Crossosalarias macrospilus Smith-Vaniz & Springer 1971

Dorsal fin spines elongate, extending beyond membrane. Terminal anal ray connected by membrane to caudal peduncle. Gill opening narrow and restricted, slightly below the level of the ventralmost pectoral ray. Some preopercular and mandibular pores with cirri. A black, fleshy flap at the base of the 1st dorsal spine. A black blotch is present ventrally on each side of the head.

Oviparous, distinct pairing (Ref. 205).

Dorsal spines (total): 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 18 - 20

Found in seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Also inhabits shallow, semi-exposed, hard-coral and rock reef with rich algae growth (Ref. 48636).

Adults are found in seaward reefs (Ref. 9710). Also inhabit shallow, semi-exposed, hard-coral and rock reef with rich algae growth (Ref. 48636). Oviparous. Eggs are demersal and adhesive (Ref. 205), and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous, adhesive pad or pedestal (Ref. 94114). Larvae are planktonic, often found in shallow, coastal waters (Ref. 94114).

Crossosalarias macrospilus

HOLOTYPE.—USNM 203096 (adult male, 51.0 mm SL), Te Vega Cruise 6, sta. 247, Solomon Islands, Bougainville, Tautsina Island, east of Kieta Peninsula, north end of island, lat. 6°12′S, long. 155°40′E, depth ca. 1–8 meters, 11 March 1965, Daniel M. Cohen.

PARATYPES.—USNM 203764 (2, 54.0–61.1), Te Vega Cruise 7, sta. 301, Tonga Islands, Nivatobutabu Island, lat. 16°00′S, long. 175°53′W, depth 0–7 meters, 31 May 1965, Rolf L. Bolin; CAS 24154 (1, 55.1), original no. GVF 1750 sta. HK 73, South China Sea, Pratas Reef, south channel, lat. 20°38′N, long. 116°45′E, 25 May 1958, Rolf L. Bolin; BPBM 7460 (1, 53.9), Ryukyu Islands, Taketomi, Ishigaki, coral reef, depth ca. 6 meters, 24 May 1968, John E. Randall; ANSP 109689 (1, 341), Australia, Queensland, Endeavor Reef, depth 7.6–18.3 meters, 4 January 1969, J. C. Tyler and C. L. Smith, TS,A-3.

DESCRIPTION.—(Meristic characters for holotype in parentheses.) Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area of jaw bone. Posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable; premaxillary teeth 140 to 158 (158); dentary teeth 85 to 97 (91). Vomerine teeth absent. Terminal vertebra with two epurals and autogenous hypural 5 and ventral hypural plate. Vertebrae 10 or 11 (10) + 24 to 26 (24) = 34 to 37 (34); epipleural ribs 13 to 15; last pleural rib on vertebra 11. Circumorbital bones 5.

Dorsal spines 12; last spine noticeably reduced; fleshy flap on anterior border of first spine; segmented rays 16 to 19 (16); basal three-fourths of terminal dorsal ray bound by membrane to procurrent caudal rays; dorsal fin deeply incised between spinous and rayed portions. Anal spines 2; segmented rays 18 to 20 (18); basal two-thirds of terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle; interradial membranes of anal fin deeply incised. Caudal fin with 13 segmented rays, middle 9 each branched; dorsal procurrent rays 7, ventral procurrent rays 6 or 7. Pelvic rays I,3, innermost closely bound for entire length to middle ray. Pectoral rays 15. Pectoral radial formula 2–0–2 (as determined from radiographs). Gill-rakers 19 to 22 (19). Pseudobranchial filaments 7 to 9 (7). Gill membranes joined to isthmus at about, or slightly below, level of ventralmost pectoral rays (posterior edge of gill membrane occasionally with a narrow free fold, depth no greater than diameter of pupil, extending across isthmus). Nuchal cirri palmate, with 4 to 13 short branches; supraorbital cirri conspicuous, with 4 to 8 short branches; nasal cirri short, with 2 to 5 branches. Upper and lower lips entire; corner of lower lip with a fleshy barbel about one-half diameter of pupil. Some pores of infraorbital series in horizontal pairs; cirri associated with 2 to 4 preoperculomandibular pores on each side. Lateral line of simple pores, continuous to point below penultimate dorsal spine.

PROPORTIONAL MEASUREMENTS—(Expressed as percent of SL; figures in parentheses are for the paratypes, except smallest, in order of size, the largest paratype first). Longest caudal ray 23.7 (20.8;25.0;25.0;23.0); head length 23.7 (21.8;22.7;21.5;23.3); horizontal bony orbital diameter 7.1(6.5;6.8;6.3;7.4); bony interorbital width 1.9 (1.3;1.5;1.2;1.6); supraorbital cirrus length 2.9 (3.9;2.7;2.6;3.3); penultimate dorsal spine length 11.0 (9.7;9.6;11.5;9.7); ultimate spine 3.9 (2.8;3.4;4.6;4.1); first dorsal ray length 16.9 (12.1;14.2;13.9;12.1); height of interradial membrane between ultimate spine and first dorsal ray 3.1 (3.0;3.1;3.5;2.6).

