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Description

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Phrynomatis bifasciatus is a medium-sized frog that can grow up to 75 mm. It has a moderately robust body, more elongated and depressed than many frogs. The body is carried high on its slender limbs when moving, which is generally by walking, or occasionally running, but not hopping. The head is mobile and able to move somewhat laterally. Eyes are relatively small and have circular pupils. Digit tips are expanded into truncated discs. Fingers lack webbing completely and toes have vestigial webbing (Wager, 1986; Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). The common name derives from the rubber-like appearance and texture of the frog's smooth and shiny skin, which feels dry when handled. This frog has shiny black or dark brown skin with continuous or interrupted vivid red or orange bands extending from the snout over the eyelids to the back of the body. There is also a large red or orange spot on the posterior dorsum, in the caudal region. Limbs have red bars or spots. Ventrally this frog is light brown or gray with dense, distinct white spotting (Wager, 1986; Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). Males have a black throat. (Wager, 1986; Zweifel, 2003). The tadpole of P. bifasciatus reaches 37 mm in total length, with a body length of 12 mm and tail length of 25 mm (Wager, 1986). It has a tail that narrows to a thin, whiplike flagellum (Wager, 1986). Eyes are at the sides of the head (Zweifel, 2003). Both external gills and suckers are present at hatching. The tadpole's appearance is unusual, with a pointed head and slit-like terminal mouth that lacks keratinized jaws, teeth, and papillae. The upper lip is straight and flat, while the lower lip is spatulate, shaped like a V and projecting slightly (Donnelly et al., 1990). No flaps are present on the lips, unlike the related species P. annectens, which has labial flaps on either side of the lower lip, adjacent to the infralabial prominence, and P. microps, which has a large flap on the upper lip (Donnelly et al., 1990). The spiracle is medial and opens near the vent (Donnelly et al., 1990) and is somewhat enlarged, at 2 mm wide (Wager, 1986). The body is mostly transparent, except for the coiled intestine, and has tiny black dots on the mid-back (Wager, 1986). Tail fins have black, sometimes red, narrow bands along the outside edges (Wager, 1986).This frog is collected for the pet trade (IUCN, 2006). The specific name "bifasciatus" refers to the two red stripes running down the back (Wager, 1986).

References

  • Donnelly, M.A., de Sa, R.O., and Guyer, C. (1990). ''Description of the tadpoles of Gastrophryne pictiventris and Nelsonophryne aterrima (Anura: Microhylidae), with a review of morphological variation in free-swimming microhylid larvae.'' American Museum Novitates, 2976, 1-19.
  • IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe. 2006. Global Amphibian Assessment: Phrynomantis bifasciatus. www.globalamphibians.org. Accessed on 11 January 2008.
  • Jaeger, R. G. (1971): ''Toxic reaction to the skin secretions of the frog, Phrynomerus bifasciatus.'' Copeia, 1971, 160-161.
  • Meyers, J. J., O'Reilly, J. C., Monroy, J. A., and Nishikawa, K. C. (2003). ''Mechanism of tongue projection in microhylid frogs.'' The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207, 21-31.
  • Zweifel, R. G. (2003). ''Banded rubber frog, Phrynomantis bifasciatus.'' Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 6, Amphibians. 2nd edition. M. Hutchins, W. E. Duellman, and N. Schlager, eds., Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.

