born specimen was still living in captivity at about 31-32 years of age (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Although barnacles are commonly found Tucuxis, they are not considered parasitic, as they have no known negative impact on their host. Limited information exists regarding parasites of Tucuxis; however, stomach flukes and two species of nematode (Anisakis typica and Halocercus brasiliensis) are known to infect the gastrointestinal tissues of this species at various stages throughout their complex life cycle.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • stomach flukes, (Braunina cordiformis)
  • parasitic nematode, (Anisakis typica)
  • parasitic nematode, (Halocercus brasiliensis)
  • barnacles, (Xenobalanus globicipitis)
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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Like most dolphins, Tucuxis use a variety of whistles and clicks to communicate with conspecifics. Among delphinids, evidence suggests that species' size has a linear effect on whistle pitch, with smaller species having higher pitched whistles and larger species having lower pitched whistles. Tucuxis align with this relationship, and as one of the smallest extant dolphin species, they are known to have some of the highest pitched whistles when compared to other dolphins (e.g., 16% of whistles exceed 24Hz). Whistle frequency tends to ascend rather than descend during a single whistle. Whistling increases while foraging, and is thought to attract conspecifics to where food is abundant; suggesting a co-operative rather than competitive attitude between conspecifics. Like other delphinids, Tucuxis use echolocation to help them find prey.

Tecuxis use their vision to perceive the local environment, and despite living in a freshwater environment, have a number of ocular features that are similar to those of many marine dolphins. Tucuxis have two high density ganglion areas, a feature which is common among delphinids and helps them process visual information more efficiently than Amazon River dolphins, which have only one. Being originally adapted for life in a saline environment, however, may negatively affect their ability to see objects in freshwater at high resolution. Evidence suggests that although their clarity of vision is less than that of true river dolphins, it is better than that of marine dolphins. What they lack in eye sight, however, they make up for in their ability to echolocate prey and potential predators.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; echolocation ; chemical

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Tucuxis are classified as "data deficient" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Currently, population trends are unknown and thus potential conservation and management needs cannot be determined. They are the only species of fresh-water delphinid currently known. Although there has never been a commercial fishery for this species, a significant number of deaths occur due to by-catch and incidental mortality in fishing gear. Other potentially important threats include damming, overfishing of prey, boat strikes, chemical pollution and noise pollution. Without further research on the demographics of this species throughout its geographic range, the significance of these threats cannot be established and potential conservation and management actions cannot be prioritized.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

There are no known adverse effects of Tucuxis on humans.

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Indigenous South Americans hold Tucuxis in high regard as protectors that carry the drowned to shore for burial. Despite Brazilian law protecting them, Tucuxis are illegally hunted for their meat (bait), oil (emulsion to protect boats from water), and various body parts that are used in traditional medicines or religious ceremonies.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; source of medicine or drug

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Tecuxis are carnivorous, and primary prey includes marine ray-finned fishes, along with squids and octopuses. Confluence areas result in favorable pH levels for plankton growth, which attracts many species of ray-finned fish. As a result, Tucuxis are often seen travelling to confluences, likely in search of prey.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Tucuxis, also known as gray dolphins and Guianian River dolphins, are neotropical dolphins that live exclusively in the Amazon and Orinoco basins and are thought to be endemic to this region of South America. The closest living relatives of Tucuxis are Costeros, dolphins that live in the shallow waters along the Atlantic Coast of South America. However, Tucuxis are sympatric with Amazon River dolphins of the family Iniidae.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Tucuxis are found throughout the Amazon and Orinoco River basins and are commonly found near low current confluences and river junctions where food is abundant and less energy has to be expended during foraging bouts. They avoid mud banks and flooded forest areas. The mouth of the Amazon River occurs at its junction with the Atlantic ocean, thus making the first 2 km of the river relatively saline. Although some Tucuxi can be found within this area, they prefer the freshwater habitat found further inland.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Evidence suggests that wild Tucuxis can live for up to 35 years. There is no information available indicating the average lifespan of captive individuals. They are susceptible to capture stress and often tangle and suffocate themselves within netting. In addition, Tucuxi do not respond well to extended periods of transportation.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
35 years.

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Sotalia fluviatilis and Sotalia guianensis are very similar in appearance and were once classified as a single species. However, phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged approximately 1.5 to 2 million years ago during the Pliocene or early Pleistocene. Despite their many similarities, three major differences help distinguish between these 2 species. First, S. fluviatilis largely prefers fresh water habitat, whereas S. guianensis prefers saline coastal habitat. Second S. fluviatilis is much smaller in size than S. guianensis. Finally, the haplotype and nucleotide sequences of S. fluviatilis are as diversified from S. guianensis as they are from other delphinids. In general, S. fluviatilis is smaller and has a shorter beak than most other members of the family Delphinidae. It ranges from blue to pearl-grey along the dorsal surface and from white to pale-pink along the ventral surface. Most individuals have a white tipped beak. The dorsal fin has a prominent triangular shape that sometimes hooks toward the caudal fin. Adults have between 28 and 35 teeth. Sotalia fluviatilis is not sexually dimorphic and ranges from 86 to 206 cm long and weighs 55 kg on average.

Average mass: 55 kg.

Range length: 86 to 206 cm.

Average length: 152 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Average mass: 46666.7 g.

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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

Other than illegal hunting by humans, Tucuxis have no known predators.

Known Predators:

  • humans, (Homo sapiens)
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( englanti )

tarjonnut Animal Diversity Web

There is no information available regarding the mating system of Tucuxis.

Tucuxis breed during late summer and early fall. Gestation ranges from 10 to 11.6 months and results in one calf, which is born during the fall low-water season. Newborn calves range in size from 71 to 106 cm in length. Both sexes become sexually mature by six years of age, at which point males are around 180 cm long and females are around 160 cm long. Despite their differences in length at reproductive maturity, fully grown males and females are usually equal in length and weight.

Breeding season: Tucuxis breed from August to October.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 10 to 11.6 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Little is known of parental care in Tucuxis; however, mothers are known to whistle at their calves once they have found food. As mammal, mothers likely nurse their young until weaning is complete.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Dobbin, M. 2011. "Sotalia fluviatilis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sotalia_fluviatilis.html
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Michael Dobbin, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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Doris Audet, University of Alberta, Augustana Campus
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John Berini, Special Projects
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Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
Little is known of the reproductive habits of the tucuxi dolphin. The freshwater subspecies calves during the low water period of October and November (2), after an 11 to 12 month gestation. It is thought to be polyandrous (where each female has more than one male partner), and aggression between males is seen during courtship (5). The seasonal fluctuation in river water levels has a great influence on the freshwater subspecies. It enters lakes during high water but leaves as the waters begin to fall to avoid being trapped (2). A shy dolphin, the tucuxi tends to be most active during the early morning and late afternoon, but is usually a slow swimmer that jumps infrequently (5). It dives for around 30 seconds (4), and uses echolocation to communicate as well as to catch fish and shrimp (5). Group size varies, but can be up to 20 in freshwater or 50 in the marine subspecies (3).
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Conservation ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The superstition of fishermen, who believe the tucuxi dolphin to be a sacred animal that brings the bodies of drowned people back to the shore, has ensured that it has rarely been targeted as a food item (6). In 1994, the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) Scientific Committee urged member states to reduce by-catch and monitor populations (1). The IWC had previously started the Sotalia Project with the organisation 'Brasil's Biologists', which sets out to study the behaviour and habitat needs of the tucuxi dolphin, and has managed to build a significant collection of photo identifications (6).
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Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The tucuxi dolphin (pronounced 'too-koo-shee') quite closely resembles the bottlenose dolphin, but smaller. It is blue to light grey on the back, and fades to white or whitish-pink on the belly. There is a dark bar between the mouth and the flipper. The beak is slender and long, and the dorsal fin is triangular and slightly hooked at the tip (2). Both the beak and the dorsal fin may be tipped with white (5). Some marine populations have yellow-orange sides with a bright patch on the dorsal fin (5).
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Habitat ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The freshwater subspecies inhabits rivers and lakes, but is not found in flooded forests and avoids rapids, whereas the marine subspecies inhabits shallow, protected estuaries and bays (2).
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Range ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
Occurring in the river systems of the Amazon and the Orinoco, as well as along the coasts from Brazil to Nicaragua, the tucuxi dolphin is split into two subspecies. The freshwater subspecies, Sotalia fluviatilis fluviatilis, inhabits only fresh water and is found as much as 250 km up the Orinoco River system and as much as 2,500 km up the Amazon River system. The marine subspecies, Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis, is found in the coastal estuaries and bays of the east coast of South America as far south as the Brazilian city of Florianópolis (2).
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Status ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The tucuxi dolphin is classified as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1), and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (5). It is also listed on Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (2).
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Threats ( englanti )

tarjonnut Arkive
The tucuxi dolphin is regularly caught accidentally in gillnets of large fishing trawlers, and is the most common cetacean in the by-catch of coastal fisheries in the south Caribbean Sea. Intentional hunting appears to be rare, but does take place for meat to eat, for blubber to be used as shark bait, and for the genital organs and eyes which are sold as love amulets (1). A major potential threat is a proposal for the construction of hydroelectric dams, which would cause population fragmentation and increased inbreeding, as well as the extinction of the migratory fish that constitute the diet of the freshwater tucuxi dolphin (2). Pollution from heavy metals, banned pesticides and noise are also concerns, as is habitat loss (1).
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Sotalia fluviatilis ( englanti )

tarjonnut EOL authors
Habitat dolpin mostly in both fresh and saltwater(sea), but for species Sotalia fluviatilis they are live in saltwater and near to the surface and we can found around the world it can be found nearly everywhere including the Indian ,Atlantic, & Pacific Oceans, the Mediterrean, Red & Black Seas. Dolpin always make a group ,that is these lifestyle and this group so important becouse these need each other example for looking a food ,hunting and to protect these self from predators. These will make same noise for protect self, guide they child also group. It is the way they to communication. The sound of dolphins can be grouped into three types, that is (1) click for echolocation, (2) bursering described as a screech or bark, (3) whistle usually used for communication. Dolpin also life at depths greater than 200 meters but they will depend to the noise than a light.Dolpin life is more rely to sound rather than sight and hearing. Dolphins cannot breathe under water. They breathe out of their blowhole. This is why we can’t put anything in their blowhole, because this is their route to breathe and make sounds. But they can hold their breath for amazing amounts of time seven minutes. So they do need to come up for a breath . That make doplin including in active swimmer, because they speeds of swiming is 60 km / h or 37 mph . They always swim like activity jumps to the air with the head first and fell back into the water.Some reviewer called this activity is breaching. Dolpin also do not sleep well under water for a long time because they will could drown. Therefore, when they sleep only was half asleep a few moments in a day. They also do migrate if the water gets so cold the temperature in minimum stage. Also they may migrate if the fish supply and feeding habits change and looking for food. They can even travel hundreds of miles just to follow their food supply. Some like cold and deeper water than others. But if there is enough food available then they may just stick to a local area.
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Adriani Sunuddin
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Benefits ( englanti )

tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Coastal and riverine Sotalia are taken in gillnets, seines, and shrimp traps. In the Amazon, there may be some direct captures, and there is at least one record of harpooning a coastal animal. The coastal form is sometimes used for human consumption and as shark bait. Damming of the Amazon River potentially can cause isolation of segments of the population and reduce food supplies. Destruction and degradation of mangroves and exposure to polluted waters are other potential problems for this species. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Diagnostic Description ( englanti )

tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
This small dolphin resembles the bottlenose dolphin in body shape: it is rather chunky. The snout is longer and narrower, the flippers are broader, and the dorsal fin is shorter and more triangular than in the bottlenose dolphin. Dorsally, dolphins of the genus Sotalia are dark bluish or brownish grey, fading to light grey or white on the belly. Much of the light ventral area may be pinkish. There is a broad, somewhat indistinct stripe from the eye to the flipper and often light tones on the sides above the flippers. The mouth contains 26 to 35 teeth in each row. There are 2 forms of Sotalia, one found in rivers and lakes, and another in marine waters. Most of the information available on the species' biology comes from studies of the riverine form, and may not apply to those along the coast.Can be confused with: In the rivers, it is often difficult to distinguish Tucuxi from Boto at a distance. Up close, however, differences in dorsal-fin shape, head shape, and behaviour are the best clues to distinguishing them. Bottlenose dolphins could be mistaken for Sotalia along the coast, but they are much larger, with taller dorsal fins. Franciscana might also be difficult to distinguish from Sotalia in coastal waters. The franciscana has a larger body, much longer snout, and squarish (rather than pointed) flippers.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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FAO species catalogs

Size ( englanti )

tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Adult dolphins of the genus Sotalia are up to 2.1 m (coastal) and 1.6 m (riverine) in length. They reach weights of up to at least 40 kg. Size at birth is between 0.7 and 0.8 m.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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FAO species catalogs

