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Glanzmispeln ( German )

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Die Glanzmispeln (Photinia) sind eine Pflanzengattung der Kernobstgewächse (Pyrinae) in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Der botanische Gattungsname leitet sich von altgriechisch φωτεινός phōteinós, deutsch ‚leuchtend, hell‘[1] ab und bezieht sich auf die oft glänzenden Blätter.

Beschreibung

Photinia-Arten bilden Bäume mit unregelmäßiger Krone und Sträucher, die Wuchshöhen von 3 bis 15 Metern erreichen. Die Zweige sind bei vielen Arten dornig. Die meisten Arten sind immergrün, aber es kommen auch laubabwerfende Arten vor. Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind einfach; ihre Größe variiert je nach Art zwischen 3 und 15 cm Länge und zwischen 1,5 und 5 cm Breite. Die Blattränder sind glatt oder meist leicht gezähnt. Die Nebenblätter sind oft groß bis blattartig.

Photinia-Arten bilden endständige, unterschiedlich aufgebaute, oft doldenrispigen Blütenstände. Die zwittrigen, radiärsymmetrischen, fünfzähligen Blüten weisen einen leichten Weißdornduft und Durchmesser von 5 bis 10 mm auf. Die fünf grünen Kelchblätter sind kurz. Die fünf Kronblätter sind oft weiß. Es sind meist etwa 20 Staubblätter vorhanden. Meist zwei bis fünf (selten ist nur eines vorhanden) Fruchtblätter sind zu einem halbunterständigen Fruchtknoten verwachsen.

Die kleinen apfelförmigen Früchte mit einem Umfang von 4 bis 12 mm werden in großen Mengen gebildet. Sie reifen im Herbst und bleiben oft bis weit in den Winter hinein an der Pflanze hängen. Die Früchte dienen Vögeln als Nahrung, die die Samen mit ihrem Kot ausscheiden und verteilen.

Systematik und Verbreitung

Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist Asien. Etwa 48 Arten kommen in China vor, davon sind etwa 34 dort endemisch.

Zur klassischen Gattung Photinia gehören Arten, die im warmen Teil Asiens vom Himalaya bis nach Japan im Osten und Indien und Thailand im Süden vorkommen. Allerdings zählen einige Botaniker auch die eng verwandte nordamerikanische Art Heteromeles arbutifolia (C.Presl) Abrams unter dem Namen Photinia arbutifolia dazu. Etwa sechs Arten werden oftmals als eigene Gattung Stranvaesia geführt:

  • Stranvaesia amphidoxa C.K.Schneider = Photinia amphidoxa (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Stranvaesia davidiana Decaisne = Photinia davidiana (Decne.) Cardot
  • Stranvaesia nussia (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D.Don) Decaisne = Photinia nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kalkman
  • Stranvaesia oblanceolata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Stapf = Photinia brandisii
  • Stranvaesia tomentosa T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku = Pourthiaea tomentosa (T.T.Yu & T.C.Ku) Long Y.Wang, W.Guo & W.B.Liao

Nahe verwandte Gattungen sind Feuerdorn (Pyracantha), Zwergmispeln (Cotoneaster) und Weißdorn (Crataegus).

Synonyme für Photinia Lindl. sind Pourthiaea Decne. und Stranvaesia Lindl.

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Japanische Glanzmispel (Photinia glabra)
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Sägeblättrige Glanzmispel (Photinia serratifolia)
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Sägeblättrige Glanzmispel (Photinia serratifolia)
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Warzen-Glanzmispel (Photinia villosa)

Arten

Es gibt etwa 66 Arten, hier eine Auswahl:

Immergrüne Arten

  • Photinia amphidoxa (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Syn.: Stranvaesia amphidoxa C.K.Schneider): Sie kommt in China vor.[2]
  • Photinia benthamiana Hance (Syn.: Stranvaesia benthamiana (Hance) Merr.): Sie kommt in China, Thailand, Laos und Vietnam vor.[2]
  • Photinia bodinieri H.Lév.: Sie kommt in China und im nördlichen Vietnam vor.[3]
  • Photinia brandisii Stapf (Syn.: Stranvaesia oblanceolata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Stapf): Sie kommt im südlichen Yunnan, in Laos, Thailand und Myanmar vor.[3]
  • Davids-Glanzmispel, Lorbeermispel (Photinia davidiana (Decne.) Cardot, Syn.: Stranvaesia davidiana Decaisne): Sie kommt in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, auf Sumatra und in Sabah vor.[2]
  • Photinia davidsoniae Rehder & E.H.Wilson: Sie kommt in China und in Vietnam vor.[2]
  • Japanische Glanzmispel (Photinia glabra (Thunb.) Franch. & Sav., Crataegus glabra Thunb., Syn.: Crataegus glabra Thunb., Sorbus glabra (Thunb.) Zabel): Sie kommt in China, Japan, Thailand und in Myanmar vor.[2]
  • Photinia integrifolia Lindl.: Sie kommt in Indien, Bhutan, Nepal, auf Sri Lanka, in Indonesien, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam und in China vor.[2]
  • Photinia nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kalkman (Syn.: Pyrus nussia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Stranvaesia glaucescens Lindl., Stranvaesia nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Decne.): Sie kommt in Indien, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, auf den Philippinen, in Xizang und in Yunnan vor.[2]
  • Photinia prionophylla (Franch.) C.K.Schneid. (Syn.: Eriobotrya prionophylla Franch.): Sie kommt in der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan vor.[2]
  • Sägeblättrige Glanzmispel (Photinia serratifolia (Desf.) Kalkman, Syn.: Photinia serrulata auct.): Sie kommt in Indien, Indonesien, auf den Philippinen, in Japan, auf Taiwan und in China vor.[2]