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Distribution and Habitat

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This frog occurs in a broad swath from southern Somalia southeastward to Angola, and extending southward into Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. It inhabits open country grassland or savanna (Zweifel, 2003), up to 1450 m above sea level, and is also found in agricultural areas (IUCN, 2006). It can be found in loose sand under large rocks on dry hillsides, miles from the nearest water, in cavities of dead trees, and in holes in the ground or in a bank (Wager, 1986).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This species does not appear to be threatened and can tolerate a range of habitats (IUCN, 2006).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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This species is nocturnal but may occasionally be seen in the daytime following a period of precipitation. Although it has expanded discs on the fingertips, it is generally found at or near ground level (Passmore and Carruthers, 1995). However, it is also an adept climber of trees and rocky walls (Wager, 1986). During the dry season it shelters underground in burrows in loose sand or earth, in termite mounds, or in cavities within dead trees (Wager, 1986; Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). Phrynomantis bifasciatus digs backwards to make its burrow, although it does not have specialized digging "spades" on the hind feet (Wager, 1986). This frog prefers to walk slowly rather than take long hops (Wager, 1986). Ants and possibly termites form a large part of the diet in this genus (Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). During the mating season, P. bifasciatus breeds in temporary rain pools (Zweifel, 2003). These frogs will gather in a large chorus, which may sometimes consist only of this species (rather than a multi-species group) to breed soon after a rainstorm (Wager, 1986). While swimming, they inflate and float, with all four legs kicking over short distances; in contrast, over long swimming distances they kick only with the back legs (Wager, 1986). Males call from shallow water or the water's edge, remaining exposed while calling (Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). The call is loud and audible for over a kilometer, and consists of a melodious high-pitched "porreeeee," or a slightly lower "perrooooo" with a duration of about 2 seconds and a pause of about 5 seconds in between calls (Wager, 1986). Amplexus is axillary (Zweifel, 2003). Females deposit a clutch of about 600 eggs (Wager, 1986) up to 1,500 eggs (Zweifel, 2003). The egg mass is attached to floating vegetation (Wager, 1986). Eggs have a diameter of 1.3 mm within jelly capsules of 5 mm, and the whole egg mass is about 75 mm in diameter (Wager, 1986). Tadpoles hatch after four days (Wager, 1986). The tadpole of P. bifasciatus is a midwater nektonic filter-feeder (Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). The V-shaped lower lip constantly moves in and out, to suction in water containing microorganisms such as unicellular algae, desmids, diatoms, and Volvox (Wager, 1986). Since a large amount of water needs to be suctioned, the spiracle through which the water enters is correspondingly enlarged at 2 mm in width (Wager, 1986). During filter-feeding, the tadpole suspends itself motionless at a steep angle in the water column, except for the tail tip vibration and sucking mouth (Wager, 1986). However, it is also capable of rapid and agile movement (Wager, 1986). Larval development takes approximately a month (Wager, 1986). Metamorphosis occurs at a body size of about 13 mm (0.5 inches) (Zweifel, 2003). The secretions from P. bifasciatus skins can cause skin irritation in humans (Jaeger, 1971), and are lethal to many other anurans, in addition to being highly toxic to mammalian heart cells (Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). The mechanism of toxin action appears to be through potassium channels (Passmore and Carruthers, 2005). Frogs of the families Microhylidae and Hemisotidae have the ability to aim their tongues laterally, independent of head or jaw movements, when shooting them out to capture prey. Phrynomantis bifasciatus shows the most extreme lateral aim of any frog known, extending its tongue over an arc of more than 200 degrees in the frontal plane. This means P. bifasciatus can extend its tongue to capture prey at an angle of greater than 90 degrees from the midline of the head (in other words, it can even aim slightly backwards). This lateral tongue aiming is controlled by a muscular hydrostatic mechanism (in common with other frogs of the families Microhylidae and Hemisotidae) (Meyers et al., 2003).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10.3 years (captivity)
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Gebande rubberpadda ( Afrikaans )

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Die Gebande rubberpadda (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is 'n padda wat voorkom in die noorde van die Noordwes en Limpopo, die ooste van Mpumalanga en die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. Die padda word 6 cm lank. Die padda is blinkswart met breë rooi, pienk of geel strepe langs die kante van die rug en oor die pote.

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Gebande rubberpadda: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Gebande rubberpadda (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is 'n padda wat voorkom in die noorde van die Noordwes en Limpopo, die ooste van Mpumalanga en die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. Die padda word 6 cm lank. Die padda is blinkswart met breë rooi, pienk of geel strepe langs die kante van die rug en oor die pote.

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Banded rubber frog

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The banded rubber frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in central and southern Africa. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, intermittent freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, water storage areas, ponds, and canals and ditches. The female can reach a maximum size of 65 mm whereas the tadpoles can reach a size of 37 mm. The maximum size of the male is yet unknown, but sizes differ from 45 mm to 68 mm.

Characteristics: Greyish underside with white spots (sometimes not apparent). Skin is smooth and rubbery. Arms and legs have reddish spots. To distinguish between gender, the male has a darker throat.

Toxicity

These frogs release a milky toxic substance through their skin. This substance is toxic both to other frog species and humans.[2][3]

Photo of a Red Branded Rubber Frog

Captivity

This species of Microhylid is kept in captivity.