Brief Summary ( englanti )

tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Dolphins of the genus Sotalia live mostly in groups of 4 or fewer, although they are found in groups of up to 20 (in freshwater) or 50 (in marine waters). They are generally shy and difficult to approach. During the flood season, riverine animals may move into smaller tributaries, but apparently do not move into the inundated forest to feed (as boto do), staying mostly in the main river channels. In Brazil, calving in the riverine form apparently occurs primarily during the low water period, October to November. Little else is known of the species' reproduction. A wide variety of fish, mostly small schooling species, are eaten by riverine tucuxi. Those along the coast consume pelagic and demersal fish and cephalopods.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Habitat ( kastilia )

tarjonnut INBio
Fluvial (de río) o costero, rara vez a más de 5 Km de la costa.
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INBio, Costa Rica
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Javier Rodriguez Fonseca
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William F. Perrin y Suzanne Sato (SWFSC)Alejandro Acevedo-Gutiérrez
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Conservation Status ( kastilia )

tarjonnut INBio
Apéndice I de CITES.
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INBio, Costa Rica
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Javier Rodriguez Fonseca
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INBio

Diagnostic Description ( kastilia )

tarjonnut INBio
Localidad del tipo: Peru, Loreto, Rio Marañon arriba de Pebas.
Depositario del tipo: MNHN, JAC 1880-550.
Recolector del tipo:
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Benefits ( kastilia )

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En algunas partes de la Amazonia se le caza por supuestas cualidades afrodisíacas de varias partes de su cuerpo.
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Diagnostic Description ( kastilia )

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De las especies más pequeñas de cetáceos, particularmente se tienen las poblaciones que permanecen en los ríos, las cuales promedian 1,6 metros de longitud y 35-40 Kg de peso. Las poblaciones costeras son un poco mayores pues miden entre 1,8 y 2 m de longitud y pesan de 45 a 55 Kg. La aleta dorsal es pequeña y casi en su totalidad de forma triangular, lo que lo distingue de otras especies de delfines.
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Reproduction ( kastilia )

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La madurez sexual la alcanzan cuando tienen alrededor de 1,5 m de longitud. Los nacimientos parecen darse, principalmente, en febrero y marzo.
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Life Cycle ( kastilia )

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El período de gestación (embarazo) es de 10 meses.
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Associations ( kastilia )

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En Costa Rica se asocia, con frecuencia, al bufeo (Tursiops truncatus).
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Cyclicity ( kastilia )

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Especie residente.
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Distribution ( kastilia )

tarjonnut INBio
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Conocida con certeza sólo en el Caribe Sur, principalmente en el sector de Gandoca-Manzanillo y hasta la desembocadura del río Sixaola. Es posible que esté más ampliamente distribuida en el Caribe costarricense.
Distribucion General: Se encuentra en toda la cuenca de los ríos Amazonas y Orinoco (Venezuela) y a lo largo de la costa desde el sur de Brasil hasta Nicaragua. Su presencia en Costa Rica y Nicaragua ha sido informada hasta hace pocos años, por lo que se trata de una especie que ha venido ampliando su ámbito de distribución y estableciédose en forma permanente en nuevas áreas.
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Trophic Strategy ( kastilia )

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Las poblaciones fluviales comen, principalmente, peces y crustáceos; las marinas (costeras), por lo general, calamares y peces.
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Tucuxi ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

El tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), també anomenat bufeo gris o bufeo negro al Perú, és un dofí que viu als rius de la conca de l'Amazones. El mot "tucuxi" (pronunciat com tucuixi) deriva del mot tupí tuchuchi-ana i ha estat adoptat com a nom comú de l'espècie. Tot i que viu en llocs similars als dofins fluvials autèntics com ara el dofí de l'Amazones, el tucuxi no té una relació estreta amb ells, sinó que pertany al grup dels dofins oceànics.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Tucuxi Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( valencia )

tarjonnut wikipedia CA

El tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), també anomenat bufeo gris o bufeo negro al Perú, és un dofí que viu als rius de la conca de l'Amazones. El mot "tucuxi" (pronunciat com tucuixi) deriva del mot tupí tuchuchi-ana i ha estat adoptat com a nom comú de l'espècie. Tot i que viu en llocs similars als dofins fluvials autèntics com ara el dofí de l'Amazones, el tucuxi no té una relació estreta amb ells, sinó que pertany al grup dels dofins oceànics.

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Delfín brazilský ( Tšekki )

tarjonnut wikipedia CZ

Delfín brazilský (Sotalia fluviatilis), také Tucuxi, v Peru bufeo gris nebo bufeo negro, je druh sladkovodního delfína, žijícího v řekách, v povodí Amazonky. Slovo tucuxi je odvozeno z jazyka Tuni od slova tuchuchi-ana a v současnosti je společným názvem druhu. Přestože se nachází v oblastech, kde žijí „správní“ říční delfíni (například boto), nemá s těmito delfíny žádný genetický základ. Místo toho je zařazen do čeledi Delphinidae. Fyzicky se delfín brazilský podobá delfínu skákavému, avšak liší se natolik, že byl zařazen do samostatného rodu, Sotalia. Costero (Sotalia guianensis) jsou delfíni, žijící na pobřeží a ústí řek, byli dříve zařazeni společně s tucuxi, dnes jsou uznáni jako samostatný druh.

Popis

Delfín brazilský je často popisován jako delfín skákavý. Delfín brazilský je však o něco menší. Měří 1,5 m. Delfín je zbarven světlo-modro-šedou barvou na zádech a bocích. Břišní strana je mnohem světlejší, často narůžovělá. Hřbetní ploutev je méně zahnutá. Čelisti jsou zřetelné a středně dlouhé. Má 26-36 párů zubů v horní a dolní čelisti.

Taxonomie

Delfína brazilského (Sotalia fluviatilis) charakterizoval Paul Gervais a Émile Deville v roce 1853 a Costero (Sotalia guianensis) popsal Pierre-Joseph van Bénéden roku 1864. Tyto dva druhy byly následně sloučeny a jsou považovány za poddruh mořských a sladkovodních variant. Rozdíly mezi těmito dvěma druhy poprvé potvrdila trojrozměrná morfometrická studie Monteiro-Filho a spol. Následně, molekulární analýza Cunha a spolupracovníků jednoznačně prokázala, že Sotalia guianensis se geneticky liší od Sotalia fluviatilis. Toto zjištění ještě jednou prozkoumal Caballero (a kolegové) s větším počtem genů. Existence dvou druhů již je všeobecně přijímaná vědeckou komunitou.

Rozšíření

Delfíni brazilští se vyskytují z velké části v řece Amazonce a jejích přítocích. Nachází se ve Venezuele, Brazílii, Peru, jihovýchodní Kolumbii a východním Ekvádoru. Mnoho lidí je pozorovalo v řece Orinoco, dále na sever, i když není jasné, zda se jednalo o Tucuxi či o Costero.

Chování

Delfíní brazilští se často vyskytují ve skupinkách po 10 až 15 členech a plavou ve velmi těsných skupinkách, což dokazuje velmi dobře rozvinutá sociální struktura. Jsou velice aktivní, dokážou ve vzduchu skákat salta, spy-hop nebo šplouchnout ocasem. Bylo zpozorováno, že se krmí na ostatních říčních delfínech. Krmí se širokou škálou druhů ryb. Studie růstu naznačují, že druh se může dožít až 35 let.

Zachování

Největším problémem jsou rybářské sítě nebo znečištění vody převážně rtutí. Několik delfínů brazilských zůstalo v Evropě v zajetí, poslední ("Paco") však v Německu roku 2009 zemřel. Tucuxi je zapsán v Úmluvě ochrany volně žijících živočichů.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Tucuxi na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
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Delfín brazilský: Brief Summary ( Tšekki )

tarjonnut wikipedia CZ

Delfín brazilský (Sotalia fluviatilis), také Tucuxi, v Peru bufeo gris nebo bufeo negro, je druh sladkovodního delfína, žijícího v řekách, v povodí Amazonky. Slovo tucuxi je odvozeno z jazyka Tuni od slova tuchuchi-ana a v současnosti je společným názvem druhu. Přestože se nachází v oblastech, kde žijí „správní“ říční delfíni (například boto), nemá s těmito delfíny žádný genetický základ. Místo toho je zařazen do čeledi Delphinidae. Fyzicky se delfín brazilský podobá delfínu skákavému, avšak liší se natolik, že byl zařazen do samostatného rodu, Sotalia. Costero (Sotalia guianensis) jsou delfíni, žijící na pobřeží a ústí řek, byli dříve zařazeni společně s tucuxi, dnes jsou uznáni jako samostatný druh.

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Tucuxi-delfin ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Tucuxi-delfinen (Sotalia fluviatilis) er en lille delfin, der kun lever i ferskvand i Sydamerikas Amazonflod og dens store bifloder. Den er normalt omrking 140 centimeter lang.[1] Dens nære slægtning Sotalia guianensis lever i salt- og brakvand i flodmundinger og lavvande kystområder i Syd- og Mellemamerika samt Caribien.[2]

Se også

Kilder

  1. ^ Caballero, S., et al. (2007), Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for “tucuxi” (Sotalia fluviatilis) and “costero” (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins.. Marine Mammal Science 23, side 358-386
  2. ^ Secchi, E. (2012). Sotalia fluviatilis. Fra IUCN's Rødliste. Hentet 2. november 2017
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Tucuxi-delfin: Brief Summary ( tanska )

tarjonnut wikipedia DA

Tucuxi-delfinen (Sotalia fluviatilis) er en lille delfin, der kun lever i ferskvand i Sydamerikas Amazonflod og dens store bifloder. Den er normalt omrking 140 centimeter lang. Dens nære slægtning Sotalia guianensis lever i salt- og brakvand i flodmundinger og lavvande kystområder i Syd- og Mellemamerika samt Caribien.

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Amazonas-Sotalia ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Der Amazonas-Sotalia (Sotalia fluviatilis, Syn.: Sotalia pallidus (Gervais, 1855), Sotalia tucuxi (Gray, 1856)) ist eine kleine Delfinart, die in ihrer Heimat Tucuxi genannt wird. Sie lebt im nördlichen Südamerika im Amazonas und seinen großen Nebenflüssen wie Rio Negro, Rio Madeira, Rio Tapajós, Río Putumayo, Rio Japurá, Río Napo, Río Cuyabeno, Río Ucayali, Río Marañón sowie Rio Tocantins. Der Amazonas-Sotalia ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Amazonasdelfin aus der Familie der Amazonas-Flussdelfine.

Merkmale

 src=
Skelett von Sotalia fluviatilis im Museum für Naturwissenschaften in Brüssel

Der Amazonas-Sotalia gehört zur Familie der Delfine (Delphinidae). Er besitzt einen mäßig langgestreckten Körper und einen durchschnittlich langen, schlanken Schnabel. Er erreicht eine durchschnittliche Körperlänge von 1,40 Meter und gehört damit zu den kleinsten Walarten. Das größte wissenschaftlich untersuchte Männchen war 1,49 Meter, das größte Weibchen 1,52 Meter lang. Die Stirn ist durch die Melone deutlich gerundet, der Schnabel gut abgesetzt. Die Flipper sind maximal 29 cm lang, die Fluke 42 cm breit. Die Finne ist niedrig und dreieckig, hat eine breite Basis und die Spitze ist manchmal hakenförmig gebogen. Je Oberkieferhälfte zählt man 28 bis 35 Zähne.

Die Farbe des Amazonas-Sotalia ist grau auf der Rückenseite und weiß, hellgrau oder ein rosa angelaufenes hellgrau auf der Bauchseite. Flipper und Fluke sind auf der Unterseite grau. Hinter den Flippern findet sich eine hellgraue Zone, eine andere verläuft von der Körpermitte zum Anus. Einige Exemplare zeigen einen hellgrauen Streifen, der sich von Schwanzflossenbasis ausgehend etwa 10 bis 15 cm nach vorne und unten erstreckt.

Von seinem nächsten Verwandten, dem an den Karibik- und Atlantikküsten Mittel- und Südamerikas vorkommenden Guyana-Delfin (Sotalia guianensis) unterscheidet sich der Amazonas-Sotalia genetisch, durch seine kleinere Maximallänge und vier metrische Merkmale bezüglich der Schädelanatomie. Ob beide Arten zueinander Kontakt haben, ist bisher unbekannt. Einziger möglicher Ort für ein Vorkommen beider Arten wäre die Amazonasmündung, da die Überwindung der Stromschnellen des Casiquiare für ihn als unmöglich gilt.

Lebensweise

Der Amazonas-Sotalia lebt in unterschiedlichen Sozialgruppen, darunter Mutter-Kind-Gruppen, Familien oder größere Gruppen von zumeist 10, maximal 25 Exemplaren. Aufgrund des trüben Wassers des Lebensraums ist die Echoortung zur Orientierung außerordentlich wichtig. Seine Tauchgänge dauern meist 30 Sekunden, maximal 80 Sekunden. Er ernährt sich von Fischen und Wirbellosen. Wie Kratzspuren auf der Haut vermuten lassen, sind darunter auch größere, wehrhafte Fische, wie verschiedene Welsartige. Im Unterschied zu anderen Zahnwalen, die ihre Beute meist gleich verschlucken, scheint der Amazonas-Sotalia seine Nahrung zu kauen. Die Tragzeit dauert etwa 10 Monate und die Jungtiere werden etwa ein halbes Jahr gesäugt.