Laubabwerfende Arten

  • Photinia beauverdiana C.K.Schneid.: Sie kommt in China, Bhutan, Vietnam und auf Taiwan vor.[2]
  • Photinia glomerata Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Syn.: Photinia franchetiana Diels): Sie kommt in den chinesischen Provinzen Hubei, Sichuan und Yunnan vor.[2]
  • Photinia parvifolia (E.Pritz.) C.K.Schneid. (Syn.: Pourthiaea parvifolia E.Pritz.): Sie kommt in China und in Taiwan vor.[2]
  • Warzen-Glanzmispel oder Warzige Glanzmispel (Photinia villosa (Thunb.) DC., Syn.: Crataegus villosa Thunb., Photinia villosa var. longipes ined., Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne., Pourthiaea villosa var. longipes Nakai): Sie kommt in China, Japan und Korea vor.[2]

Nicht mehr zur Gattung Photinia werden gerechnet:

Nutzung

Die Früchte einiger Arten werden roh oder gegart gegessen. Pflanzenteile einiger Arten werden medizinisch genutzt. Pflanzenteile werden zum Färben verwendet. Die mit Früchten behangenen Zweige einzelner Arten werden als Weihnachtsdekoration verwendet. Das sehr harte Holz einiger Arten wird genutzt, zum Beispiel zur Herstellung von Möbeln.[4]

Ziergehölze

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Blütenstand mit genagelten Kronblättern von einer buschförmigen Ziersorte
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Sorte 'Red Robin'

Einige Photinia-Arten und Hybriden sind wegen der Früchte und Blätter beliebte Ziersträucher. Es gibt zahlreiche Sorten und Hybriden, einige davon werden speziell ihrer leuchtend roten Blätter wegen angepflanzt, die sie im Frühjahr und Sommer haben. Häufige Sorten sind[5]:

  • Frasers Glanzmispel (Photinia × fraseri Dress = Photinia glabra × Photinia serratifolia) ist immergrün:
    • Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin'
    • Photinia × fraseri 'Camilvy'
    • Photinia × fraseri 'Curly Fantasy'
    • Photinia × fraseri 'Cassini' ('Pink Marble'™)
  • Davids-Glanzmispel (Photinia davidiana, Handelsname: „Lorbeermispel/Stranvaesia“):
    • Photinia davidiana 'Palette' (Herkunft unbekannt)
    • Photinia davidiana 'Fructu Luteo' (gelbe Früchte)
    • Photinia davidiana 'Prostrata' (eine langsamwachsende Sorte)
  • Photinia nussia (Handelsname: „Glanzmispel“)
  • Photinia 'Redstart’ (Photinia davidiana × Photinia × fraseri)

Krankheiten

Feuerbrand

Photinia-Arten sind als Kernobstgewächse stark durch Befall mit Feuerbrand gefährdet und manche Arten zählen mit zu den Hauptwirtsgruppen.

Die Produktion und Inverkehrbringung von Photinia davidiana („Lorbeermispel/Stranvaesia“) und Photinia nussia („Glanzmispel“) ist in der Schweiz seit 1. Mai 2002 verboten.[6]

Quellen

In der Flora of China ist Stranvaesia noch eine eigene Gattung:

Einzelnachweise

  1. Wilhelm Pape, Max Sengebusch (Bearb.): Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. 3. Auflage, 6. Abdruck. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1914 (zeno.org [abgerufen am 17. Mai 2021]).
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m Photinia im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 23. April 2017.
  3. a b Datenblatt Photinia bei POWO = Plants of the World Online von Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Science.
  4. Eintrag bei Plants for a Future. (engl.)
  5. Gordon Cheers (Hrsg.): Botanica: Das ABC der Pflanzen. 10.000 Arten in Text und Bild. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5.
  6. Pflanzenkrankheiten – Feuerbrand – Hausgarten. ACW, archiviert vom Original am 13. April 2009; abgerufen am 26. April 2008.
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Glanzmispeln: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Glanzmispeln (Photinia) sind eine Pflanzengattung der Kernobstgewächse (Pyrinae) in der Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Der botanische Gattungsname leitet sich von altgriechisch φωτεινός phōteinós, deutsch ‚leuchtend, hell‘ ab und bezieht sich auf die oft glänzenden Blätter.