References

  • Prof.S.Jansen, Tuks, University of Pretoria,E. 2012.
  • Van den Berg, B. Photo of Red Banded Rubber Frog, 2005
  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2013). "Phrynomantis bifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T57951A3063393. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T57951A3063393.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ Jaeger, Robert G. (1971-03-08). "Toxic Reaction to Skin Secretions of the Frog, Phrynomerus bifasciatus". Copeia. 1971 (1): 160–161. doi:10.2307/1441615. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1441615.
  3. ^ Pantanowitz, L.; Naudé, T. W.; Leisewitz, A. (November 1998). "Noxious toads and frogs of South Africa". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 88 (11): 1408–1414. ISSN 0256-9574. PMID 9861946.
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Banded rubber frog: Brief Summary

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The banded rubber frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in central and southern Africa. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, intermittent freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, water storage areas, ponds, and canals and ditches. The female can reach a maximum size of 65 mm whereas the tadpoles can reach a size of 37 mm. The maximum size of the male is yet unknown, but sizes differ from 45 mm to 68 mm.

Characteristics: Greyish underside with white spots (sometimes not apparent). Skin is smooth and rubbery. Arms and legs have reddish spots. To distinguish between gender, the male has a darker throat.

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rana de caucho (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) es un anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae. Mide entre 4 y 6 cm. A diferencia de otras, esta especie camina y corre en lugar de saltar. Es negra y brillante, con manchas de un rojo pálido. Cambia de color durante el día, poniéndose algo más pálida cuanto más tiempo está expuesta a la luz solar. Tiene una cabeza puntiaguda y sus ojos son pequeños. Si se siente amenazada, se levanta estirando las extremidades e inflando su cuerpo. También es tóxica:las sustancias venenosas que produce pueden ser mortales para un humano si éste las ingiere.

Vive en Sudáfrica, sur de Angola, Botsuana, Kenia, Malaui, Mozambique, Namibia, República democrática del Congo, Somalia, Suazilandia, Tanzania, Zambia y Zimbabue.

Referencias

  • Frost, D.R. « Phrynomantis bifasciatus ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural.
  • Minter, L., Poynton, J.C. & Balletto, E. 2004. Phrynomantis bifasciatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 July 2007.
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Phrynomantis bifasciatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La rana de caucho (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) es un anfibio anuro de la familia Microhylidae. Mide entre 4 y 6 cm. A diferencia de otras, esta especie camina y corre en lugar de saltar. Es negra y brillante, con manchas de un rojo pálido. Cambia de color durante el día, poniéndose algo más pálida cuanto más tiempo está expuesta a la luz solar. Tiene una cabeza puntiaguda y sus ojos son pequeños. Si se siente amenazada, se levanta estirando las extremidades e inflando su cuerpo. También es tóxica:las sustancias venenosas que produce pueden ser mortales para un humano si éste las ingiere.

Vive en Sudáfrica, sur de Angola, Botsuana, Kenia, Malaui, Mozambique, Namibia, República democrática del Congo, Somalia, Suazilandia, Tanzania, Zambia y Zimbabue.

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus ( Basque )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus Phrynomantis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus Phrynomantis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Termiittisammakko ( Finnish )

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Termiittisammakko[2] (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) on kirkkaan puna-mustakirjava sammakko. Väri kertoo lajin myrkyllisyydestä. Se elää Afrikan savanneilla Saharan eteläpuolella. Se on erikoistunut syömään muurahaisia ja termiittejä ja siksi sen pää on liikkuvampi kuin muilla ahdassuusammakoiden heimon edustajilla. Se elää pääasiassa maassa ja pakenee kuivuutta maan alle. Lisääntyminen tapahtuu sadekaudella vedessä useimpien muiden sammakoiden tapaan.

Lähteet

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group: Phrynomantis bifasciatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 2097–2098. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.

Aiheesta muualla

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Termiittisammakko: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Termiittisammakkolähde? eli punajuovasammakko (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) on kirkkaan puna-mustakirjava sammakko. Väri kertoo lajin myrkyllisyydestä. Se elää Afrikan savanneilla Saharan eteläpuolella. Se on erikoistunut syömään muurahaisia ja termiittejä ja siksi sen pää on liikkuvampi kuin muilla ahdassuusammakoiden heimon edustajilla. Se elää pääasiassa maassa ja pakenee kuivuutta maan alle. Lisääntyminen tapahtuu sadekaudella vedessä useimpien muiden sammakoiden tapaan.