Literatur

Weblinks

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– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Amazonas-Sotalia: Brief Summary ( saksa )

tarjonnut wikipedia DE

Der Amazonas-Sotalia (Sotalia fluviatilis, Syn.: Sotalia pallidus (Gervais, 1855), Sotalia tucuxi (Gray, 1856)) ist eine kleine Delfinart, die in ihrer Heimat Tucuxi genannt wird. Sie lebt im nördlichen Südamerika im Amazonas und seinen großen Nebenflüssen wie Rio Negro, Rio Madeira, Rio Tapajós, Río Putumayo, Rio Japurá, Río Napo, Río Cuyabeno, Río Ucayali, Río Marañón sowie Rio Tocantins. Der Amazonas-Sotalia ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Amazonasdelfin aus der Familie der Amazonas-Flussdelfine.

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Pirajaguara ( Guarani )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages

Pirajaguara mymba okambúva juehegua piraicha oiko ysyrype ha paraguasupe avei. Ko mymba ho'u pira ha y jatyta. Hete guasúva ha hũngyva.

Pirajaguara ha'e michĩva piranare, térã ojoguava. Ko mymba oiko Paraguasu Atlántiko, Ñembyamérika yrembe'y gotyonte, oiko katuete paranakuare ha yjerepe, ha ysyry ka'aguy guasu Amasonape.

Mandu'apy

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Pirajaguara: Brief Summary ( Guarani )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages

Pirajaguara mymba okambúva juehegua piraicha oiko ysyrype ha paraguasupe avei. Ko mymba ho'u pira ha y jatyta. Hete guasúva ha hũngyva.

Pirajaguara ha'e michĩva piranare, térã ojoguava. Ko mymba oiko Paraguasu Atlántiko, Ñembyamérika yrembe'y gotyonte, oiko katuete paranakuare ha yjerepe, ha ysyry ka'aguy guasu Amasonape.

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Tukushi ( ketšua )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages
Puhuyu (puka bukya) nisqamanta ñawirinaykipaq chaypi qhaway.

Yana bukllu,[1] Yana bukya, Yana bukyu (icha Bukyu chaylla)[2] icha Tukushi (tupi simimanta) (Sotalia fluviatilis) nisqaqa Amarumayupi kawsaq wallinacham. Bukya nisqapas, puka bukyawan manam kaqllachu, chiqap delphinmi.

Hawa t'inkikuna

  • Commons nisqapi ruray Commons nisqapi suyukunata uyarinakunatapas tarinki kaymantam: Tukushi.

Pukyukuna

  1. Resultados de Evaluación Forestal de Bosque de Colinas Bajas, Anexo 3H-5. Región Loreto, Iquitos 2007. p. 106. Sotalia fluviatilis: Yana Bugllo.
  2. Galo Zapata Ríos: Mamíferos de la Amazonía ecuatoriana – Los nombres vernáculos. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito 2000. p. 34. Sotalia fluviatilis: Bucyo.
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Tukushi ( albania )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages

Tukushi (Sotalia fluviatilis), i njohur në Peru si bufeo gris ose bufeo negro, është një lloj delfini i ujërave të ëmbla, që gjendet në pellgun e Amazonës. Fjala "tukushi" vjen nga gjuha tupi tuçuçi-ana. Edhe pse jeton pranë delfinëve "të vërtetë" të lumit, siç është delfini i Amazonës, tukushi nuk ka lidhje gjenetike me ata. Por është i klasifikuar në familjen e delfinëve oqeanikë (Delphinidae).

Fizikisht, ky lloj i ngjan delfinit hundëshishe, por ndryshon mjaftueshëm për t'u vendosur në një gjini të nadrë, Sotalia. Delfini i Guajanës (Sotalia guianensis), një kushëri i tukushit i cili jeton në mjedise bregdetare dhe estuare dikur i grupuar së bashku me tukushin, sot njihet si lloj i veçantë.

Shiko dhe

Referimet

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Tukushi: Brief Summary ( ketšua )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages
Puhuyu (puka bukya) nisqamanta ñawirinaykipaq chaypi qhaway.

Yana bukllu, Yana bukya, Yana bukyu (icha Bukyu chaylla) icha Tukushi (tupi simimanta) (Sotalia fluviatilis) nisqaqa Amarumayupi kawsaq wallinacham. Bukya nisqapas, puka bukyawan manam kaqllachu, chiqap delphinmi.

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Tukushi: Brief Summary ( albania )

tarjonnut wikipedia emerging languages

Tukushi (Sotalia fluviatilis), i njohur në Peru si bufeo gris ose bufeo negro, është një lloj delfini i ujërave të ëmbla, që gjendet në pellgun e Amazonës. Fjala "tukushi" vjen nga gjuha tupi tuçuçi-ana. Edhe pse jeton pranë delfinëve "të vërtetë" të lumit, siç është delfini i Amazonës, tukushi nuk ka lidhje gjenetike me ata. Por është i klasifikuar në familjen e delfinëve oqeanikë (Delphinidae).

Fizikisht, ky lloj i ngjan delfinit hundëshishe, por ndryshon mjaftueshëm për t'u vendosur në një gjini të nadrë, Sotalia. Delfini i Guajanës (Sotalia guianensis), një kushëri i tukushit i cili jeton në mjedise bregdetare dhe estuare dikur i grupuar së bashku me tukushin, sot njihet si lloj i veçantë.

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Tucuxi ( englanti )

tarjonnut wikipedia EN

The tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), alternatively known in Peru bufeo gris or bufeo negro, is a species of freshwater dolphin found in the rivers of the Amazon basin. The word tucuxi is derived from the Tupi language word tuchuchi-ana, and has now been adopted as the species' common name. Despite being found in geographic locations similar to those of 'true' river dolphins such as the boto, the tucuxi is not closely related to them genetically. Instead, it is classed in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).

Physically, the species resembles the bottlenose dolphins, but differs sufficiently to be placed in a separate genus, Sotalia. The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), a related dolphin present in coastal and estuarine environments and formerly grouped together with the tucuxi, have recently been recognized as a distinct species.

Description

The tucuxi is frequently described (see references below) as looking similar to the bottlenose dolphin, but it is typically smaller at around 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The dolphin is colored light to bluish grey on its back and sides. The ventral region is much lighter, often pinkish. It is theorized that this pinkish color may be caused or intensified by increased blood flow.[3] The dorsal fluke is typically slightly hooked. The beak is well-defined and of moderate length. There are 26 to 36 pairs of teeth in the upper and lower jaws.[4] The tucuxi has one of the largest known encephalization quotients among mammals.[5]

Taxonomy

The tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) was described by Gervais and Deville in 1853, and the costero (Sotalia guianensis) by Pierre-Joseph van Bénéden in 1864. These two species were subsequently synonymized, with the two species being treated as subspecies of marine and freshwater varieties.[6] The first to reassert differences between these two species was a three-dimensional morphometric study of Monteiro-Filho and colleagues.[7] Subsequently, a molecular analysis by Cunha and colleagues[8] unambiguously demonstrated that Sotalia guianensis was genetically differentiated from Sotalia fluviatilis. This finding was reiterated by Caballero and colleagues[9] with a larger number of genes. The existence of two species has been generally accepted by the scientific community.

Distribution

The tucuxi exists along much of the length of the Amazon River and many of its tributaries, and is found in Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, southeastern Colombia. Numerous individuals have been seen in the Orinoco River further north,[10] though it is not clear whether these are tucuxi or costero. The tucuxi has recently been found to inhabit a larger range, including the northeast portion of Brazil such as the state of Amapa, which includes more basins than the Amazon basin.[11] This species occurs in freshwater habitats only.[12]

Food and foraging

Tucuxis forage in tight groups, often chasing fish in rapid dashes just below the water surface, with fish jumping out of their way. Thirty species of fish are known to be prey, some living in protected lakes and channels, while others occur in fast-flowing rivers.[12]

Behaviour

The tucuxi exists in small groups of about 10-15 individuals, and swim in tight-knit groups, suggesting a highly developed social structure. Tucuxis are quite active and may jump clear of the water (a behavior known as breaching), somersault, spy-hop or tail-splash. They are unlikely, however, to approach boats.

Tucuxis have been observed to feed with other river dolphins. They feed on a wide variety of fish. Studies of growth layers suggest the species can live up to 35 years. The oldest known animal was 36 years of age.[12]

Threats

Medicinal use

The oil and fat in the skin of tucuxi is used in local traditional medicine as an ointment to be rubbed on wounds or sore body parts. The ointment is thought to treat illnesses such as hemorrhoids, rheumatism, and arthritis, while the teeth are used in a powder form to treat asthma.[13]

Magic and religious use

The eyes, teeth, and genital organs of tucuxi are sold throughout Northern Brazil as magical charms that promote good luck, love, and financial rewards. Baths are also created with these body parts and are meant to help one attract sexual partners if they bathed in the water. Other products such as perfumes and powders made with the genital organs are sold as aphrodisiacs. The number of dolphins harvested for magical or religious purposes and its effect on tucuxi populations is unknown.[13]

Fishing

Interactions of tucuxi dolphins with fishing activity is common in the Western Brazilian Amazon.[14] Tucuxi forage on schooling fish that are also important species for commercial fishing in the area. They are particularly vulnerable to entanglement in commercial fishing nets in the lower Japurá River.[15] The carcasses of the dolphins caught incidentally or intentionally are often used as bait for piracatinga fishing.[14]

Habitat degradation and loss

The tucuxi's habitat has been greatly affected by anthropogenic activities including the expansion of hydroelectric projects, which usually results in isolation where a dam is built.[13] Pollution from human activity has also degraded the quality of the habitat and increases the chance for tucuxis to consume heavy metals.[16]

Conservation

Tucuxi skeleton

The tucuxi is endemic to the regions described above; although no precise estimates of population are available, it is common. A significant human problem is fishing nets. Deliberate hunting in the Amazon basin for food has also been reported. Pollution, in particular, mercury poisoning of water due to gold mining, is a particular concern for this species. The IUCN also cites habitat fragmentation by dam construction as a threat, though more detailed study is necessary.[1]

Tucuxis are observed not to maintain good health and attitude in captive environments. A few tucuxis remained in captivity in European aquaria, but the last one ("Paco") died in 2009 in the Zoo of Münster, Germany.[17]

The tucuxi is listed on Appendix II[18] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II[18] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b da Silva, V.; Martin, A.; Fettuccia, D.; Bivaqua, L.; Trujillo, F. (2020). "Sotalia fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T190871A50386457. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T190871A50386457.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ Edwards and Schnell, Holly and Gary (2001). "Body Length, Swimming Speed, Dive Duration, and Coloration of the Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis (Tucuxi) in Nicaragua" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  4. ^ Monteiro-Neto, Cassiano; Alves-Júnior, Tarcísio Teixeira; Ávila, Francisco J. Capibaribe; Campos, Alberto Alves; Costa, Alexandra Fernandes; Silva, Cristine Pereira Negrão; Furtado-Neto, Manuel A. Andrade (2000). "Impact of fisheries on the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) and rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) populations off Ceara state, northeastern Brazil" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. European Association for Aquatic Mammals. 26 (1): 49–56. ISSN 1996-7292. OCLC 55134873. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  5. ^ William F. Perrin; Bernd Würsig; J.G.M. Thewissen (2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5.
  6. ^ Borobia, M.; S. Siciliano; L. Lodi & W. Hoek (1991). "Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 69 (4): 1024–1039. doi:10.1139/z91-148.
  7. ^ Monteiro-Filho, E. L. D. A.; L. Rabello-Monteiro & S. F. D. Reis (2008). "Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis". Journal of Mammalogy. 83: 125–134. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0125:SSASDI>2.0.CO;2.
  8. ^ Cunha, H. A.; V. M. F. da Silva; J. Lailson-Brito Jr.; M. C. O. Santos; P. A. C. Flores; A. R. Martin; A. F. Azevedo; A. B. L. Fragoso; R. C. Zanelatto & A. M. Solé-Cava (2005). "Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species". Marine Biology. 148 (2): 449–457. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0078-2. S2CID 49359327.
  9. ^ Caballero, S.; F. Trujillo; J. A. Vianna; H. Barrios-Garrido; M. G. Montiel; S. Beltrán-Pedreros; M. Marmontel; M. C. Santos; M. R. Rossi-Santos; F. R. Santos & C. S. Baker (2007). "Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins". Marine Mammal Science. 23 (2): 358–386. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00110.x.
  10. ^ Jefferson, Thomas A. (1993). Marine mammals of the world. Stephen Leatherwood, Marc A. Webber, United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme. ISBN 92-5-103292-0. OCLC 30643250.
  11. ^ Marmontel, Miriam; Lima, Danielle dos Santos; Funi, Claudia; Santos, Valdenira Ferreira dos; Oliveira-da-Costa, Marcelo (15 July 2021). "Unveiling the Conservation Status of Inia and Sotalia in the Brazilian Northeastern Amazon". Aquatic Mammals. 47 (4): 376–393. doi:10.1578/AM.47.4.2021.376. S2CID 237753641.
  12. ^ a b c A. Berta, ed. (2015). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press.
  13. ^ a b c Alves, Rômulo R. N.; Rosa, Ierecê L. (1 June 2008). "Use of Tucuxi Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis for Medicinal and Magic/Religious Purposes in North of Brazil". Human Ecology. 36 (3): 443–447. doi:10.1007/s10745-008-9174-5. ISSN 1572-9915. S2CID 154294005.
  14. ^ a b Iriarte, Verónica (1 June 2013). "River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis, Sotalia fluviatilis) Mortality Events Attributed to Artisanal Fisheries in the Western Brazilian Amazon". Aquatic Mammals. 39 (2): 116–124. doi:10.1578/am.39.2.2013.116. ISSN 0167-5427.
  15. ^ Crespo, E. A.; Alarcón, D.; Alonso, M.; Bazzalo, M.; Borobia, M.; Cremer, M.; Filla, G.; Lodi, L.; Magalhães, F. A.; Marigo, J.; Queiróz, H. L. (2010). "Report of the Working Group on Major Threats and Conservation". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 8 (1–2): 47–56. doi:10.5597/lajam00153. ISSN 2236-1057.
  16. ^ Monteiro-Neto, Cassiano; Itavo, Renata Vinhas; Moraes, Luiz Eduardo de Souza (May 2003). "Concentrations of heavy metals in Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) off the coast of Ceará, northeast Brazil". Environmental Pollution. 123 (2): 319–324. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00371-8. PMID 12628211.
  17. ^ Blogger, Guest (24 August 2017). "A HISTORY OF CAPTIVE RARITIES AND ODDITIES (PART 2)". Ric O'Barry Dolphin Project. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009. Convention on Migratory Species page on the Tucuxi Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine

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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( englanti )

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The tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), alternatively known in Peru bufeo gris or bufeo negro, is a species of freshwater dolphin found in the rivers of the Amazon basin. The word tucuxi is derived from the Tupi language word tuchuchi-ana, and has now been adopted as the species' common name. Despite being found in geographic locations similar to those of 'true' river dolphins such as the boto, the tucuxi is not closely related to them genetically. Instead, it is classed in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).

Physically, the species resembles the bottlenose dolphins, but differs sufficiently to be placed in a separate genus, Sotalia. The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), a related dolphin present in coastal and estuarine environments and formerly grouped together with the tucuxi, have recently been recognized as a distinct species.

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Sotalia fluviatilis ( kastilia )

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El tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae. Vive tanto en los ríos de la cuenca del Amazonas como en la costa del norte y del este de América del Sur. La palabra "tucuxi", que deriva de las lenguas tupí, ha sido aprobado como el nombre común para esta especie. A pesar de tener una ubicación geográfica similar al verdadero delfín de río Amazonas (delfín rosado), el tucuxi no está estrechamente relacionado con él, que pertenece a otra familia (Iniidae).

Descripción

El tucuxi es descrito con frecuencia como muy similar al delfín mular. Sin embargo, es de menor tamaño, en particular, la variedad fluvial (1,5 m), que es más pequeño que su homólogo marino (hasta 2,1 m). La coloración es gris azulado lateral y dorsalmente; la región ventral es mucho más clara, a menudo rosado en el ecotipo fluvial y gris en el medio marino. La aleta dorsal pose la típica forma de gancho, sobre todo entre los grupos ribereños. El hocico está bien definido y es de una longitud moderada.

Población y distribución

El tucuxi marino se encuentra cerca de los estuarios, ensenadas protegidas y otras áreas de aguas someras en todo el Norte y Este de la costa de América del Sur. Esta especie ha sido ubicada en la parte norte del continente hasta Honduras[2]​ habiéndose localizado especímenes hasta 1 kilómetro aguas arriba en fuentes pluviales. Los tucuxis fluviales habitan a lo largo del río Amazonas y en muchos de sus afluentes. Se encuentra en el Perú, al sudeste de Colombia y Ecuador oriental y recientes investigaciones han encontrado ejemplares al centro del Departamento de Pando en Bolivia cuando se buscaba nuevos ejemplares de una nueva especie de tapir.[3]​ Sin embargo, estas observaciones en Bolivia no han sido confirmadas y no se han obtenido muestras de tejido para confirmación taxonómica con ADN.

Referencias

  1. da Silva, V., Martin, A., Fettuccia, D., Bivaqua, L. & Trujillo, F. (2020). «Sotalia fluviatilis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2020.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2020.
  2. Mammalian Especies. Archivado desde el original el 15 de marzo de 2016.
  3. Antelo Aguilar, Silvia. «La nueva especie de tapir recién descubierta en Brasil y Colombia también habita en Pando». Sol de Pando. Consultado el 14 de marzo de 2018.

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Sotalia fluviatilis: Brief Summary ( kastilia )

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El tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Delphinidae. Vive tanto en los ríos de la cuenca del Amazonas como en la costa del norte y del este de América del Sur. La palabra "tucuxi", que deriva de las lenguas tupí, ha sido aprobado como el nombre común para esta especie. A pesar de tener una ubicación geográfica similar al verdadero delfín de río Amazonas (delfín rosado), el tucuxi no está estrechamente relacionado con él, que pertenece a otra familia (Iniidae).

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Sotalia fluviatilis ( baski )

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Sotalia fluviatilis Sotalia generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Gervais and Deville (1853) In Gervais 148. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Sotalia fluviatilis: Brief Summary ( baski )

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Sotalia fluviatilis Sotalia generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Delphinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Tucuxi ( ranska )

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Sotalia fluviatilis

Le tucuxi, sotalie de l'Amazone ou dauphin de l'Orénoque (Sotalia fluviatilis) est une espèce de cétacé de la famille des Delphinidae vivant dans le bassin de l'Amazone.

Description

 src=
Tucuxi à l'échelle humaine.

Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel[1]. Le tucuxi adulte mesure entre 130 et 200 cm et pèse de 35 à 40 kg[2]. Il est trapu et pourvu de grandes nageoires caudale et dorsale et a un ventre pâle. La nageoire dorsale est légèrement courbée. Le rostre a une longueur moyenne et est pourvu de 26 à 36 paires de dents.

Taxinomie

Le tucuxi ou Sotalia fluviatilis[3] fut décrit par Gervais & Deville en 1853 (et le costero ou Sotalia guianensis par Pierre-Joseph van Bénéden en 1864). Longtemps ces espèces furent synonymes[4]. La première étude faisant état de distinction profonde fut une morphométrie en 3D réalisée récemment par Monteiro-Filho[5]. Une analyse moléculaire réalisée par Cunha[6] démontra que Sotalia guianensis était génétiquement différent de Sotalia fluviatilis. Cette découverte fut confirmée par Caballero[7]. Bien que l'existence et la distinction de ces espèces soit à présent généralement admise, l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) continue à les classer sous le même taxon : Sotalia fluviatilis.

Répartition et habitat

Le tucuxi se rencontre dans le bassin de l'Amazone au Brésil, en Guyane, mais aussi au Pérou et en Colombie dans les eaux côtières peu profondes, les récifs de corail, les mangroves, les estuaires et les fleuves[2].

Comportement

Le tucuxi aime à se rassembler en petits groupes de 10-15 individus (Jusqu'à 30 dans les eaux côtières[2]) même s'il vit généralement seul ou en couple. Il nage ainsi de façon très serrée, suggérant une structure sociale importante. Le tucuxi aime à faire des bonds hors de l'eau et joue souvent à éclabousser. Il est lent et se nourrit surtout de poissons nageant en bancs.

Il se nourrit de poissons (anchois et poissons-chats) et de calmars qu'il avale tout ronds[2].

On a observé le tucuxi chassant en compagnie d'autres dauphins;

Son espérance de vie est estimée à 35 ans.

Étymologie et dénomination

Le terme « tucuxi » (prononcé toukouchi) dérive d'un mot emprunté au langage des Tupis : tuchuchi-ana. Bien qu'il partage son habitat avec les dauphins d'eau douce (tel le boto), le tucuxi n'est pas génétiquement relié à lui[2].

Conservation

Le tucuxi est encore assez répandu, bien qu'il n'existe pas de statistique précise. Il subit toutefois les affres typiques aux dauphins, à savoir prise dans des filets de pêche, pollution au mercure et même chasse spécifique. Il est protégé par la tradition qui interdit de le chasser dans certains endroits mais parfois tué pour sa chair où pour servir d'appât pour la pêche[2]. Il a été rajouté dans la liste des espèces en danger en 2020[8],[9].

Le tucuxi supporte mal la captivité. Le dernier représentant de l'espèce en Europe (Paco) mourut en 2009 au zoo de Münster, en Allemagne.

Références

  1. (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Sotalia fluviatilis
  2. a b c d e et f David Burnie (dir.) (trad. de l'anglais par Valérie Andréani), Le Règne Animal, Paris, Gallimard Jeunesse, 2002, 623 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2)
  3. Détails des difficultés de classifications et l'absence de données de conservation
  4. (en) Borobia, M., S. Siciliano, L. Lodi, and W. Hoek, « Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis », Canadian Journal of Zoology,‎ 1991volume=69, p. 1024–1039 (DOI )
  5. (en) Monteiro-Filho, E. L. D. A., L. Rabello-Monteiro, and S. F. D. Reis, « Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 83,‎ 2008, p. 125–134 (DOI )
  6. (en) Cunha, H. A., V. M. F. da Silva, J. Lailson-Brito Jr., M. C. O. Santos, P. A. C. Flores, A. R. Martin, A. F. Azevedo, A. B. L. Fragoso, R. C. Zanelatto, and A. M. Solé-Cava, « Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species », Marine Biology, vol. 148,‎ 2005, p. 449–457 (DOI )
  7. (en) Caballero, S., F. Trujillo, J. A. Vianna, H. Barrios-Garrido, M. G. Montiel, S. Beltrán-Pedreros, M. Marmontel, M. C. Santos, M. R. Rossi-Santos, F. R. Santos, and C. S. Baker, « Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins », Marine Mammal Science, vol. 23,‎ 2007, p. 358–386 (DOI )
  8. « Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis » (consulté le 10 décembre 2020)
  9. « Plus de 3 000 animaux et végétaux rejoignent la liste rouge des espèces menacées », Le Monde.fr,‎ 10 décembre 2020 (lire en ligne)

Annexes

Références taxonomiques

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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( ranska )

tarjonnut wikipedia FR

Sotalia fluviatilis

Le tucuxi, sotalie de l'Amazone ou dauphin de l'Orénoque (Sotalia fluviatilis) est une espèce de cétacé de la famille des Delphinidae vivant dans le bassin de l'Amazone.

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Sotalia fluviatilis ( galicia )

tarjonnut wikipedia gl Galician

Sotalia fluviatilis é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos que vive tanto nas costas do norte e o leste de Sudamérica como nos ríos da bacía do Amazonas. Aínda que comparte o seu hábitat cos chamados golfiños de auga doce non está relacionada con eles filoxeneticamente, xa que está clasificada dentro do grupo dos delfínidos ou golfiños oceánicos.

Taxonomía

A especie foi descrita por Gervais e Deville en 1853 como Delphinus fluviatilis'[2] e máis tarde reclasificada dentro do xénero Sotalia, creado por John Edward Gray en 1866, primeiro polo propio Gray e 1853 como Sotalia fluviatilis fluviatilis, despois por Gervais en 1855 como S. pallida e máis tarde, en 1856, por Gray como S. tucuxi. Como hoxe non están admitidas subespecies neste xénero, o nome científico válido actualmente é Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais e Deville, 1853.

Durante moitos anos considerouse s Sotalia como un xénero monotípico, até que en 2007, como resulado de análises morfométricos e de ADN mitocondrial.[3] separouse del Sotalia guianensis [3][4] como especie distinta.[5]

Por certo, o nome específico tucuxi que lle aplicou Gray en 1853 ten a mesma orixe que o do xénero Tucuxa, creado polo citado Gray en 1966 e hoxe considerado como sínónimo de Sotalia. Ambos os termos derivan do tupí tukuxí-ana, que é o nome que lle dan a este golfiño os indíxenas do Amazonas. E por iso tucuxi (con pronuncia aguda) foi adoptado pola comunidade científica internacioinal cono nome vulgar da especie.

Descrición

As características principais deste golfiño son:[6]

  • Corpo de pequeno tamaño, robusto, de forma que recorda, a algúns observadores, á da beluga, ou á do arroaz a outros, pero de menor tamaño, de até 2,1 de lonxutude nos espécimes exclusivamente mariños e de tan só 1,5 m nos exclusivaemte fluiviais.
  • A coloración é relativamente clara, especialmente na rexión ventral. O dorso é de cor gris azulada no dorso e nos flancos, con variacións que poden ir desde unha tonalidade gris azulada algo escura até a azul clara, pasando por unha gris intermedia. A rexión ventral é moito más clara, a miiúdo rosada no ecotipo fluvial e gris pálida no medio mariño.
  • A cabeza é arredondada, roma, con melón de gran tamaño e con bico á penas marcado.
  • A aleta dorsal é curta, tiangular e co ápice romo. En cambio as aletas pectorais son longas, anchas, espatuladas ou apuntadas, cos bordos anteriores moi curvos. O pedúnculo caudal é estreito, rematando nunha aleta caudal ancha, cunha profunda fendewdura media separando os dous lóbulos, que teñen os bordos posteriores lixeiramente cóncavos.