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Photinia

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Photinia (/fˈtɪniə, fə-/[2][3][4]) is a genus of about 30 species of small trees and large shrubs, but the taxonomy has recently varied greatly, with the genera Heteromeles, Stranvaesia and Aronia sometimes included in Photinia.

They are a part of the rose family (Rosaceae) and related to the apple. The botanical genus name derives from the Greek word photeinos for shiny and refers to the often glossy leaves. Most species are evergreen, but deciduous species also occur. The small apple-shaped fruit has a size of 4 to 12 mm and forms in large quantities. They ripen in the fall and often remain hanging on the bush until well into the winter. The fruits are used as food by birds, which excrete the seeds with their droppings and thereby distribute the plant.

The natural range of these species is restricted to warm temperate Asia, from the Himalaya east to Japan and south to India and Thailand. They have, however, been widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits.

The scientific name Photinia is also widely used as the common name. Another name sometimes used is "Christmas berry", but this name is a source of confusion, since it is commonly applied to plants in several genera including Heteromeles, Lycium, Schinus, and Ruscus. The name "photinia" also continues to be used for several species of small trees in the mountains of Mexico and Central America which had formerly been included in the genus Photinia.[5]

Description

Photinia × fraseri, showing the red colour of new growth contrasted to the glossy green older leaves

Photinias typically grow from 4–15 m tall, with a usually irregular crown of angular branches; the branches are often (not always) thorny. The leaves are alternate, entire or finely toothed, varying between species from 3–15 cm in length and 1.5–5 cm wide; the majority of species are evergreen but several are deciduous. The flowers are produced in early summer in dense terminal corymbs; each flower is 5–10 mm diameter, with five rounded white petals; they have a mild, hawthorn-like scent. The fruit is a small pome, 4–12 mm across, bright red and berry-like, produced large quantities, maturing in the fall and often persisting well into the winter. The fruit are consumed by birds, including thrushes, waxwings and starlings; the seeds are dispersed in their droppings. Photinia species are sometimes used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including common emerald, feathered thorn and setaceous Hebrew character. Photinias are subject to leaf blight. https://homeguides.sfgate.com/photinia-blight-43033.html.

Taxonomy

Some botanists also include the closely related North American species Heteromeles arbutifolia in Photinia — as Photinia arbutifolia. The genus Stranvaesia is so similar in morphology to Photinia that its species have sometimes been included within it,[6][7] but recent molecular data[8] indicate that the two genera are not closely related. The genus Aronia has been included in Photinia in some classifications,[9] but recent molecular data confirm that these genera are not closely related.[8] Other close relatives include the firethorns (Pyracantha), cotoneasters (Cotoneaster) and hawthorns (Crataegus).

A number of species have been moved to the separate genus Stranvaesia including P. amphidoxa, P. davidiana, P. nussia, and P. tomentosa.

Uses

Flower of an ornamental shrub cultivar

Photinias are very popular ornamental shrubs, grown for their fruit and foliage. Numerous hybrids and cultivars are available; several of the cultivars are selected for their strikingly bright red young leaves in spring and summer. The most widely planted are:

  • Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin' - probably the most widely planted of all, this cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[10][11]
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Little Red Robin', a plant similar to 'Red Robin', but dwarf in stature with an ultimate height/spread of around 2–3 ft
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Camilvy'
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Curly Fantasy'
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Super Hedger' - a newer hybrid with strong upright growth
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Pink Marble' also known as 'Cassini', a new cultivar with rose-pink tinted new growth and a creamy-white variegated margin on the leaves
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Robusta'[12]
  • Photinia 'Redstart' (Stranvaesia davidiana × P. × fraseri)
  • Photinia 'Palette' (parentage unknown)
  • Photinia davidiana 'Fructu Luteo' (fruit yellow)
  • Photinia davidiana 'Prostrata' (a low-growing form)

Toxicity

Some varieties of Photinia are toxic due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in the vacuoles of foliage and fruit cells.[13] When the leaves are chewed these compounds are released and are rapidly converted to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which blocks cellular respiration. The amount of HCN produced varies considerably between taxa, and is in general greatest in young leaves.[14] Ruminants are particularly affected by cyanogenic glycosides because the first stage of their digestive system (the rumen) provides better conditions for liberating HCN than the stomachs of monogastric vertebrates.[15]