PIGMENTATION.—The following description is based on the holotype. Body and head peppered with fine melanophores, becoming concentrated anteriorly as dark reticulations, especially beneath appressed pectoral fin, and on opercle and interorbital region. Sides posteriorly with pale spots (ocelli?) approximately equal to diameter of pupil. Nape with a conspicuous black spot, approximately equal to eye diameter, extending from anterior margin of fleshy flap on first dorsal spine to base of second dorsal spine. Base of each pectoral fin with heavy concentration of melanophores. Background color of throat and venter white. Posterior half of throat with two conspicuous black gular patches united at their bases. Band of melanophores behind median half of lower lip with pale area at symphysis of lower jaw. All fin rays with dark, somewhat regularly spaced, cross bands; dorsal and caudal fins with melanophores extending onto interradial membranes adjacent to markings on rays. Interradial membranes of anal fin almost uniformly dusky.

In most features of pigmentation the paratypes of Crossosalarias macrospilus agree with the holotype. In the two Tonga specimens the gular markings are less distinct and the predorsal spot is smaller. The latter difference is perhaps correlated with the less developed fleshy flap on the first dorsal spine in these specimens. In the male Tonga specimen the distal margin of the anal fin is noticeably more heavily pigmented than in the female.

RELATIONSHIPS.—Relationships are discussed under “Recognition of Genera” section. Superficially C. macrospilus most closely resembles Salarias fasciatus. In addition to the distinguishing characters given in the diagnosis and key, S. fasciatus differs in lacking a conspicuous predorsal spot and in having a poorly developed notch in the dorsal fin.

ETYMOLOGY—The specific name, macrospilus, is derived from the Greek makros, large, and spilos, a spot, referring to the conspicuous, black, predorsal spot characteristic of the species. It is to be treated as an appositional noun.

Ecsenius McCulloch

Ecsenius McCulloch, 1923, p. 121 [type-species: E. mandibularis McCulloch, 1923, by original designation].

Pescadorichthys Tomiyama, 1955, p. 8 [type-species: Salarias namiyei Jordan and Evermann, 1903, by original designation].

Anthiiblennius Starck, 1969, p. 1 [as a subgenus of Ecsenius; type-species; Ecsenius (Anthiiblennius) midas Starck, 1969, by original designation].

DIAGONSIS—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior and posterior dentary canines present (anterior canines slightly broader and more robust than adjacent incisors). Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable to nearly immovable, numbering 26 to 148 in upper jaw and 13 to 64 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XI to XIV, 13 to 21; anal rays II, 13 to 23; segmented caudal rays 13 to 15, none branched; pectoral rays 12 to 15 (rarely 12); pelvic rays I,3 (innermost ray well developed to minute, usually visible only in cleared and stained material). Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. A single mid-dorsal supratemporal pore. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal and supraorbital cirri absent; nasal cirri simple or paired. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element (subgenus Ecsenius) or postcleithra consisting of 2 small, fragile, well-separated bones on each side (subgenus Anthiiblennius). Lateral extrascapular fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid unossified. Circumorbital bones 4.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

The most recent revision of Ecsenius is that of Springer (1971). An interesting new subgenus and species, Ecsenius (Anthiiblennius) midas, was recently described by Starck (1969). Anthiiblennius differs from all other species of Ecsenius primarily in having fewer incisoriform teeth, 26 to 34 in the upper jaw, as opposed to 105 to 148; and 13 to 18 in the lower jaw, as opposed to 30 to 64.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea; Indian Ocean; central and western Pacific Ocean.

Entomacrodus Gill

Entomacrodus Gill, 1859, p. 168 [type-species: E. nigricans Gill, 1859, by monotypy].

Salarichthys Guichenot, 1867, p. 96 [type-species: Salarias vomerinus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836, by original designation].

Giffordella Fowler, 1932a, p. 14 [type-species: G. corneliae Fowler, 1932, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary canines freely movable, numbering 116 to 224 in upper jaw and 92 to 170 in lower jaw. Vomer with small conical teeth. Dorsal rays XII to XIV, 13 to 18; anal rays II, 14 to 19; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched. Pectoral rays 12 to 15 (usually 14); pelvic rays I,4. Terminal anal ray not bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores 3 to more than 50. Upper lip with free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal cirri present or absent; supraorbital and nasal cirri simple to multifid. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

The genus Entomacrodus has recently been revised by Springer (1967). This genus appears to be most closely related to Stanulus, but is easily distinguished by the characters given in the key. Two nominal forms, missed by Springer, and their proper allocation are given in the list of nominal species of the Salariini.