Comportamento

É un nadador lento. Emerxe cun movemento de xiro suave e lanto, como un balanceo. As inmersióins duran de 30 a 60 seg, e adoitan de ir seguidos de 3 respiracións en rápida sucesión. É capoaz de permanecer mergullado até 12 min. Amosa pouco de si mesmo na superficie, pero ás veces saca a cabeza da auga para vixiar, dá golpes coa cola na auga ou salta. Para facer inmersións profundas levanta a cola da agua arqueando o pedúnculo caudal.[6]

Distribución e poboación

Os espécimes mariños encóntranse cerca dos estuarios, enseadas protexidas e outras zonas de augas pouco profundas en todo o norte e o leste da costa de Suramérica, imcluíndo as do sur do mar Caribe. Tense visto tan lonxe ao norte como en Nicaragua, e polo sur até Florianópolis (Brasil). Os fluviais habitan ao longo do río Amazonas e en moitos dos seus afluentes. Encóntranse no Perú, ao sueste de Colombia e no Ecuador oriental. Varios exemplares foron vistos no río Orinoco e no lago de Maracaibo (Venezuela).[6] O status das súas poboacíóns descoñécense, e por iso a UICN cualificou a especie como "CC" (datos insuficientes).[1]

Alimentación

Aliméntase, en augas abertas e nos fondos, de camaróns e outros crustáceos, peixes e cefalópodos.[6]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 Secchi, E. (2012): Sotalia fluviatilis na Lista vermella de especies ameazadas da UICN. 2013.1.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais and Deville, 1853) en ITIS.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Sotalia guianensis (Van Bénéden 1864) Arquivado 20 de maio de 2013 en Wayback Machine. en Convention on Migratory Species. 2010.
  4. Cunha, H. A., V. M. F. da Silva, J. Lailson-Brito Jr., M. C. O. Santos, P. A. C. Flores, A. R. Martin, A. F. Azevedo, A. B. L. Fragoso, R. C. Zanelatto e A. M. Solé-Cava (2005): "Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species". Marine Biology 148: 449–457. Resumo.
  5. Wilson & Reeder (eds.) (2005).
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Carwardine, M. (1995), pp. 222-223.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

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Sotalia fluviatilis: Brief Summary ( galicia )

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Sotalia fluviatilis é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto da familia dos delfínidos que vive tanto nas costas do norte e o leste de Sudamérica como nos ríos da bacía do Amazonas. Aínda que comparte o seu hábitat cos chamados golfiños de auga doce non está relacionada con eles filoxeneticamente, xa que está clasificada dentro do grupo dos delfínidos ou golfiños oceánicos.

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Sotalia fluviatilis ( Italia )

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La sotalia (Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville, 1853)) è un delfino che vive sia nei fiumi del bacino amazzonico che nelle acque costiere del Sudamerica settentrionale ed orientale. Nonostante viva nelle stesse aree geografiche dei 'veri' delfini di fiume come l'inia, la sotalia non è strettamente imparentato geneticamente con essi. Viene classificato, invece, nella famiglia dei delfini (Delphinidae). Fisicamente la specie, soprattutto la varietà marina, ricorda il tursiope. Comunque, non è strettamente imparentato nemmeno con esso, ed appartiene quindi ad un genere monospecifico, Sotalia.

Descrizione

La sotalia viene frequentemente descritta come simile nell'aspetto al tursiope. Comunque è generalmente più piccolo, soprattutto l'ecotipo fluviale (150 cm), più piccolo della sua controparte marina (fino a 210 cm). Il delfino ha una colorazione dal grigio chiaro al grigio bluastro sul dorso e sui fianchi. La regione ventrale è più chiara, spesso rosacea nell'ecotipo fluviale e grigio più chiaro in quello marino. La pinna dorsale è generalmente lievemente uncinata, soprattutto nei gruppi fluviali. Il rostro è ben definito e di lunghezza moderata.

Distribuzione

La sotalia marina vive nei pressi degli estuari, delle insenature e di altre zone di acqua bassa protetta intorno alla costa orientale e settentrionale del Sudamerica. È stato registrato a sud fino al Brasile meridionale e a nord fino al Nicaragua. Siamo a conoscenza anche di un animale che ha raggiunto l'Honduras. La sotalia fluviale vive lungo tutto il corso del Rio delle Amazzoni e di molti dei suoi affluenti e in Venezuela, Perù, Colombia sud-orientale ed Ecuador orientale. Numerosi esemplari sono stati osservati a nord dell'Orinoco, ma non è chiaro se questi siano individui fluviali o esemplari marini che si sono persi.

Comportamento

Sia gli esemplari marini che quelli fluviali vivono in piccoli gruppi di circa 10-15 individui, occasionalmente fino a 30 negli ambienti marini, e nuotano in gruppi ben compatti, cosa che suggerisce una struttura sociale altamente sviluppata. Le sotalie sono abbastanza attive e possono effettuare salti sull'acqua (comportamento noto come breaching) e capriole, spingere la testa fuori dall'acqua e sbattere la coda sulla superficie. Non si avvicinano, comunque, alle imbarcazioni.

Le sotalie sono state viste nutrirsi con altri delfini di fiume. Si nutrono di una grande varietà di pesci. Studi sul loro sviluppo suggeriscono che la specie possa vivere fino ai 30 (forma marina) o ai 35 (forma fluviale) anni.

Conservazione

La sotalia è endemica della regione sopra descritta ed è considerata comune, sebbene non siano disponibili stime precise della popolazione. Possibili predatori naturali sono l'orca e lo squalo leuca, anche se non è mai stata osservata alcuna predazione. Un significativo problema causato dall'uomo è costituito dall'uso di reti da pesca. Non esistono dati precisi sul numero di sotalie uccise accidentalmente ogni anno a causa degli intrappolamenti. Altri problemi importanti in alcune aree sono le imbarcazioni e il turismo. Piccole imbarcazioni da pesca collidono a volte con i delfini che non sono abbastanza veloci da nuotare fuori dal pericolo in tempo per evitare queste collisioni. Sono stati riportati anche casi di caccia deliberata nel bacino amazzonico, per nutrirsi della carne o per usarla in mare come esca per gli squali. L'inquinamento, in particolare l'avvelenamento da mercurio delle acque dovuto all'uso delle miniere d'oro, è un rischio particolare per questa specie, che vive solamente nei pressi della costa.

Le sotalie in cattività non riescono a mantenere la salute fisica e attitudinale. In cattività rimangono solamente pochi esemplari in acquari europei.

Il 10 dicembre 2020, a causa di tutte le problematiche precedenti e dello studio sul numero di esemplari, l'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN) ha deciso di inserire la sotalia tra le specie in pericolo.

Bibliografia

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Sotalia fluviatilis: Brief Summary ( Italia )

tarjonnut wikipedia IT

La sotalia (Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville, 1853)) è un delfino che vive sia nei fiumi del bacino amazzonico che nelle acque costiere del Sudamerica settentrionale ed orientale. Nonostante viva nelle stesse aree geografiche dei 'veri' delfini di fiume come l'inia, la sotalia non è strettamente imparentato geneticamente con essi. Viene classificato, invece, nella famiglia dei delfini (Delphinidae). Fisicamente la specie, soprattutto la varietà marina, ricorda il tursiope. Comunque, non è strettamente imparentato nemmeno con esso, ed appartiene quindi ad un genere monospecifico, Sotalia.

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Tucuxi ( flaami )

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De tucuxi of Amazonedolfijn (Sotalia fluviatilis) is een soort dolfijn. Hoewel de soort enkel in de Amazone en zijn zijrivieren leeft, behoort hij toch niet tot de familie der rivierdolfijnen.

Taxonomie

Hij wordt vaak als één soort gezien met Sotalia guianensis, die rond de kusten rond de monding van de Amazone leeft, maar genetisch gezien verschillen ze te veel om dit nog langer zo te erkennen. De tucuxi is uiterlijk nauwelijks te onderscheiden van zijn verwant, maar hij is gemiddeld iets kleiner.

Het is ook onduidelijk of de sotalia's in de Orinoco tot een van beide soorten behoort.

Uiterlijk

De tucuxi is grijsblauw van kleur met aan de onderkant tinten die naar roze neigen.

Fysiek lijken zowel de tucuxi als de Sotalia guianensis op de tuimelaar, bekend uit dolfinaria, maar ze hebben een kleinere rugvin en zijn ook globaal opvallend kleiner.

Amazonedolfijnen worden circa 1,50 meter lang.

Gedrag

De tucuxi leeft in kleine, hechte groepjes van enkele tot circa 20 exemplaren. Ze zouden ongeveer 35 jaar kunnen worden.

Amazonedolfijnen vertonen het typisch speelse gedrag van dolfijnen: spyhoppen, plonzen met de staart, klapperen met de buikvinnen en door het water schieten.

Amazonedolfijnen eten een hele waaier aan vissoorten, die ze soms samen met rivierdolfijnen bejagen.

Mensen

Het aantal tucuxi's is onbekend, maar wel bekend is dat de diersoort onder zekere druk van menselijke activiteit staat. Zo verstrikken ze soms in visnetten of krijgen ze te kampen met het giftige kwik, afkomstig van goudwinning. Er wordt ook op ze gejaagd voor voedsel.

De dieren gedijen over het algemeen niet goed in aquaria. In januari 2010 overleed de laatste tucuxi buiten Zuid-Amerika in het dolfinarium van de All Wetter Zoo in Münster, Duitsland.

Bronnen
  • (nl) Carwardine, Mark; Hoyt Erich, Fordyce R. Ewan, Gill Peter, Walvissen, dolfijnen & bruinvissen - De complete gids voor zeezoogdieren, Könemann, Keulen, 2000, 288. ISBN 3-8290-6758-5.
Geslachten en soorten van dolfijnen (Delphinidae)
Australodelphis:Australodelphis mirusCephalorhynchus:Kortsnuitdolfijn (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) · Witbuikdolfijn (Cephalorhynchus eutropia) · Havisidedolfijn (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) · Hectordolfijn (Cephalorhynchus hectori)Delphinus:Kaapse dolfijn (Delphinus capensis) · Gewone dolfijn (Delphinus delphis)Feresa:Dwerggriend (Feresa attenuata)Globicephala:Indische griend (Globicephala macrorhynchus) · Griend (Globicephala melas)Grampus:Gramper (Grampus griseus)Lagenodelphis:Sarawakdolfijn (Lagenodelphis hosei)Lagenorhynchus:Witflankdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus acutus) · Witsnuitdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) · Dolfijn van Peale (Lagenorhynchus australis) · Zandloperdolfijn (Lagenorhynchus cruciger) · Witgestreepte dolfijn (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) · Donkergestreepte dolfijn (Lagenorhynchus obscurus)Lissodelphis:Noordelijke gladde dolfijn (Lissodelphis borealis) · Zuidelijke gladde dolfijn (Lissodelphis peronii)Orcaella:Irrawaddydolfijn (Orcaella brevirostris) · Australische snubvindolfijn (Orcaella heinsohni)Orcinus:Orka (Orcinus orca)PlatalearostrumHoekmans stompsnuitdolfijn (Platalearostrum hoekmani) †Peponocephala:Witlipdolfijn (Peponocephala electra)Pseudorca:Zwarte zwaardwalvis (Pseudorca crassidens)Sotalia:Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) · Costero (Sotalia guianensis)Sousa:Chinese witte dolfijn (Sousa chinensis) · Kameroendolfijn (Sousa teuszii)Stenella:Slanke dolfijn (Stenella attenuata) · Clymenedolfijn (Stenella clymene) · Gestreepte dolfijn (Stenella coeruleoalba) · Atlantische vlekdolfijn (Stenella frontalis) · Langsnuitdolfijn (Stenella longirostris)Steno:Snaveldolfijn (Steno bredanensis)Tursiops:Langbektuimelaar (Tursiops aduncus) · Tuimelaar (Tursiops truncatus)
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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( flaami )

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De tucuxi of Amazonedolfijn (Sotalia fluviatilis) is een soort dolfijn. Hoewel de soort enkel in de Amazone en zijn zijrivieren leeft, behoort hij toch niet tot de familie der rivierdolfijnen.

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Brasildeltadelfin ( norja )

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Brasildeltadelfin eller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) er en art i familien delfiner som lever ved kysten og i elvsystemene i Sør-Amerika. Arten er relativt nylig splittet i to. Sotalia guianensis (Guyanadelfin, ctero) lever langs østkysten av Sør-Amerika og i deltaområdene til de store elvesystemene som drener langs denne kysten, mens Sotalia fluviatilis (Brasildeltadelfin, tucuxi) lever i de store elvesystemene i Sør-Amerika og deltaområdene på østkysten.