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus ( French )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre entre 50 et1 450 m d'altitude en Afrique du Sud, en Angola, au Botswana, au Kenya, au Malawi, au Mozambique, en Namibie, en République démocratique du Congo, en Somalie, au Swaziland, en Tanzanie, en Zambie et au Zimbabwe[1],[2].

Publication originale

  • Smith, 1848 : Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa; Consisting Chiefly of Figures and Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected during an Expedition into the Interior of South Africa, in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836 .... Vol. III. Reptilia. Part 26. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.

Notes et références

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae.

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Roodstreepkikker ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

De roodstreepkikker[2] (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is een kikker uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Andrew Smith in 1847. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Brachymerus bifasciatus gebruikt en later de naam Phrynomerus bifasciatus.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Deze vier tot zes centimeter lange, glanzend zwarte kikker heeft voornamelijk roze of rode vlekjes en strepen op zijn rug, die in de loop van de dag van kleur veranderen en bij fel licht bleker worden. Hij heeft een spitse kop en kleine ogen met ronde pupillen.

Leefwijze

Het voedsel van deze in hoofdzaak terrestrische kikker bestaat uit insecten, vooral mieren en termieten. Hij heeft korte benen, waarmee hij liever loopt en rent. Als hij bedreigd wordt, richt hij zich op, strekt de poten en blaast zich op om groter te doen lijken. De secretie uit de huid is extreem giftig en zelfs voor mensen dodelijk bij inname.

Voortplanting

Mannetjes lokken in de paartijd de vrouwtjes met een trillende roep vanaf de rand van hun poeltje. Na de paring worden tot 600 eieren afgezet aan waterplanten.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in zuidoostelijk Afrika.[4]

Referenties
  1. (en) Roodstreepkikker op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. David Burnie (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp), Animals (Dieren), Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, 2001. ISBN 90-18-01564-4.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Phrynomantis bifasciatus.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Phrynomantis bifasciatus.
Bronnen
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Phrynomantis bifasciatus - Website Geconsulteerd 13 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Phrynomantis bifasciatus - Website
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Roodstreepkikker: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De roodstreepkikker (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) is een kikker uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Andrew Smith in 1847. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Brachymerus bifasciatus gebruikt en later de naam Phrynomerus bifasciatus.

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus ( Portuguese )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Microhylidae, podendo ser encontrada na África do Sul, em Angola, na Botsuana, em Essuatiní, no Malauí, em Moçambique, na Namíbia, na República Democrática do Congo, no Quênia, na Somália, na Tanzânia, na Zâmbia e no Zimbábue. É adaptada para viver em ambientes quentes e áridos, habitando diversas vegetações arbustivas da savana, em altitudes entre cinquenta e 1 450 metros do nível do mar.[1]

Distribuição

É uma espécie de médio porte, medindo geralmente 75 milímetros, e possuem um corpo robusto e alongado. Suas pernas são finas e a ponta dos seus dedos apresentam discos truncados. Sua cabeça é móvel, podendo virar levemente para os lados, e seus olhos são pequenos com pupilas circulares. Sua coloração varia entre o preto brilhante e o marrom-escuro e possuem barras vermelhas ou laranjas que percorrem desde a parte superior dos olhos até a parte posterior do dorso, onde pode haver uma grande mancha da mesma cor, e os membros também podem apresentar essas mesmas barras ou manchas. Seu ventre é marrom-claro ou cinza, com inúmeras pintas brancas distribuídas e os machos possuem a garganta preta. A textura de sua pele é semelhante a da borracha e dá a sensação de serem secos quando pegos com a mão.[2]

Comportamento

 src=
O caminhar de um indivíduo.

Apresenta comportamentos tipicamente noturnos, porém podem ser vistos durante o dia durante as chuvas. Apesar de possuírem discos adesivos nas pontas dos dedos, que lhes permitem escalar, os indivíduos tendem a permanecer no chão, podendo subir em árvores e pedras caso seja necessário. Diferente da maioria dos anuros, essa espécie prefere caminhar ou correr ao invés de pular, possuindo pernas adaptadas para isso. Durante os períodos de seca, se abrigam em tocas escavadas por outros animais, em cupinzeiros, em buracos ou cascas soltas de árvores, em folhas de bananeira ou tubos de drenagem de água, podendo dividir tais lugares com outros anfíbios, lagartos, escorpiões e escorpiões-vinagre.[3]