Species list

The following 32 species are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of August 2022[1]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to page of Category of Photinia.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to page of Photinia.
  1. ^ a b c "Photinia Lindl.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ "Photinia". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ "Photinia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  5. ^ Phipps, J.B. (1992). "Heteromeles and Photinia (Rosaceae subfam. Maloideae) of Mexico and Central America". Canadian Journal of Botany. 70 (11): 2138–62. doi:10.1139/b92-266.
  6. ^ Vidal, J.E. (1965). "Notes sur quelques Rosacées Asiatique (II) (Photinia, Stranvaesia)". Adansonia. 5: 221–237.
  7. ^ Kalkman, C. (1973). "The Malesian species of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae)" (PDF). Blumea. 21: 413–442.
  8. ^ a b Campbell, C.S.; Evans, R.C.; Morgan, D.R.; Dickinson, T.A.; Arsenault, M.P. (2007). "Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 119–145. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.8954. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y. S2CID 13639534.
  9. ^ Robertson, K.R.; Phipps, J.B.; Rohrer, J.R.; Smith, P.G. (1991). "A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae)". Systematic Botany. 16 (2): 376–394. doi:10.2307/2419287. JSTOR 2419287.
  10. ^ a b "RHS Plant Selector - Photinia x fraseri 'Red Robin'". Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  11. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  12. ^ Ltd, GardensOnline Pty. "Photinia x fraseri Robusta | GardensOnline". www.gardensonline.com.au. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  13. ^ "Table 4: Poisonous Range Plants of Temperate North America". Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  14. ^ K.A. Jacobs, F.S. Santamour, Jr., G.R. Johnson, M.A. Dirrs (September 1996). "Differential Resistance to Entomosporium Leafspot Disease and Hydrogen Cyanide Potential in Photinia" (PDF). J. Environ. Hort. 14 (3): 154–7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  15. ^ Lester R. Vough, E. Kim Cassel (2004–2006). "Prussic Acid Poisoning of Livestock: Causes and Prevention (ExEx 4016)" (PDF). South Dakota State University. Retrieved 2011-05-04.

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Photinia: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Photinia (/foʊˈtɪniə, fə-/) is a genus of about 30 species of small trees and large shrubs, but the taxonomy has recently varied greatly, with the genera Heteromeles, Stranvaesia and Aronia sometimes included in Photinia.

They are a part of the rose family (Rosaceae) and related to the apple. The botanical genus name derives from the Greek word photeinos for shiny and refers to the often glossy leaves. Most species are evergreen, but deciduous species also occur. The small apple-shaped fruit has a size of 4 to 12 mm and forms in large quantities. They ripen in the fall and often remain hanging on the bush until well into the winter. The fruits are used as food by birds, which excrete the seeds with their droppings and thereby distribute the plant.

The natural range of these species is restricted to warm temperate Asia, from the Himalaya east to Japan and south to India and Thailand. They have, however, been widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits.

The scientific name Photinia is also widely used as the common name. Another name sometimes used is "Christmas berry", but this name is a source of confusion, since it is commonly applied to plants in several genera including Heteromeles, Lycium, Schinus, and Ruscus. The name "photinia" also continues to be used for several species of small trees in the mountains of Mexico and Central America which had formerly been included in the genus Photinia.

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Photinia ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Photinia es un género de alrededor 40-60 especies de pequeños árboles y grandes arbustos perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.[2]​ Crecen en regiones con temperaturas templadas de Asia, desde los Himalayas a Japón y al sur de la India y Tailandia, pero algunos botánicos incluyen las especies de Norteamérica Heteromeles arbutifolia en Photinia como Photinia arbutifolia.

 src=
Photinia davidiana fruto.

Descripción

Las Photinias crecen hasta 3-15 metros de altura. con una corona irregular de ramas angulares. Las hojas son alternas, enteras o finamente dentadas, variando entre las especies entre 1,5-5 cm ancho y 3-15 cm de longitud. La mayoría de las especies son perennifolias pero hay varias de hojas caducas. Las flores son producidas en corimbos densos terminales, cada flor es de 5-10 mm de diámetro, con cinco pétalos. El fruto es pequeño, 4-12 mm de color rojo brillante y persiste durante el invierno. Los frutos con consumidos por los pájaros que dispersan sus semillas.

Taxonomía

Photinia fue descrito por John Lindley y publicado en Botanical Register; consisting of coloured... 6: pl. 491, en el año 1820.[3]​ La especie tipo es: Photinia serrulata Lindl.

Especies perennifolias

Especies caducifolias

Usos

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Flores.