Det er stor usikkerhet knyttet til begge artene, fordi det er oppdaget isolerte populasjoner som ikke fullt ut samsvarer med elve- og kystteoriene. Blant annet er det oppdaget populasjoner på steder det ikke skal være mulig for arten å ferdes, eventuelt streknnger som ikke har vært farbare for disse delfinene på mange millioner år. Det gir grobunn for å tro at det kan finnes flere arter i slekten Sotalia, men dette er foreløpig kun en teori.

Brasildeltadelfinen ligner på tumler, men er mindre. Den blir omkring 1,5 m lang. Hannen blir kjønnsmoden da den blir omkring 140 cm lang, hunnen når hun blir cirka 133–137 cm.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker


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Brasildeltadelfin: Brief Summary ( norja )

tarjonnut wikipedia NO

Brasildeltadelfin eller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) er en art i familien delfiner som lever ved kysten og i elvsystemene i Sør-Amerika. Arten er relativt nylig splittet i to. Sotalia guianensis (Guyanadelfin, ctero) lever langs østkysten av Sør-Amerika og i deltaområdene til de store elvesystemene som drener langs denne kysten, mens Sotalia fluviatilis (Brasildeltadelfin, tucuxi) lever i de store elvesystemene i Sør-Amerika og deltaområdene på østkysten.

Det er stor usikkerhet knyttet til begge artene, fordi det er oppdaget isolerte populasjoner som ikke fullt ut samsvarer med elve- og kystteoriene. Blant annet er det oppdaget populasjoner på steder det ikke skal være mulig for arten å ferdes, eventuelt streknnger som ikke har vært farbare for disse delfinene på mange millioner år. Det gir grobunn for å tro at det kan finnes flere arter i slekten Sotalia, men dette er foreløpig kun en teori.

Brasildeltadelfinen ligner på tumler, men er mindre. Den blir omkring 1,5 m lang. Hannen blir kjønnsmoden da den blir omkring 140 cm lang, hunnen når hun blir cirka 133–137 cm.

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Sotalia amazońska ( puola )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sotalia amazońska[4], delfin amazoński[5], tucuxi[potrzebny przypis] (Sotalia fluviatilis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae).

Jedyny przedstawiciel Delphinidae, który pływa w wodzie słodkiej (są podgatunki żyjące w przybrzeżnej wodzie słonej). Gatunek ten jest zagrożony wyginięciem na skutek degradacji ekosystemu dorzecza Amazonki i Orinoko. Niektóre delfiny rzeczne, także inia, delfin mały, czy suzu gangesowy odratowane od niebezpieczeństwa wpuszcza się do bezpiecznych dla nich sztucznych zbiorników wodnych.

Sotalia amazońska jest stosunkowo mała, wzdłuż szarych boków widoczne ma cienkie białe i jasnoróżowe pojedyncze paski.

Taksonomia

Do niedawna wyróżniono dwa podgatunki sotalii amazońskiej[1] S. fluviatilis fluviatilis (Gervais and Deville, 1853) oraz S. fluviatilis guianensis (P.-J. van Bénéden, 1864). W wyniku badań przeprowadzonych przez Monteiro-Filho et al. w 2002 roku uznano, że są to odrębne gatunki: Sotalia fluviatilis i Sotalia guianensis[6].

Przypisy

  1. a b c d e Sotalia fluviatilis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Sotalia fluviatilis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 13 stycznia 2010]
  3. Secchi, E. 2012, Sotalia fluviatilis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-14] (ang.).
  4. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 189. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 43, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  6. E. Monteiro-Filho, L. R. Monteiro, S. F. Reis. Skull Shape and Size Divergence in Dolphins of the Genus Sotalia: A Tridimensional Morphometric Analysis.. „Journal of Mammalogy”. 83 (1), s. 125-134, 2002 (ang.).
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Sotalia amazońska: Brief Summary ( puola )

tarjonnut wikipedia POL

Sotalia amazońska, delfin amazoński, tucuxi[potrzebny przypis] (Sotalia fluviatilis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny delfinowatych (Delphinidae).

Jedyny przedstawiciel Delphinidae, który pływa w wodzie słodkiej (są podgatunki żyjące w przybrzeżnej wodzie słonej). Gatunek ten jest zagrożony wyginięciem na skutek degradacji ekosystemu dorzecza Amazonki i Orinoko. Niektóre delfiny rzeczne, także inia, delfin mały, czy suzu gangesowy odratowane od niebezpieczeństwa wpuszcza się do bezpiecznych dla nich sztucznych zbiorników wodnych.

Sotalia amazońska jest stosunkowo mała, wzdłuż szarych boków widoczne ma cienkie białe i jasnoróżowe pojedyncze paski.

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Tucuxi ( portugali )

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O tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), também conhecido como boto-preto e pirajaguara, é uma espécie de golfinho de água doce existente na bacia do Amazonas.[2][3] Apesar de ser encontrado em regiões habitadas pelos "verdadeiros" golfinhos de rio, como os botos-cor-de-rosa, o tucuxi é geneticamente mais próximo dos golfinhos marinhos (Delphinidae).

Fisicamente, a espécie se parece com Tursiops, mas é diferente o bastante para ser situada em outro gênero, Sotalia. Sotalia guianensis, que abrange golfinhos de ambientes litorâneos e de estuários, anteriormente fazia parte de Sotalia fluviatilis, mas recentemente passou a formar uma espécie própria.

Etimologia

"Tucuxi" procede das línguas caribes.[4] "Pirajaguara" procede dos termos tupis pirá, "peixe", e ya'wara, "cão".[5]

Descrição

A espécie é semelhante aos golfinhos-nariz-de-garrafa, mas costuma ser menor (1,5 metro). A coloração varia de cinza-claro a cinza-azulado no dorso e nas laterais. O ventre é bem mais claro, com um tom rosado. Especula-se que essa coloração reflita um maior fluxo sanguíneo na região.[6] O dorso é levemente curvado. O bico é bem definido e de tamanho moderado. Existem de 26 a 36 pares de dentes nas mandíbulas superiores e inferiores.[7]

Taxonomia

Sotalia fluviatilis foi descrito por Paul Gervais e Émile Deville em 1853. Sotalia guianensis foi descrito por Pierre-Joseph van Beneden em 1864. As duas espécies, posteriormente, se tornaram sinônimas, e passaram a constituir subespécies de água doce e de água salgada.[8] O primeiro estudo a reevidenciar diferenças entre as duas espécies foi um estudo morfométrico tridimensional de Monteiro-Filho e colegas.[9] Em seguida, uma análise molecular de Cunha e colegas[10] inequivocamente demonstrou que Sotalia guianensis era geneticamente diferente de Sotalia fluviatilis. A descoberta foi confirmada por Caballero e colegas.[11] com um maior número de genes. A existência das duas espécies foi, então, largamente reconhecida pela comunidade científica.

Distribuição

O tucuxi habita grande parte do rio Amazonas e muitos de seus afluentes. É encontrado na Venezuela, Brasil, Peru e sudeste da Colômbia. Vive somente em água doce.[12]

Alimentação

Os tucuxis caçam em grupos compactos, perseguindo os peixes logo abaixo da superfície da água. Conhecem-se trinta espécies de peixes que costumam ser presas do tucuxiː elas vivem em lagoas, canais e rios de água rápida.[13]

Comportamento

Os tucuxis formam grupos pequenos de dez a quinze indivíduos, que nadam em formação compacta, o que sugere uma desenvolvida estrutura social. São muito ativos e podem saltar com o corpo todo para fora da água. Não costumam se aproximar de embarcações.

Já foram vistos tucuxis se alimentando junto com outras espécies de golfinhos de rio. Estudos com camadas de crescimento sugerem que podem viver até os 35 anos. O indivíduo mais velho já observado tinha 36 anos de idade.[14]

Conservação

O tucuxi é endêmico nas regiões descritas acima. Não existem estimativas precisas de sua população, embora seja considerada uma espécie de ocorrência comum. Um problema significativo para sua conservação são as redes de pesca. Também já foi registrada caça deliberada para alimentação humana na bacia Amazônica. A poluição é um problema, especialmente a intoxicação por mercúrio causada pela atividade mineradora de ouro. A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza também cita a fragmentação de habitat causada pela construção de represas como uma ameaça, embora seja necessário um estudo mais detalhado sobre o tema.[15]

Foi observado que os tucuxis não se mantêm saudáveis em cativeiro. Alguns foram mantidos em aquários europeus, porém o último deles, Paco, morreu em 2009 no Zoológico de Munster.

O tucuxi está listado no Apêndice II da Convenção de Bona como possuindo uma situação pouco favorável de conservação, ou necessitando de cooperação internacional através de acordos personalizados.

Referências

  1. Omacha), Fernando Trujillo (Fundación; Silva, Vera da; Martin, Anthony; Fettuccia, Daniela; Bivaqua, Louzamira (20 de agosto de 2020). «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sotalia fluviatilis». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t190871a50386457.en. Consultado em 20 de julho de 2021
  2. «Boto-cinza e Tucuxi - Gênero Sotalia - Biologia Marinha». InfoEscola. Consultado em 24 de fevereiro de 2016
  3. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 725.
  4. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 725.
  5. FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo dicionário da língua portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 1 336.
  6. Body length. Disponível em http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Edwards2001.pdf. Acesso em 16 de março de 2018.
  7. Impact of fisheries. Disponível em http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/share/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives/2000/AquaticMammals_26-01/26-01_Monteiro-Neto.pdf. Acesso em 16 de março de 2018.
  8. Borobia, M.; S. Siciliano; L. Lodi & W. Hoek (1991). "Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 69 (4): 1024–1039
  9. Monteiro-Filho, E. L. D. A.; L. Rabello-Monteiro & S. F. D. Reis (2008). "Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis". Journal of Mammalogy. 83: 125–134.
  10. Cunha, H. A.; V. M. F. da Silva; J. Lailson-Brito Jr.; M. C. O. Santos; P. A. C. Flores; A. R. Martin; A. F. Azevedo; A. B. L. Fragoso; R. C. Zanelatto & A. M. Solé-Cava (2005). "Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species". Marine Biology. 148 (2): 449–457.
  11. Caballero, S.; F. Trujillo; J. A. Vianna; H. Barrios-Garrido; M. G. Montiel; S. Beltrán-Pedreros; M. Marmontel; M. C. Santos; M. R. Rossi-Santos; F. R. Santos & C. S. Baker (2007). "Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins". Marine Mammal Science. 23 (2): 358–386.
  12. A. Berta, ed. (2015). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press.
  13. A. Berta, ed. (2015). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press.
  14. A. Berta, ed. (2015). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press.
  15. Reeves, R.R.; Crespo, E.A.; Dans, Jefferson; T.A., Karczmarski; L., Laidre; K., O’Corry-Crowe; G., Pedraza; S., Rojas-Bracho; L., Secchi; E.R., Slooten; et al. (2008). "Sotalia fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( portugali )

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O tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), também conhecido como boto-preto e pirajaguara, é uma espécie de golfinho de água doce existente na bacia do Amazonas. Apesar de ser encontrado em regiões habitadas pelos "verdadeiros" golfinhos de rio, como os botos-cor-de-rosa, o tucuxi é geneticamente mais próximo dos golfinhos marinhos (Delphinidae).

Fisicamente, a espécie se parece com Tursiops, mas é diferente o bastante para ser situada em outro gênero, Sotalia. Sotalia guianensis, que abrange golfinhos de ambientes litorâneos e de estuários, anteriormente fazia parte de Sotalia fluviatilis, mas recentemente passou a formar uma espécie própria.

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Tucuxi ( ruotsi )

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Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) är en art i familjen delfiner som lever vid kustlinjen och i floder av Sydamerika. Trots att den delvis förekommer i sötvatten räknas arten som äkta delfin och inte som floddelfin.

Utseende

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Storleksjämförelse mellan tucuxi och människa.

Dessa individer som lever i sötvatten har en längd på cirka 150 centimeter och havslevande individer blir ungefär 220 centimeter långa. Förbisedd storleken är den ganska lik öresvinet. Den har på ovansidan en mörkgrå färg och buken är vitaktig-rosa.

Utbredning

De två nämnda populationerna står i var sin underart:

Den förstnämnda underarten vistas i grunda vikar och i angränsande floders undre lopp, till exempel i Orinoco. S. f. fluviatilis är däremot helt specialiserade på sötvatten och förekommer fram till Andernas fot. Den har alltså samma utbredningsområde som Amazondelfinen. Medan Amazondelfinen föredrar de slamfyllda förgreningar vistas S. f. fluviatilis i breda och klara delar av floden. Tucuxin är här snabbare, aktivare och utför fler hopp men den är inte lika nyfiken.

En revision från 2007 godkänner S. f. guianensis som art.[1]

Ekologi

I motsats till Amazondelfinen lever tucuxin i grupper som troligen har ett lika komplext socialt beteende som andra delfiner. Födan utgörs nästan uteslutande av fiskar.