Se alimentam principalmente de formigas, mas podem ingerir também aranhas, gafanhotos, outros himenópteros e cupins. Existem registros dessa espécie ser predada pelo cabeça-de-martelo (Scopus umbretta).[3] Assim como muitas espécies de sua família (Microhylidae) e da família Hemisotidae, ela consegue esticar sua língua lateralmente, sem precisar mover a cabeça, podendo pegar presas que estejam a duzentos graus do seu plano frontal, mais do que de qualquer outra espécie de anuro conhecida. Esses movimentos são capazes graças a hidrostática muscular presente na sua língua.[2]

Quando se sentem ameaçados, eles abaixam a cabeça e inflam e levantam o corpo, como forma de apossematismo, mostrando sua coloração vermelha para alertar um possível predador de que são venenosos. Tais toxinas são liberadas pela pele em caso de estresse, junto com um cheiro desagradável, e apresentam caráter cardiotóxico e irritante, afetando diretamente o transporte de potássio para as células cardíacas, causando morte celular as células afetadas em um curto período de tempo. É extremamente letal para anfíbios presentes no mesmo local e em humanos pode causar irritação na pele na região do contato, e caso persista ou a secreção entre em contato com a corrente sanguínea, pode causar inchaços extremamente dolorosos, náuseas, dor de cabeça, dificuldades respiratórias e aumento dos batimentos cardíacos.[3] De qualquer forma, não é uma espécie de importância médica elevada, já que é raro a mesma liberar tais toxinas mesmo quando manuseadas com as mãos, além de ser pouco comum o seu contato com humanos. Mas caso haja uma intoxicação, seja em humanos ou animais, é necessário que seja procurado o quanto antes um profissional competente, como um médico ou veterinário, para que seja realizado o tratamento, que pode variar de acordo com a via da intoxicação.[4]

Reprodução

 src=
Um grupo de girinos.

Sua reprodução ocorre na primavera e no verão, período do ano que possui as chuvas mais intensas na região, permitindo que sejam criadas poças d'água após tempestades. Nessa época, os machos se encaminham para tais poças, onde nadam até a borda e vocalizam com o objetivo de atrair uma fêmea. Sua vocalização é bem alta, podendo ser ouvida num raio de um quilômetro, e pode ser tanto representada pela onomatopeia porreeeee, quanto pela perrooooo. Cada coaxar dura em média dois segundos, havendo uma pausa de cinco segundos entre as chamadas.[2]

Após a fêmea escolher o macho, é realizado o amplexo axilar pelo casal, e em seguida, a fêmea deposita de 600 a 1 500 ovos, que são aderidos na vegetação aquática. Cada ovo mede 1,5 milímetro de diâmetro e são envolvidos em uma camada gelatinosa com cinco milímetros de espessura, com o diâmetro total medindo 75 milímetros.[2]

Os ovos eclodem quatro dias após a desova, dando origem aos girinos, que possuem brânquias externas e ventosas. Seu corpo é praticamente todo transparente com exceção de seu intestino enrolado de algumas áreas do meio das costas que possuem pequenas pintas pretas. O formato de sua cauda varia entre o estreito e o fino, se assemelhando a um chicote, com barras pretas ou vermelhas nas bordas. Possui características não-usuais, como a cabeça triangulada e uma boca em formato de fenda e com a ausência de mandíbulas, dentes e papilas queratinizadas. Seu espiráculo é medial e abre próximo ao ventre, medindo dois milímetros quando alargados.[2]

A sua metamorfose dura em média um mês, podendo variar dependendo da disponibilidade de alimentos, e pode chegar a noventa dias quando em laboratório, com os girinos medindo normalmente treze milímetros.[3] Durante esse período eles se juntam em grupos e filtram a água pelo espiráculo em busca de microrganismos, como algas unicelulares, desmidiáleos, diatomáceas e Volvo, que servirão de alimento durante seu desenvolvimento. São nectônicos e permanecem entre o fundo e a superfície da água.[2]