DISTRIBUTION.—Circumtropical.

Exallias Jordan and Evermann

Exallias Jordan and Evermann, 1905, p. 503 [type-species: Salarias brevis Kner, 1868, by original designation].

Gloriella Schultz, 1941, p. 17 [type-species: Cirripectes caninus Herre, 1936 = Salarias brevis Kner, 1868a and b, by original designation].

Leoblennius Reid, 1943, p. 282 [type-species: L. schultzi Reid, 1943 = Salarias brevis Kner, 1868, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior and posterior dentary canines absent. Premaxillary teeth freely movable, numbering 194 to 210; dentary teeth fairly rigid numbering 52 to 62. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII, 12 or 13; anal rays II, 14; segmented caudal rays 13; middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 15; pelvic rays I,4. Terminal anal ray not bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores numerous, relatively small and difficult to count. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal cirri consisting of an elongate, transverse series of cirri interrupted at midline of nape by a narrow hiatus; supraorbital and nasal cirri multifid. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

This apparently monotypic genus appears to be most closely related to Cirripectes.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea; Indian Ocean; central and western Pacific Ocean.

Glyptoparus Smith

Glyptoparus Smith, 1959, p. 249 [type-species: G. delicatulus Smith, 1959, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jawbone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present, usually 2 or 3 posterior canines on each dentary. Premaxillary and dentary teeth fairly rigid, 74 to 80 in upper jaw and 50 to 58 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII or XIII, 15 or 16; anal rays II, 18; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 13; pelvic rays I,3 (the innermost pelvic ray reduced to a few fragments of bone visible only in cleared and stained material). Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores 1 or 2. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest present. Nuchal and nasal cirri simple; supraorbital cirri simple (minute) or absent. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

The description of Glyptoparus was based only on specimens from the western Indian Ocean. We find that Glyptoparus is also generally distributed throughout the central Pacific.

The characteristic color pattern of Glyptoparus easily distinguishes it from all other species of blenniids that we have examined. Especially diagnostic is the narrow, dusky crescent extending across the throat to the corners of the mouth, and the dark spot on each side of the gill membranes just anterior to the base of the pelvic fins.

DISTRIBUTION.—Indian Ocean; central and western Pacific Ocean.

Hirculops Smith

Hirculops Smith, 1959, p. 247 [type-species: Blennius cornifer Rüppell, 1829, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary a closed capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through foramina in jaw bone. Premaxillary open mesially, but closed laterally with replacement teeth entering functional row through foramina in the bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present. Premaxillary and dentary teeth immovable or nearly so, numbering 34 to 44 in upper jaw and 22 to 26 in lower jaw. Vomer with small conical teeth. Dorsal rays XII, 20 or 21; anal rays II, 20 to 23; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 14; pelvic rays I, 3. Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Mid-dorsal supratemporal pores 8–15. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal, supraorbital, and nasal cirri simple. Postcleithra of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

The genus Hirculops appears to be most closely related to Rhabdoblennius, but it is easily distinguished by the characters given in the key. Smith (1959) recognized a single species with two subspecies: one in the Red Sea and one in the western Indian Ocean. He did not specify the differences between the subspecies except to say that they differed “in certain markings from Klunzinger’s detailed notes, and as Red Sea forms are quite often unique, the African form here kept subspecifically distinct.”

DISTRIBUTION.—Restricted to the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean.

Istiblennius Whitley

Istiblennius Whitley, 1943, p. 185 [type-species: Salarias muelleri Klunzinger, 1880, by original designation].

Blenniella Reid, 1943, p. 383 [type-species: B. rhessodon Reid, 1943 = Salarias gibbifrons Quoy and Gaimard, 1824, by original designation].

Halmablennius Smith, 1948, p. 340 [type-species: Salarias unicolor Rüppell, 1838, by original designation].

Alticops Smith, 1948, p. 340 [type-species: Salarias periophthalmus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836, by original designation].

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary an open capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through excavated area in jaw bone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present or absent. Premaxillary and dentary teeth freely movable, numbering 205 to 225 in upper jaw and 165 to 195 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XIII or XIV, 18 to 24; anal rays II, 17 to 25; segmented caudal rays 13, middle 9 branched; pectoral rays 12 to 15 (rarely 15); pelvic rays I,3 or I,4. Terminal anal ray not bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Three (0–2 in only one species) or more mid-dorsal supratemporal pores. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest present or absent. Nuchal cirri present or absent; supraorbital and nasal cirri simple to multifid. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

In his treatment of the western Indian Ocean Blenniidae, Smith (1959) distinguished Halmablennius from Istiblennius solely on the type of supraorbital cirri present in the two groups. In Halmablennius the supraorbital cirri were described as being “bushy,” while in Istiblennius the cirri were described as being simple or very weakly branched. In light of the variation frequently encountered in other genera (for instance Entomacrodus), we do not believe that this difference is sufficient for generic recognition. The type-species of Halmablennus, I. unicolor, however, does differ from all other species of Istiblennius (including those with bushy supraorbital cirri) that we examined in having I,4 pelvic rays rather than I,3. Whether this difference will merit recognition as a valid generic group character when Istiblennius is revised is open to question.