Övrigt

Liksom Amazondelfinen spelar tucuxin en större roll i mytologin av områdets ursprungsbefolkning. Enligt dessa tron förvandlas en person som drunknade till en delfin. Dessa delfiner kommer ibland på land och förvandlar sig tillbaka till människor. Vid dessa tillfällen är de alltid klädda i vita kläder och de bär mössa för att gömma andningshålet på bakhuvudet som skulle avslöja att de är delfiner. Ofta berättas att det är unga män med bra förmåga att dansa som deltar i människornas fester för att göra kvinnor gravid. Kort före gryningen hoppar de tillbaka i vattnet för att åter bli delfiner.

De nämnda underarterna listas ibland som självständiga arter.

Namnet tucuxi kommer från Tupífolkets språk.

Det enda exemplaret i Europa hölls i djurparken i den tyska staden Münster.

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 31 oktober 2008.
  1. ^ [a b] Sotalia fluviatilisIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Reeves, R.R. et. al. (2008), besökt 7 januari 2009.
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Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( ruotsi )

tarjonnut wikipedia SV

Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) är en art i familjen delfiner som lever vid kustlinjen och i floder av Sydamerika. Trots att den delvis förekommer i sötvatten räknas arten som äkta delfin och inte som floddelfin.

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Haliç yunusu ( turkki )

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Haliç yunusu ya da Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) Amazon havzasındaki nehirlerde ve Güney Amerika'nın kuzey ve doğu kıyılarında denizlerde bulunan bir yunus türüdür. "Tucuxi" (telaffuzu: tu-ku-şi) adı Tupi dilindeki tuchuchi-ana sözcüğünden türetilmiştir ve türün genel adı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Amazon nehir yunusu gibi gerçek nehir yunusları ile benzer coğrafi bölgelerde bulunmasına rağmen haliç yunusu genetik olarak nehir yunuslarına benzememektedir ve deniz yunusları (Delphinidae) familyasında yer almaktadır. Fiziksel olarak, özellikle de denizde bulunan tipi afalinaya benzer. Ancak yeteri kadar yakın olmadığı için kendi cinsi Sotalia altında sınıflanmıştır. Ayrıca gri yunus, gri nehir yunusu, Guyana nehir yunusu, Amerika ırmak yunusu, Sotali, Bufeo negro ve Bufo negro adları da verilmektedir.

Fiziksel tanımlama

Haliç yunusu genellikle afalinaya benzerliğiyle tanımlanır. Ancak daha küçüktür, özellikle nehirde yaşayan tipleri 1,5 metrelik boylarıyla denizde yaşayan 2,1 metrelik tiplerinden daha da küçüktür. Yunusun sırtı ve yanları açık gri ile mavimsi gri arasındadır. Karın kısmı daha açık renktedir ve nehir tipinde pembemsi, deniz tipinde de açık gridir. Sırt yüzgeci özelikle nehir tiplerinde hafifçe kanca şeklindedir. Ağızları belirgin ve orta uzunluktadır.

Doğal yaşam alanı

Denizde yaşayan haliç yunusları Güney Amerika'nın doğu ve kuzey sahillerinde, haliçlerde ve diğer korunaklı sığ sularda bulunur. Güneyde Brezilya'nın güneyine, kuzeyde de Nikaragua'ya kadar yayıldıkları bildirilmiştir ve Honduras'a kadar ulaştığına dair de bir rapor bulunmaktadır.

Nehirde yaşayan haliç yunusları Amazon Nehri ve kolları boyunca yaşar ayrıca Peru, güneydoğu Kolombiya ve doğu Ekvador'da bulunur. Daha da kuzeyde Orinoco Nehri'nde birçok yunus görülmüştür ancak bunların nehirde yaşayanlar mı yoksa yolunu kaybetmiş denizde yaşayanlar mı oldukları açık değildir.

Davranış özellikleri

Hem deniz hem de nehir tipleri 10-15 bireyden oluşan küçük gruplar hâlinde bulunur. Denizde sayıları 30'a çıkan yunuslar birbirine yakın yüzer ve bu gruplar hayli gelişmiş bir sosyal yapıya sahip olduklarını belirtir. Haliç yunusları oldukça aktiftir ve suyun tamamen dışına sıçrayabilir, takla atabilir, ve kuyruklarını suya vurabilirler. Ancak teknelere yaklaşmazlar.

Haliç yunuslarının diğer nehir yunuslarıyla birlikte beslendikleri görülmüştür. Araştırmalar sonucunda denizde 30 yıl ve nehirde 35 yıl kadar yaşadıkları sanılmaktadır.

Koruma

Haliç yunusları yukarıda sayılan bölgelerde her ne kadar kesin popülasyon tahminleri bulunmasa da oldukça sıklıkla rastlanır. Doğal alanlarında orkalar ve boğa köpekbalıkları tarafından avlandıkları tahmin edilmektedir ama gözlemlenmemiştir. İnsanların neden olduğu en önemli problem balık ağlarıdır. Her yıl balık ağlarına takılıp kaza nedeniyle ölen yunuslar hakkında güvenilir bilgi yoktur. Diğer önemli bir problem bazı bölgelerdeki deniz taşıtları ve turizmdir. Küçük balıkçı tekneleri bazen kaçacak kadar hızlı olmayan haliç yunuslarıyla çarpışır. Amazon Nehri'nde yiyecek için, denizde de köpekbalığı yemi olarak avlandıkları bildirilmiştir. Yalnızca kıyıya yakın yaşayan bu tür için altın madenlerinden kaynaklanan cıvanın suyu zehirlemesi de önemli bir tehdit kaynağıdır.

Haliç yunusları esaret altında sağlıklı bir yaşam sürdürememektedir. Az sayıda haliç yunusu Avrupa'da akvaryumlarda bulunmaktadır.

Notlar

  • Balinalar Uzmanlık Grubu (1996). Sotalia fluviatilis. 2006 IUCN Kırmızı Liste. IUCN 2006. 12 Mayıs 2006'da çekildi. Bilgibankası girişinde bu türün neden tehdit altında olduğu açıklanmaktadır.
  • National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6

Dış bağlantılar

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Haliç yunusu: Brief Summary ( turkki )

tarjonnut wikipedia TR

Haliç yunusu ya da Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) Amazon havzasındaki nehirlerde ve Güney Amerika'nın kuzey ve doğu kıyılarında denizlerde bulunan bir yunus türüdür. "Tucuxi" (telaffuzu: tu-ku-şi) adı Tupi dilindeki tuchuchi-ana sözcüğünden türetilmiştir ve türün genel adı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Amazon nehir yunusu gibi gerçek nehir yunusları ile benzer coğrafi bölgelerde bulunmasına rağmen haliç yunusu genetik olarak nehir yunuslarına benzememektedir ve deniz yunusları (Delphinidae) familyasında yer almaktadır. Fiziksel olarak, özellikle de denizde bulunan tipi afalinaya benzer. Ancak yeteri kadar yakın olmadığı için kendi cinsi Sotalia altında sınıflanmıştır. Ayrıca gri yunus, gri nehir yunusu, Guyana nehir yunusu, Amerika ırmak yunusu, Sotali, Bufeo negro ve Bufo negro adları da verilmektedir.

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Sotalia fluviatilis ( ukraina )

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Опис

Довжина: від 86 до 206 см. Важить 55 кг в середньому. Дорослі мають 28–35 зубів. Статевий диморфізм відсутній.

Sotalia fluviatilis і Sotalia guianensis дуже схожі за зовнішнім виглядом і були колись класифіковані як один вид. Проте, філогенетичні докази свідчать про те, що вони розділилися приблизно 1,5–2 млн років тому під час пліоцену або раннього плейстоцену. Незважаючи на багато подібних рис, три важливі відмінності допомагають розрізняти ці 2 види. По-перше, S. fluviatilis в основному віддає перевагу прісному середовищу проживання в той час як S. guianensis воліє солоне прибережне середовище проживання. По-друге S. fluviatilis значно менший за розміром, ніж S. guianensis. Нарешті, гаплотип і нуклеотидні послідовності S. fluviatilis є диверсифіковані з S. guianensis. Загалом, S. fluviatilis менший, і має більш коротке рило, ніж більшість інших членів родини Delphinidae. S. fluviatilis від синього до світло-сірого на спині, і вицвітає до білого або біло-рожевого кольору на животі. У більшості особин рило закінчуватися білим кінчиком. Рило тонке і довге, а спинний плавник має трикутну форму і злегка гачкуватий на кінчику.

Поширення

Живе виключно в басейнах річок Амазонки і Оріноко і, як вважається, ендемічний для цього регіону Південної Америки. Найближчі живі родичі Тукуші це Sotalia guianensis, дельфіни, які живуть на мілководді уздовж Атлантичного узбережжя Південної Америки. Проте, Тукуш є симпатричними з амазонськими видами родини Iniidae. Зазвичай зустрічаються поблизу слабкоплинних злиттів і в річкових переходах, де їжі в достатку і менше енергія повинно бути витрачено під час харчування. Вони уникають бруду з берегів і затоплених лісових районів. Хоча деякі особини можна зустріти в області злиття Амазонки з Атлантичним океаном, вони надають перевагу прісноводному середовищу проживання.

Поведінка

Сезонні коливання рівня річкової води мають великий вплив. Тварини запливають до озер під час повені, але залишають їх, коли вода починає спадати, щоб уникнути пастки. Цей сором'язливий представник дельфінових, як правило, найбільш активний рано вранці і ближче до вечора, і, як правило, повільний плавець, який стрибає нечасто. Він пірнає на близько 30 секунд, і використовує ехолокацію для спілкування, а також ловлі риби і креветок. Розмір групи варіюється, в основному вони подорожують в невеликих групах від 1 до 6 особин, але групи можуть бути до 40 особин. Вони чутливі, відчувають стрес при потраплянні в сіті, часто заплутуються і задихаються у сітях. Тукуші погано переносять тривалі періоди транспортування.

Як і більшість дельфінів, тукуші використовують різні свистки і клацання для спілкування з родичами. М'ясоїдний, здобиччю є Променепері поряд з кальмарами і восьминогами. Крім незаконного полювання з боку людини, тукуші немає відомих хижаків.

Відтворення

Мало що відомо про репродуктивні звички виду. Народжують у період низької води, у жовтні та листопаді, після 10–11,6 місяців вагітності. Вважається, що виду властива поліандрія (де кожна самиця має більш одного партнера чоловічої статі), і агресія між самцями спостерігається під час залицяння. Новонароджені варіюються в розмірах від 71 до 106 см в довжину. Обидві статі стають статевозрілими у шість років, після чого самці мають довжину близько 180 см, а самиці довжиною близько 160 см. Повністю дорослі особини обох статей, як правило, рівні по довжині й вазі. Наявні дані свідчать про те, що дикі тукуші можуть жити до 35 років.

Загрози та охорона

Демографічні тенденції невідомі і, таким чином, потенційні потреби збереження та управління не можуть бути визначені. Це єдиний вид прісноводних дельфінових. Попри те, що ніколи не було комерційного промислу цього виду, значне число випадків смерті відбувається в результаті вилову і побічної смертності в знаряддя лову. Інші потенційно важливі загрози включають створення дамб, перевилов риби, човнові удари, хімічне забруднення та шумове забруднення. Вид охороняється законом в більшості країн ареалу.

Джерела

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Cá heo Tucuxi ( vietnam )

tarjonnut wikipedia VI

Sotalia fluviatilis (tên tiếng Anh: Cá heo Tucuxi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Delphinidae, bộ Cetacea. Loài này được tìm thấy tại các con sông thuộc lưu vực sông Amazon và vùng ven biển Nam Mỹ thuộc Đại Tây Dương, kéo dài từ Panama tới Đông Nam Brasil. Từ tucuxi có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Tupituchuchi-ana và là tên phổ biến của chúng. Mặc dù được tìm thấy ở cả khu vực sông nhưng chúng lại không liên quan gì tới loài cá heo sông Amazon. Thay vào đó, nó được phân loại trong họ cá heo đại dương chi Sotalia. Chúng có sự đa dạng giống như loài cá heo mũi chai, tuy nhiên, loài này là có những điểm khác so với cá heo mũi chai nên nó được xếp vào chi riêng, chi Sotalia. Một loài cá heo trước đây được coi là phân loài của cá heo Tucuxi nhưng đã được tách riêng ra, đó là loài Cá heo Costero (Sotalia guianensis).

Phân bố

Cá heo Tucuxi sống dọc theo các nhánh sông Amazon ở Brazil, Peru, miền đông nam Colombia, và phía đông Ecuador. Nhiều con cá heo đã được nhìn thấy ở phía Bắc sông Orinoco, dù nhiều tài liệu không nói rõ đây là loài cá heo Tucuxi hay cá heo mũi chai

Mô tả

Loài này có kích thước tương tự cá heo mũi chai nhưng thường là nhỏ với khoảng 1,5 mét (4,9 ft). Chúng có màu xám sáng, hơi xanh ở phía trên và hai bên sườn. Bụng của chúng thường có màu hồng nhạt. Mỏ của chúng có độ dài vừa phải. Cá heo Tucuxi có từ 26 đến 36 cặp răng ở hàm trên và dưới.