Referências

  1. a b «Phrynomantis bifasciatus» (em inglês). IUCN Red List. Consultado em 15 de março de 2020
  2. a b c d e f «Phrynomantis bifasciatus» (em inglês). AmphibiaWeb. Consultado em 15 de março de 2020
  3. a b c d du Preez, L. H. «Phrynomantis bifasciatus (Smith, 1847)» (em inglês). FrogMAP. Consultado em 15 de março de 2020
  4. Pantanowitz, L.; Naudé, T. W.; Leisewitz, A. (1998). «Noxious toads and frogs of South Africa». South African Medical Journal (em inglês). 88 (11). Consultado em 15 de março de 2020
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Phrynomantis bifasciatus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Microhylidae, podendo ser encontrada na África do Sul, em Angola, na Botsuana, em Essuatiní, no Malauí, em Moçambique, na Namíbia, na República Democrática do Congo, no Quênia, na Somália, na Tanzânia, na Zâmbia e no Zimbábue. É adaptada para viver em ambientes quentes e áridos, habitando diversas vegetações arbustivas da savana, em altitudes entre cinquenta e 1 450 metros do nível do mar.

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Вузькорот червоносмугий ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 4—6,5 см. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці більші за самців. Голова пласка і відносно вузька. Барабанна перетинка не перевищує в діаметрі розмір ока. Тулуб сплощений, лапи подовжені, тонкі. Невеликі перетинки розвинені тільки в основі пальців на задніх кінцівках. Пальці округлі в перетині, на кінцях розширені у невеликі диски. Шкіра гладенька. По чорному або темно-сірому фону спини розкидані помаранчеві або червоні плями неправильної форми. З боків тіла від очей до задніх кінцівках проходять дві широкі яскраво-помаранчеві або червоні смуги. Малюнок черева складають білуваті плями на сірому фоні. Таке контрастне забарвлення має явний попереджувальний характер: шкірні виділення цієї амфібії отруйні.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє зволожені частини саван поблизу водойм, а також плантації культурних рослин. Активна вночі. День проводить в схованках: норах гризунів, у листової підстилці, під поваленими деревами, в пазухах великих листя рослин, зокрема бананів. Живиться дрібними комахами, в першу чергу, мурахами. Не стрибає, по горизонтальній площині пересувається кроком, повільно переставляючи кінцівки. Добре лазить, утримуючись присосками на лапах і черевом на похилих поверхнях.

У разі небезпеки приймає загрозливу позу, роздуваючи і вигинаючи догори підняте на лапах тіло і опускаючи голову додолу.

Самиця відкладає до 1000 яєць.

Розповсюдження

Поширений у Східній і Південній Африці, від Кенії до північної частини Південно-Африканської Республіки, на захід до Анголи та Намібії.

Джерела

  • Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Reading, UK.. Retrieved on 24 september 2012.
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Phrynomantis bifasciatus ( Vietnamese )

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Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ.

Phrynomantis bifasciatus (tên tiếng Anh: Banded Rubber Frog) là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bầu. Nó được tìm thấy ở Angola, Botswana, Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, Nam Phi, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, và Zimbabwe. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là xavan khô, xavan ẩm, vùng đất có cây bụi nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, vùng cây bụi ẩm khu vực nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đồng cỏ khô nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất thấp, đồng cỏ nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng ngập nước hoặc lụt theo mùa, đồng cỏ nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất cao, hồ nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, đất canh tác, vùng đồng cỏ, khu vực trữ nước, ao, và kênh đào và mương rãnh.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Phrynomantis bifasciatus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Phrynomantis bifasciatus (tên tiếng Anh: Banded Rubber Frog) là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bầu. Nó được tìm thấy ở Angola, Botswana, Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, Nam Phi, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, và Zimbabwe. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là xavan khô, xavan ẩm, vùng đất có cây bụi nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, vùng cây bụi ẩm khu vực nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đồng cỏ khô nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất thấp, đồng cỏ nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng ngập nước hoặc lụt theo mùa, đồng cỏ nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới vùng đất cao, hồ nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, đất canh tác, vùng đồng cỏ, khu vực trữ nước, ao, và kênh đào và mương rãnh.

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Краснополосый узкорот ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Инфракласс: Batrachia
Надотряд: Прыгающие
Отряд: Бесхвостые
Подотряд: Neobatrachia
Подсемейство: Phrynomerinae
Вид: Краснополосый узкорот
Международное научное название

Phrynomantis bifasciatus (Smith, 1847)

Синонимы[1]
  • Brachymerus bifasciatus Smith, 1847
  • Dendrobates inhambanensis Bianconi, 1849
  • Bombinator (Brachymerus) bifasciatus Schlegel, 1858
  • Phrynomantis bifasciata Peters, 1867
  • Phrynomerus bifasciatus Noble, 1926
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Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 664646NCBI 143656EOL 313950

Краснополосый узкорот[2] (лат. Phrynomantis bifasciatus) — вид бесхвостых земноводных из семейства узкоротов.