In our examination of the material available for this study we find that Istiblennius gibbifrons is one of the most distinctive members of the genus. In the type collection of the National Museum of Natural History alone this species is represented by the following junior synonyms: Salarias rutilus, Istiblennius afilinuchalis, and Istiblennius rodenbaughi. If Istiblennius gibbifrons is indicative of the amount of synonymy that occurs in Istiblennius (and we believe it is), then the actual size of the genus is considerably smaller than the list of 102 nominal species (see list) would suggest.

Istiblennius gibbifrons is readily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the following combination of characters: 12 precaudal vertebrae, no nuchal cirri, no fleshy occipital crest, simple supraorbital cirri, mid-dorsal area of supratemporal canal with 6 to 12 or more pores, and the lateral line with numerous, regularly spaced side branches. Istiblennius coronatus differs from gibbifrons primarily in having the supraorbital cirri usually branched, 3 to 8 pores in the corresponding position of the supratemporal canal, and the side branches of the lateral line less numerous and more irregularly spaced. Specimens (USNM 142204) that we tentatively identify as I. paulus, also with 12 precaudal vertebrae (most species have 10 or 11), have small nuchal cirri, consistently 3 pores in the mid-dorsal area of the supratemporal canal, and the lateral line with reduced side branches. In view of the overlapping combinations of characters shown by species in Istiblennius, we hesitate to assess their importance as generic characters.

Several species of Istiblennius, as here defined, show a remarkable resemblance to species of Praealticus, and there appears to be no single character (except, perhaps, the nature of the supratemporal pores) that will distinguish all species of either genus (see discussion and Table 1 under Praeaiticus). We urge future workers to consider carefully all the nominal species in both genera before describing additional species of either Istiblennius or Praealticus.

DISTRIBUTION.—Red Sea; Indian Ocean; central and western Pacific Ocean.

Litobranchus, new genus

DIAGNOSIS.—Dentary a closed capsule with replacement teeth entering functional series through foramina in jawbone. Anterior dentary canines absent; posterior dentary canines present (frequently absent in females). Premaxillary and dentary teeth immovable or nearly so, numbering 36 to 42 in upper jaw and 23 to 30 in lower jaw. Vomer toothless. Dorsal rays XII, 18 to 20; anal rays II, 20 to 22; segmented caudal rays 12, none branched; pectoral rays 14; pelvic rays I,3. Terminal anal ray bound by membrane to caudal peduncle. Lateral line not consisting of two overlapping disconnected portions; no scalelike flaps covering lateral-line pores. Preoperculomandibular pores without cirri. Middorsal supratemporal pores 2–4, usually 2. Upper lip without free dorsal margin. No cup-shaped fleshy disk or appendage behind lower lip. Gill membranes free. Occipital crest absent. Nuchal, supraorbital, and nasal cirri simple. Postcleithra consisting of two elongate bones, head of ventral element overlapping ventral end of dorsal element. Lateral extrascapular not fused with pterotic. Median ethmoid ossified. Circumorbital bones 5. Type-species: Salarias fowleri Herre.

Relationships are discussed under section titled “Recognition of Genera.”

ETYMOLOGY.—A combination of the Greek litos, simple, and branchos, fin, referring to the unbranched rays characteristic of the genus.

An interesting parallel is offered by the relationship of the caudal fin structure and branching of principal caudal rays in Litobranchus and Medusablennius and the unrelated Atrosalarias to their respective relatives. Litobranchus and Medusablennius agree with their closest allies in having a generalized caudal fin containing an autogenous hypural 5, but differ in having all the caudal rays unbranched. Atrosalarias also differs from its nearest allies in having all simple caudal rays, but agrees with most members of the closely related Salarias in having a specialized caudal fin that lacks an autogenous hypural 5.

Crossosalarias macrospilus és una espècie de peix de la família dels blènnids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

The Triplespot blenny (Crossosalarias macrospilus) is a species combtooth blenny from the Western Pacific. It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade. It grows to a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) TL. This species is the only known member of its genus.

Crossosalarias macrospilus es una especie de pez de la familia Blenniidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});

Crossosalarias macrospilus Crossosalarias generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Blenniidae familian.