Cá heo Tucuxi sống thành nhóm nhỏ khoảng 10-15 con. Chúng có khả năng nhào lộn khi lao lên trên mặt nước và ít khi lướt theo các con thuyền như các loài cá heo khác. Các nghiên cứu cho thấy loài này có thể sống tới 35 năm. Chúng ăn nhiều loại cá khác nhau, trong đó có cả cá heo sông khác.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Reeves, R.R., Crespo, E.A., Dans, Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Pedraza, S., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, JY. & Zhou, K. (2008). Sotalia fluviatilis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2009. Includes a lengthy justification of the data deficient category. Treats Sotalia fluviatilis and Sotalia guianensis as subspecies.
  • Monteiro NC, Alves JTT, Avila FJC, Campos AA, Costa AF, Silva CPN, Furtado NMAA (2000) Impact of fisheries on the tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) and rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) populations off Ceara state, đông bắc Brazil. Aquat Mamm 26: 49-56.
  • National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6

Hình ảnh

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Sotalia fluviatilis tại Wikimedia Commons

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Cá heo Tucuxi: Brief Summary ( vietnam )

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Sotalia fluviatilis (tên tiếng Anh: Cá heo Tucuxi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Delphinidae, bộ Cetacea. Loài này được tìm thấy tại các con sông thuộc lưu vực sông Amazon và vùng ven biển Nam Mỹ thuộc Đại Tây Dương, kéo dài từ Panama tới Đông Nam Brasil. Từ tucuxi có nguồn gốc từ tiếng Tupi là tuchuchi-ana và là tên phổ biến của chúng. Mặc dù được tìm thấy ở cả khu vực sông nhưng chúng lại không liên quan gì tới loài cá heo sông Amazon. Thay vào đó, nó được phân loại trong họ cá heo đại dương chi Sotalia. Chúng có sự đa dạng giống như loài cá heo mũi chai, tuy nhiên, loài này là có những điểm khác so với cá heo mũi chai nên nó được xếp vào chi riêng, chi Sotalia. Một loài cá heo trước đây được coi là phân loài của cá heo Tucuxi nhưng đã được tách riêng ra, đó là loài Cá heo Costero (Sotalia guianensis).

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Белый дельфин ( venäjä )

tarjonnut wikipedia русскую Википедию
Brasão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg

Белые дельфины изображены на гербе Рио-де-Жанейро.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 116. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 469. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  3. Borobia, M., S. Siciliano, L. Lodi, and W. Hoek (1991). “Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis”. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 69 (4): 1024—1039. DOI:10.1139/z91-148.
  4. Monteiro-Filho, E.L.D.A., L. Rabello-Monteiro, and S.F.D. Reis (2008). “Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis”. Journal of Mammalogy. 83: 125—134. DOI:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0125:SSASDI>2.0.CO;2.
  5. Cunha, H.A., V.M.F. da Silva, J. Lailson-Brito Jr., M.C.O. Santos, P.A.C. Flores, A.R. Martin, A.F. Azevedo, A.B.L. Fragoso, R.C. Zanelatto, and A.M. Solé-Cava (2005). “Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species”. Marine Biology. 148 (2): 449—457. DOI:10.1007/s00227-005-0078-2.
  6. Caballero, S., F. Trujillo, J. A. Vianna, H. Barrios-Garrido, M. G. Montiel, S. Beltrán-Pedreros, M. Marmontel, M. C. Santos, M. R. Rossi-Santos, F. R. Santos, and C. S. Baker (2007). “Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins”. Marine Mammal Science. 23 (2): 358—386. DOI:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00110.x.
  7. Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville, 1853) (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Проверено 25 мая 2013.
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Белый дельфин: Brief Summary ( venäjä )

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Brasão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.svg

Белые дельфины изображены на гербе Рио-де-Жанейро.

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南美長吻海豚 ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Sotalia fluviatilis
(Gervais & Deville, 1853)

南美長吻海豚学名Sotalia fluviatilis),又名亞馬遜白海豚土庫海豚河喙豚河棲吻海豚侏型海豚河口海豚,是分佈在亞馬遜盆地的一種海豚。雖然牠們分佈在近亞馬遜河豚的地點,但與之並非近親。相反,牠們更是屬於海豚,而非淡水豚。牠們的外觀像寬吻海豚屬,但其分別卻足以成立自的。在海岸及海口的生活,以往被稱為土庫海豚的現已被確認為另一物種,稱為圭亞那長吻海豚

特徵

南美長吻海豚經常被指外觀像寬吻海豚屬,但其實牠們較為細小,只長1.5米。牠們背部及兩側呈淺灰至藍灰色。腹部更為淺色,甚至呈粉紅色。背鰭稍為呈鈎狀,吻長中等。

分類

南美長吻海豚是由保羅·傑維斯(Paul Gervais)等人於1853年所描述,而圭亞那長吻海豚則是由伯内登(Pierre-Joseph van Bénéden)於1864年描述。這兩個物種後來被異名化,並被看為海水及淡水的變種[2]第一次重申牠們之間的不同是基於三維形態的研究。[3]後來的分子分析明確的指出牠們兩者的遺傳上的分野。[4][5]現已一般接納牠們為兩個不同的物種,不過世界自然保護聯盟仍把牠們看為同一物種。

分佈

南美長吻海豚棲息在亞馬遜河及其支流,分佈在巴西秘魯哥倫比亞東南部及厄瓜多爾東部。另外在奥里諾科河以北亦有見到大量的海豚,但卻不能確定是南美長吻海豚或是圭亞那長吻海豚

行為

南美長吻海豚是群居的,成員約有10-15條,緊密的出沒,估計牠們有高度的社會結構。牠們較為活躍,可以跳出水面、打空翻或直立出水。牠們不會接近船隻。

南美長吻海豚主要吃不同的魚類,另有指曾見牠們吃其他淡水豚。牠們的壽命為35歲。

保育

現時並沒有南美長吻海豚準確的統計,但相信很普遍。漁網對牠們是一種威脅。在亞馬遜盆地有捕獵牠們作為食物。因採金造成汞中毒污染也是一種嚴重的威脅。

南美長吻海豚很難飼養,很難保持健康及並不溫馴。不過在歐洲水族館也有飼養的南美長吻海豚。

參考

  1. ^ Sotalia fluviatilis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ Borobia, M., S. Siciliano, L. Lodi, and W. Hoek. Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1991, 69: 1024–39. doi:10.1139/z91-148.
  3. ^ Monteiro-Filho, E. L. D. A., L. Rabello-Monteiro, and S. F. D. Reis. Skull shape and size divergence in dolphins of the genus Sotalia: A morphometric tridimensional analysis. Journal of Mammalogy. 2008, 83: 125–34. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0125:SSASDI>2.0.CO;2.
  4. ^ Cunha, H. A., V. M. F. da Silva, J. Lailson-Brito Jr., M. C. O. Santos, P. A. C. Flores, A. R. Martin, A. F. Azevedo, A. B. L. Fragoso, R. C. Zanelatto, and A. M. Solé-Cava. Riverine and marine ecotypes of Sotalia dolphins are different species. Marine Biology. 2005, 148: 449–57. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0078-2.
  5. ^ Caballero, S., F. Trujillo, J. A. Vianna, H. Barrios-Garrido, M. G. Montiel, S. Beltrán-Pedreros, M. Marmontel, M. C. Santos, M. R. Rossi-Santos, F. R. Santos, and C. S. Baker. Taxonomic status of the genus Sotalia: species level ranking for "tucuxi" (Sotalia fluviatilis) and "costero" (Sotalia guianensis) dolphins. Marine Mammal Science. 2007, 23: 358–86. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00110.x.

外部連結

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南美長吻海豚: Brief Summary ( kiina )

tarjonnut wikipedia 中文维基百科

南美長吻海豚(学名:Sotalia fluviatilis),又名亞馬遜白海豚、土庫海豚、河喙豚、河棲吻海豚、侏型海豚或河口海豚,是分佈在亞馬遜盆地的一種海豚。雖然牠們分佈在近亞馬遜河豚的地點,但與之並非近親。相反,牠們更是屬於海豚,而非淡水豚。牠們的外觀像寬吻海豚屬,但其分別卻足以成立自的。在海岸及海口的生活,以往被稱為土庫海豚的現已被確認為另一物種,稱為圭亞那長吻海豚

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コビトイルカ ( Japani )

tarjonnut wikipedia 日本語
コビトイルカ ヒトとの大きさ比較
ヒトとの大きさ比較
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti : マイルカ科 Delphinidae : コビトイルカ属 Sotalia : コビトイルカ S. fluviatilis 学名 Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais & Deville, 1853 和名 コビトイルカ 英名 Tucuxi

コビトイルカ(小人海豚、Sotalia fluviatilis)は鯨偶蹄目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科コビトイルカ属に属するイルカである。コビトイルカ属に属するのはコビトイルカ1種のみである。

アマゾン川南アメリカ北部や東部の沿岸に生息する。 英名のTucuxi(「とぅくしー」と発音)は現地の言語であるトゥピ語Tupian)のtuchuchi-anaに由来する。 生息域はアマゾンカワイルカアマゾンカワイルカ科)とほぼ同じであるが、遺伝子的には異なる。 身体的にはむしろハンドウイルカに似ており、マイルカ科に分類される。

コビトイルカ属はマイルカ科に属するの一つ。コビトイルカ属はコビトイルカ1種のみで構成される。

身体[編集]

コビトイルカはハンドウイルカに似ていると表現されることが多いが、ハンドウイルカよりも小さい。コビトイルカのうち、河川に棲息する個体は150cm、海棲の個体は最大210cmであり、海棲の個体のほうが若干大きい。世界最小のイルカとして知られている。

背中および側面は明るい灰色あるいは青味がかった灰色である。腹側は明るい灰色で、河川に棲む個体ではピンクに近いこともある。

背びれは曲がっており、特に河川に棲む個体の場合に顕著である。イルカとしては標準的な長さの、はっきりした口吻を持つ。

分布[編集]

海棲の個体は、南アメリカの北部から東部の河口、入り江などの浅瀬に棲息する。目撃の例として、北限はニカラグア、南限は南ブラジルにおけるものが、それぞれ報告されている。 ホンジュラスにおける目撃例もある。

河川に関しては、支流を含むアマゾン川全域、ペルーコロンビア南東部、エクアドル東部である。

行動[編集]

河川に棲む個体も、海棲の個体も、10頭から15頭程度の群を成して行動する。海棲の個体に関しては、30頭程度の群を成すこともある。密接に寄り添って団体で行動しているため、発達した社会構造を形成していると考えられる。水面でのジャンプ、宙返りなど活発に活動するが、人間の船には近寄って来ないことが多い。

他のカワイルカ類と一緒に餌を食べることがある。主な餌は様々な魚類である。

寿命は海棲の個体で30年程度、河川に生息する個体で35年程度と考えられている。

保護、人間との関わり[編集]

コビトイルカは上記の生息域に固有の種である。正確な生息数は不明であるが、生息域においては一般的によく見られる。主な捕食者はシャチオオメジロザメである可能性はあるが、実際に捕食されるかどうかは確認されてはいない。

人間との関りで重要なものは、漁業用の魚網である。魚網による混獲のために死んでしまう個体が存在することはわかっているが、毎年何頭程度が死んでいるのかははっきり分かってはいない。アマゾン川流域においては、食料として、あるいはサメの餌として捕獲されることが知られている。海岸の近くにのみ棲息するために、の採掘に伴う水銀による水の汚染も大きな懸念点である。

飼育は困難であることがわかっているが、数頭のコビトイルカがヨーロッパの水族館で飼育されている。

参考文献、外部サイト[編集]

  1. National Audobon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0375411410
  2. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0125513402
  3. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, ISBN 0751327816
  4. 海棲哺乳類図鑑 国立科学博物館 動物研究部
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コビトイルカ: Brief Summary ( Japani )

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コビトイルカ(小人海豚、Sotalia fluviatilis)は鯨偶蹄目ハクジラ亜目マイルカ科コビトイルカ属に属するイルカである。コビトイルカ属に属するのはコビトイルカ1種のみである。

アマゾン川南アメリカ北部や東部の沿岸に生息する。 英名のTucuxi(「とぅくしー」と発音)は現地の言語であるトゥピ語Tupian)のtuchuchi-anaに由来する。 生息域はアマゾンカワイルカアマゾンカワイルカ科)とほぼ同じであるが、遺伝子的には異なる。 身体的にはむしろハンドウイルカに似ており、マイルカ科に分類される。

コビトイルカ属はマイルカ科に属するの一つ。コビトイルカ属はコビトイルカ1種のみで構成される。

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투쿠시 ( Korea )

tarjonnut wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

투쿠시 또는 꼬마돌고래(Sotalia fluviatilis)는 아마존강남아메리카 해안에서 발견되는 돌고래이다.[2] 투쿠시라는 이름은 투피어에서 유래한 것이다. 보토와 서식지를 공유하기도 하지만, 그들과 유전적으로 연관을 지을 수는 없다.

각주

  1. 국제자연보호연맹. “Cetacean Update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species” (PDF). 2013년 5월 16일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 8월 21일에 확인함.
  2. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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