Распространение

Ареал вида распространяется от Сомали и Конго (провинция Катанга) до северо-восточной части Южной Африки, северной Намибии и южной Анголы[1].

Описание

Banded Rubber Frog (Phrynomantis bifasciatus) (7006396375).jpg

Это лягушка среднего размера, самки могут достигать длины 65 мм, самцы — 45 мм. Голова плоская и относительно узкая. Барабанная перепонка не превышает в диаметре размер глаза. Туловище уплощенное, лапы удлиненные, тонкие. Небольшие перепонки развиты только у основания пальцев на задних конечностях. Пальцы округлые в сечении, на концах расширенные в небольшие присоски[3]. Кожа гладкая. По черному или тёмно-серому фону спины разбросаны оранжевые или красные пятна неправильной формы. По бокам тела от глаз до задних конечностей проходят две широкие ярко-оранжевые или красные полосы. Рисунок живота составляют беловатые пятна на сером фоне. Горло у самцов более тёмное[4]. Голос громкий и слышимый на расстоянии более километра. Трель состоит из мелодичных высоких криков «porreeeee», или более низких «perrooooo» с длительностью около 2 секунд и паузами около 5 секунд[3]. Выделения кожи токсичны — у людей могут вызывать раздражение кожи, а для многих других земноводных и рептилий смертельно опасны[5].

Образ жизни

Phrynosequence bodyFoR2.gif

Обитает в сухих и влажных саваннах вблизи водоёмов, временных пресноводных прудах и озёрах, каналах, на пахотных землях, а также на плантациях культурных растений и пастбищах, на высотах от 50 до 1450 м над уровнем моря[6]. Активна ночью. День проводит в укрытиях: норах грызунов, в листовой подстилке, под поваленными деревьями, в пазухах крупных листьев растений, в частности бананов[3]. Питается мелкими насекомыми, в первую очередь, муравьями . Не прыгает, по горизонтальной плоскости передвигается шагом, медленно переставляя конечности. Хорошо лазает, удерживаясь присосками на лапах и брюхом на наклонных поверхностях. В случае опасности принимает угрожающую позу, раздувая и выгибая вверх поднятое на лапах тело и опуская голову вниз[7].

Размножение

Гнездится во временных водоёмах и бассейнах, а также на затопленных лугах и небольших плотинах[8]. Самки откладывают от 600 до 1500 яиц, которые приклеивают к плавающей растительности небольшими кладками[9]. Яйца имеют диаметр 1,3 мм внутри желеобразной капсулы 5 мм, диаметр целой кладки около 75 мм. Головастики вылупляются через четыре дня, и вырастают до 37 мм: тело — 12 мм, хвост — 25 мм[3].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Frost, Darrel R. Phrynomantis bifasciatus (неопр.). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History (2017).
  2. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 100. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Wager, V. A. (1986). Frogs of South Africa: Their Fascinating Life Stories. Delta Books, Craighall.
  4. Zweifel, R. G. (2003). Banded rubber frog, Phrynomantis bifasciatus. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Volume 6, Amphibians. 2nd edition. M. Hutchins, W. E. Duellman, and N. Schlager, eds., Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
  5. Jaeger, R. G. (1971): Toxic reaction to the skin secretions of the frog, Phrynomerus bifasciatus. Copeia, 1971, 160-161.
  6. Phrynomantis bifasciatus (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  7. African Amphibians Phrynomantis bifasciatus (неопр.) (2017).
  8. Donnelly, M.A., de Sa, R.O., and Guyer, C. (1990). Description of the tadpoles of Gastrophryne pictiventris and Nelsonophryne aterrima (Anura: Microhylidae), with a review of morphological variation in free-swimming microhylid larvae. American Museum Novitates, 2976, 1-19.
  9. Amphibia Web. Phrynomantis bifasciatus (неопр.). Provides information on amphibian declines, natural history, conservation, and taxonomy (2017).
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Краснополосый узкорот: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Краснополосый узкорот (лат. Phrynomantis bifasciatus) — вид бесхвостых земноводных из семейства узкоротов.

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