Photinias es muy popular como planta ornamental cultivándose por sus frutos y follaje. Se han conseguido numerosos híbridos, entre ellos:

Referencias

  1. D. Potter, T. Eriksson, R. C. Evans, S. Oh, J. E. E. Smedmark, D. R. Morgan, M. Kerr, K. R. Robertson, M. Arsenault, T. A. Dickinson & C. S. Campbell (2007). «Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae» (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution (en inglés) 266 (1–2): 5-43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9. Nótese que esta publicación es anterior al Congreso Internacional de Botánica de 2011 que determinó que la subfamilia combinada, a la que este artículo se refiere como Spiraeoideae, debía denominarse Amygdaloideae.
  2. Photinia en PlantList/
  3. Photinia en Trópicos

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Photinia: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Photinia es un género de alrededor 40-60 especies de pequeños árboles y grandes arbustos perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae.​ Crecen en regiones con temperaturas templadas de Asia, desde los Himalayas a Japón y al sur de la India y Tailandia, pero algunos botánicos incluyen las especies de Norteamérica Heteromeles arbutifolia en Photinia como Photinia arbutifolia.

 src= Photinia davidiana fruto.
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Photinia ( French )

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Les Photinia, ou Photinies, forment un genre de 40 à 60 espèces d'arbustes de la famille des Rosacées et sont originaires de souche de l'Himalaya et d'Asie.

Les Photinia ont été hybridées par l'homme. Ces photinias sont alors utilisés comme arbustes d'ornement seuls ou en massifs ou en haie simple ou mixte (souvent en mélange avec le laurier du Caucase). L'intérêt est alors dans son caractère bicolore quasiment permanent : les jeunes feuilles sont en effet rouges et virent au vert foncé en vieillissant. Il fleurit d'avril à mai avec de petites fleurs groupées en bout de branches, parfum un peu fort et acre, hauteur moyenne 1,50 m.

Le Photinia apprécie le soleil et est résistant au froid jusqu'à -15 °C[1].

Étymologie

Le nom Photinia vient du grec φοτεινοσ / foteinos, brillant, en référence à l'apparence des feuilles[2].

Liste des espèces

Espèces les plus connues

Espèces persistantes

  • Photinia amphidoxa (voir Stranvaesia amphidoxa)
  • Photinia anlungensis
  • Photinia beckii
  • Photinia berberidifolia
  • Photinia bodinieri
  • Photinia chihsiniana
  • Photinia chingiana
  • Photinia crassifolia
  • Photinia davidiana (voir Stranvaesia davidiana)
  • Photinia davidsoniae
  • Photinia glabra
  • Photinia glomerata
  • Photinia integrifolia
  • Photinia kwangsiensis
  • Photinia lanuginosa
  • Photinia lasiogyna
  • Photinia lasiopetala
  • Photinia lochengensis
  • Photinia loriformis
  • Photinia megaphylla
  • Photinia nussia (voir Stranvaesia nussia)
  • Photinia prionophylla
  • Photinia prunifolia
  • Photinia raupingensis
  • Photinia serratifolia (syn. Photinia serrulata)
  • Photinia stenophylla
  • Photinia tomentosa (voir Stranvaesia tomentosa)
  • Photinia tushanensis
  • Photinia zhejiangensis

Espèces caduques

  • Photinia arguta (syn. Pourthiaea arguta)
  • Photinia beauverdiana (syn. Pourthiaea beauverdiana)
  • Photinia benthamiana (syn. Pourthiaea benthamiana)
  • Photinia bergerae
  • Photinia blinii
  • Photinia calleryana (syn. Pourthiaea calleryana)
  • Photinia callosa
  • Photinia chingshuiensis (syn. Pourthiaea chingshuiensis)
  • Photinia fokienensis
  • Photinia hirsuta
  • Photinia impressivena
  • Photinia komarovii
  • Photinia lucida (syn. Pourthiaea lucida)
  • Photinia obliqua
  • Photinia parvifolia (syn. Pourthiaea parvifolia)
  • Photinia pilosicalyx
  • Photinia podocarpifolia
  • Photinia schneideriana
  • Photinia tsaii
  • Photinia villosa (syn. Pourthiaea villosa)

Notes et références

  1. « Photinia : plantation, taille et conseils d'entretien », sur Jardiner Malin : jardinage et recettes de saison, 31 octobre 2020 (consulté le 2 novembre 2020)
  2. Fraser et al. Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary, London, 1917, 938 pages, p. 662 : lire en ligne
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Photinia: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Photinia, ou Photinies, forment un genre de 40 à 60 espèces d'arbustes de la famille des Rosacées et sont originaires de souche de l'Himalaya et d'Asie.

Les Photinia ont été hybridées par l'homme. Ces photinias sont alors utilisés comme arbustes d'ornement seuls ou en massifs ou en haie simple ou mixte (souvent en mélange avec le laurier du Caucase). L'intérêt est alors dans son caractère bicolore quasiment permanent : les jeunes feuilles sont en effet rouges et virent au vert foncé en vieillissant. Il fleurit d'avril à mai avec de petites fleurs groupées en bout de branches, parfum un peu fort et acre, hauteur moyenne 1,50 m.

Le Photinia apprécie le soleil et est résistant au froid jusqu'à -15 °C.

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Photinia ( Italian )

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Photinia è un genere di circa 40-60 specie di piccoli alberi e grandi arbusti, ma la tassonomia è recentemente variata notevolmente, con i generi Heteromeles, Stranvaesia e Aronia talvolta inclusi in Photinia.

Fanno parte della famiglia delle rose (Rosaceae) e sono legate alla mela. Il nome del genere botanico deriva dalla parola greca photeinos per brillante e si riferisce alle foglie spesso lucide. La maggior parte delle specie sono sempreverdi, ma si verificano anche specie decidue. Il piccolo frutto a forma di mela ha una dimensione da 4 a 12 mm e forme in grandi quantità. Maturano in autunno e spesso rimangono appesi sul cespuglio fino all'inverno. I frutti sono usati come cibo dagli uccelli, che espellono i semi con i loro escrementi e quindi distribuiscono la pianta.

La gamma naturale di queste specie è limitata all'Asia temperata calda, dall'Himalaya ad est al Giappone e al sud all'India e alla Thailandia. Tuttavia, sono stati ampiamente coltivati in tutto il mondo come piante ornamentali per i loro fiori bianchi e frutti rossi.

Il nome scientifico Photinia è anche ampiamente usato come nome comune. Un altro nome a volte usato è "bacca di Natale", ma questo nome è fonte di confusione, poiché viene comunemente applicato alle piante di diversi generi tra cui Heteromeles, Lycium, Schinus e Ruscus. Il nome "photinia" continua ad essere utilizzato anche per diverse specie di piccoli alberi nelle montagne del Messico e dell'America centrale che erano state precedentemente incluse nel genere Photinia.[1]

Descrizione

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Photinia × fraseri, che mostra il colore rosso della nuova crescita in contrasto con le foglie più vecchie verde lucido

Le fotinie crescono in genere da 4 a 15 m di altezza, con una corona solitamente irregolare di rami angolari; i rami sono spesso (non sempre) spinosi. Le foglie sono alternate, intere o finemente dentate, che variano tra le specie da 3 a 15 cm in lunghezza e 1,5–5 cm in larghezza; la maggior parte delle specie è sempreverde ma molte sono decidue. I fiori sono prodotti all'inizio dell'estate in densi corimbi terminali; ogni fiore ha 5–10 mm di diametro, con cinque petali bianchi arrotondati; hanno un profumo delicato, simile al biancospino. Il frutto è un piccolo pomo, con 4–12 mm di diametro, colore rosso brillante e simile a bacche, prodotto in grandi quantità, maturando in autunno e spesso persistendo bene in inverno. Il frutto viene consumato dagli uccelli, tra cui tordi, waxwings e storni; i semi sono dispersi nei loro escrementi. Le specie di Photinia vengono talvolta utilizzate come piante alimentari dalle larve di alcune specie di Lepidotteri tra cui lo smeraldo comune, la spina piumata e il carattere ebraico setaceo.

Tassonomia

Alcuni botanici includono anche le specie strettamente nordamericane Heteromeles arbutifolia in Photinia - come Photinia arbutifolia . Il genere Stranvaesia è così simile nella morfologia alla Photinia che a volte le sue specie sono state incluse al suo interno,[2][3] ma i recenti dati molecolari[4] indicano che i due generi non sono correlati. Il genere Aronia è stato incluso in Photinia in alcune classificazioni[5] ma recenti dati molecolari confermano che questi generi non sono strettamente correlati. Altri parenti stretti includono il firethorns (Pyracantha), i cotoneasters (Cotoneaster) e i biancospini (Crataegus).

Diverse specie sono state spostate nel genere separato Stranvaesia tra cui P. amphidoxa, P. davidiana, P. nussia e P. tomentosa.

Usi

 src=
Fiore di una cultivar di arbusto ornamentale

Le fotinie sono arbusti ornamentali molto popolari, coltivati per il loro frutto e fogliame[6]. Sono disponibili numerosi ibridi e cultivar; molte delle cultivar sono selezionate per le loro giovani foglie straordinariamente luminose in primavera e in estate. I più ampiamente piantati sono:

  • Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin' - probabilmente la più piantata di tutte, questa cultivar ha ottenuto il premio al merito da giardino della Royal Horticultural Society[7][8]
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Little Red Robin', una pianta simile a 'Red Robin', ma nana di statura con una massima altezza / diffusione di circa 2-3 piedi
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Camilvy'
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Curly Fantasy'
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Super Hedger' - un ibrido più recente con una forte crescita verticale
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Pink Marble' noto anche come 'Cassini', una nuova cultivar con nuova crescita tinta rosa-rosa e un margine variegato bianco-crema sulle foglie
  • Photinia × fraseri 'Robusta'[9]
  • Photinia 'Redstart' (Stranvaesia davidiana × P. × fraseri)
  • Photinia 'Palette' (parentela sconosciuta)
  • Photinia davidiana 'Fructu Luteo' (frutto giallo)
  • Photinia davidiana 'Prostrata' (una forma a bassa crescita)

Tossicità

Alcune varietà di Photinia sono tossiche a causa della presenza di glicosidi cianogeni nei vacuoli del fogliame e delle cellule della frutta.[10] Quando le foglie vengono masticate, questi composti vengono rilasciati e vengono rapidamente convertiti in acido cianidrico (HCN) che blocca la respirazione cellulare. La quantità di HCN prodotta varia considerevolmente tra i taxa ed è generalmente maggiore nelle foglie giovani.[11] I ruminanti sono particolarmente colpiti dai glicosidi cianogeni perché il primo stadio del loro sistema digestivo (il rumine) offre condizioni migliori per la liberazione di HCN rispetto allo stomaco dei vertebrati monogastrici.[12]

Elenco delle specie

  • Photinia anlungensis
  • Photinia arguta (syn. Pourthiaea arguta )
  • Photinia beauverdiana (syn. Pourthiaea beauverdiana )
  • Photinia beckii
  • Photinia benthamiana (syn. Pourthiaea benthamiana )
  • Photinia berberidifolia
  • Photinia bergerae
  • Photinia blinii
  • Bodinia di Photinia
  • Photinia calleryana (syn. Pourthiaea calleryana )
  • Photinia callosa
  • Photinia chihsiniana
  • Photinia chingiana
  • Photinia chingshuiensis (syn. Pourthiaea chingshuiensis )
  • Photinia crassifolia
  • Photinia fokienensis
  • Photinia glabra - Photinia giapponese
  • Photinia glomerata
  • Photinia hirsuta
  • Photinia impressivena
  • Photinia integrifolia
  • Photinia komarovii
  • Photinia kwangsiensis
  • Photinia lanuginosa
  • Photinia lasiogyna
  • Photinia lasiopetala
  • Photinia lochengensis
  • Photinia loriformis
  • Photinia lucida (syn. Pourthiaea lucida )
  • Photinia megaphylla
  • Photinia niitakayamensis
  • Photinia obliqua
  • Photinia parvifolia (syn. Pourthiaea parvifolia )
  • Photinia pilosicalyx
  • Photinia podocarpifolia
  • Photinia prionophylla
  • Photinia prunifolia
  • Photinia raupingensis
  • Photinia schneideriana
  • Photinia serratifolia (syn. Photinia serrulata )
  • Photinia stenophylla
  • Photinia tsaii
  • Photinia tushanensis
  • Photinia villosa (syn. Pourthiaea villosa )
  • Photinia zhejiangensis

Note

  1. ^ J.B. Phipps, Heteromeles and Photinia (Rosaceae subfam. Maloideae) of Mexico and Central America , in Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 70, n. 11, 1992, pp. 2138–62, DOI:10.1139/b92-266.
  2. ^ J.E. Vidal, Notes sur quelques Rosacées Asiatique (II) (Photinia, Stranvaesia), in Adansonia, vol. 5, 1965, pp. 221–237.
  3. ^ C. Kalkman, The Malesian species of the subfamily Maloideae (Rosaceae), in Blumea, vol. 21, 1973, pp. 413–442.
  4. ^ C.S. Campbell, R.C. Evans e D.R. Morgan, Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history, in Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 266, 1–2, 2007, pp. 119–145, DOI:10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y.
  5. ^ K.R. Robertson, J.B. Phipps e J.R. Rohrer, A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae), in Systematic Botany, vol. 16, n. 2, 1991, pp. 376–394, DOI:10.2307/2419287.
  6. ^ Rita, Fotinia: Coltivazione e Cura della Photinia, bella pianta da siepe, su L'eden di Fiori e Piante. URL consultato il 20 agosto 2021.
  7. ^ a b Copia archiviata, su apps.rhs.org.uk. URL consultato il 26 May 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 21 giugno 2013).
  8. ^ rhs.org.uk, Royal Horticultural Society, July 2017, p. 78, https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf Titolo mancante per url url (aiuto). URL consultato il 25 April 2018.
  9. ^ GardensOnline Pty Ltd, www.gardensonline.com.au, https://www.gardensonline.com.au/gardenshed/plantfinder/show_1860.aspx Titolo mancante per url url (aiuto). URL consultato il 24 febbraio 2020.
  10. ^ Merck Veterinary Manual, https://web.archive.org/web/20070711100027/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/ttox04.htm Titolo mancante per url urlarchivio (aiuto). URL consultato il 5 maggio 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 luglio 2007).
  11. ^ K.A. Jacobs, F.S. Santamour, Jr., G.R. Johnson, M.A. Dirrs, Differential Resistance to Entomosporium Leafspot Disease and Hydrogen Cyanide Potential in Photinia (PDF), in J. Environ. Hort., vol. 14, n. 3, September 1996, pp. 154–7. URL consultato il 13 maggio 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2016).
  12. ^ Lester R. Vough, E. Kim Cassel, Copia archiviata (PDF), su pubstorage.sdstate.edu, South Dakota State University, 2004–2006. URL consultato il 4 maggio 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 31 maggio 2013).

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Photinia: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Photinia è un genere di circa 40-60 specie di piccoli alberi e grandi arbusti, ma la tassonomia è recentemente variata notevolmente, con i generi Heteromeles, Stranvaesia e Aronia talvolta inclusi in Photinia.

Fanno parte della famiglia delle rose (Rosaceae) e sono legate alla mela. Il nome del genere botanico deriva dalla parola greca photeinos per brillante e si riferisce alle foglie spesso lucide. La maggior parte delle specie sono sempreverdi, ma si verificano anche specie decidue. Il piccolo frutto a forma di mela ha una dimensione da 4 a 12 mm e forme in grandi quantità. Maturano in autunno e spesso rimangono appesi sul cespuglio fino all'inverno. I frutti sono usati come cibo dagli uccelli, che espellono i semi con i loro escrementi e quindi distribuiscono la pianta.

La gamma naturale di queste specie è limitata all'Asia temperata calda, dall'Himalaya ad est al Giappone e al sud all'India e alla Thailandia. Tuttavia, sono stati ampiamente coltivati in tutto il mondo come piante ornamentali per i loro fiori bianchi e frutti rossi.

Il nome scientifico Photinia è anche ampiamente usato come nome comune. Un altro nome a volte usato è "bacca di Natale", ma questo nome è fonte di confusione, poiché viene comunemente applicato alle piante di diversi generi tra cui Heteromeles, Lycium, Schinus e Ruscus. Il nome "photinia" continua ad essere utilizzato anche per diverse specie di piccoli alberi nelle montagne del Messico e dell'America centrale che erano state precedentemente incluse nel genere Photinia.

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Photinia ( Portuguese )

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Photinia é um género botânico pertencente à família Rosaceae[1].

  1. «Photinia — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020
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Photinia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Photinia é um género botânico pertencente à família Rosaceae.

«Photinia — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020  title=
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カナメモチ属 ( Japanese )

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カナメモチ属 Stranvaesia davidiana0.jpg 分類 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : マメ類 fabids : バラ目 Rosales : バラ科 Rosaceae 亜科 : サクラ亜科 Amygdaloideae : ナシ連 Pyreae : カナメモチ属 Photinia 学名 Photinia Lindl. タイプ種 カナメモチ シノニム

Stranvaesia Lindl. ?

カナメモチ属 (カナメモチぞく、Photinia) は、バラ科サクラ亜科ナシ連の1属。

分類[編集]

従来、広義の説と狭義の説とがあり、広義のカナメモチ属 (e.g. Robertson et al. 1991) は

からなっていた[1]

Guo et al. (2011)[1]はこれらの系統関係を明らかにし3属に整理した。

しかし Li et al. (2012)[2]では、アロニア属とカマツカ属の除外は確認されたが、狭義のカナメモチ属も複数の遠縁な系統からなる可能性がある(Stranvaesia はその1つに近縁である)。

主な種[編集]

広義のカナメモチ属は約65種を含んでいた[1]

分離された主な種[編集]

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b c Guo, W., Yu, Y., Shen, R.J., Liao, W.B., Chin, S.W., Potter, D., 2011. A phylogeny of Photinia sensu lato (Rosaceae) and related genera based on nrITS and cpDNA analysis. Plant Syst. Evol. 291, 91–102.
  2. ^ Li, Qing-Yan; Guo, Wei; Liao, Wen-Bo; Macklin, James A.; Li, Jian-Hua (2012), “Generic limits of Pyrinae: Insights from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences”, Botanical Studies 53: 151-164, http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2012/1/Bot531-14.pdf
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カナメモチ属: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

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カナメモチ属 (カナメモチぞく、Photinia) は、バラ科サクラ亜科ナシ連の1属。

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윤노리나무속 ( Korean )

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윤노리나무속(Photinia)은 장미과의 속이다. 윤노리나무홍가시나무를 포함하여 40~60 종으로 이루어져 있다.

각주

  1. Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43. [Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]
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