Eulemur fulvus has no known negative effects on humans.
Grooming is a way for E. fulvus to establish and maintain social bonds. Their unique method of grooming is a result of their 6 lower procumbent teeth that form a dental comb. This instrument is used to groom their own fur and that of the other members in the group.
Communication is achieved by both olfactory and vocal means. Olfactory communication is extremely important and is made possible by the scent glands located at the wrist throat. This type of communication is used for transmitting physical state, location, and individual recognition.
The sounds brown lemurs use for vocal communication have been described and partly deciphered. A nasal sound used in maintaining group cohesion has been described as 'ohn'. A 'cree' or high pitched sound is used as a territorial call, and 'Crou' is the alarm call of this lemur.
In addition to these forms of communication, body postures and facial expressions are likely to be important visual signals.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The conservation status of brown lemurs is partially due to their restricted geographical area. Their primary threat is habitat destruction. Habitat destruction is largely the result of the explosive growth rate of the human population of Madagascar. This species is placed in a somewhat lower risk category (Vulnerable) because of its presumably large wild population and occurrence in a number of protected areas.
For red-fronted lemurs, the western habitats are largely at risk because of burning and clearing of land for pasture. In the east, the chief hazards are the slash-and-burn agriculture and forest cutting for fuel wood and construction. This subspecies occurs in some protected areas of Madagascar and can be found in captivity in 22 zoos worldwide where approximately 100 individuals are held.
Forest destruction is the primary threat to the survival of common brown lemurs. They are also hunted throughout much of their range. This subspecies is found in protected areas in Madagascar, and may be one of the lowest risk subspecies of brown lemur. Common brown lemurs have bred in captivity and there are currently about 140 animals at 40 institutions worldwide.
The white-fronted lemurs are threatened by the destruction of Madagascar's eastern rain forest for slash-and-burn agriculture. This animal is also hunted for food throughout most of its range. Presently, it does exist in protected areas in Madagascar. White-fronted lemurs do breed in captivity, and there are over 200 animals in captivity at more than 40 zoos worldwide.
Forest destruction is the primary threat to the survival of collared lemurs as well. They too, are hunted for food throughout much of their range. In addition to this, they are occasionally trapped for the pet trade. Collared lemurs occur naturally in only one of Madagascar's protected areas, but have been introduced into two others. Approximately 40 collared lemurs are currently in captivity in 6 institutions worldwide.
Sanford's lemurs are also threatened by forest destruction. This subspecies, however, does appear to be able to survive in slightly degraded habitats. Although Sanford's lemurs are found in protected areas in Madagascar, the level of protection varies among the reserves. This is because poaching and brush fires are common events in many of Madagascar's nature reserves. There are only two captive breeding groups of sanford's lemurs.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: appendix i
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
The protected areas of Madagascar, which many lemurs (as well as many other types of flora and fauna) reside in, have become quite an attraction for tourists. Communities in Madagascar benefit greatly from this. They receive fifty percent of national park entry fees. Local inhabitants also benefit by serving as guides and by selling handicrafts to the tourists.
Members of this species are sometimes hunted for meat.
Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism
As frugivores, these lemurs are likely to aid in dispersal of seeds. As predators on insects and bird nests, they may affect relevant populations of animals. To the extent that these lemurs serve as prey for other species, they may have some impact on predator populations.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
This species is largely folivorous. It also eats flowers, fruit, and bark. The diet of E. fulvus varies slightly between subspecies and populations.
Red-fronted lemurs are mainly folivorous (leaf-eating). They also consume pods, stems, flowers, fruit, bark and sap of the kily tree (Tamarindus indica). However, they have very adaptable diets. These lemurs have the ability to shift their normally herbivorous diet to invertebrates and fungi when plant matter is scarce. Eastern populations are specifically known to include insects, bird eggs, and dirt in their diets. They are known to have higher dietary diversity than those populations found in the west and a unique predominance of fruit.
Common brown lemurs, white-fronted lemurs, and collared lemurs eat mainly fruit, young leaves and flowers. Sanford's lemurs feed on primarily fruit, occasional plant parts and invertebrates.
Animal Foods: eggs; insects
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; flowers; sap or other plant fluids
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )
Eulemur fulvus is found on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. This species includes five subspecies. They are Eulemur fulvus fulvus (common brown lemurs), Eulemur fulvus albifrons (white-fronted lemurs), Eulemur fulvus collaris (collared lemurs), Eulemur fulvus rufus (red-fronted lemurs), and Eulemur fulvus sanfordi (Sanford's lemurs). They all have their own specific ranges within the larger range shared by the entire species.
Red fronted lemurs (E. f. rufus) are found naturally in western and eastern Madagascar. There is also a small introduced population in Southern Madagascar at the Berenty Private Reserve. Common brown lemurs (E. f. fulvis) are found in northwest portions of Madagascar. White-fronted lemurs (E. f. albifrons) are found throughout most of the remaining northeastern rain forest in Madagascar. Collared lemurs (E. f. collaris) are found in southeastern Madagascar, and Sanford's lemurs (E. f. sanfordi) have a very restricted range in northern Madagascar.
At some points, these subspecies exist sympatrically.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
The habitat for E. fulvus varies slightly for each of the included subspecies. Red-fronted lemurs are found in the canopy of deciduous forests in western and eastern Madagascar. Common brown lemurs and collared lemurs live in scattered forest fragments in the high plateaus of western Madagascar. White-fronted lemurs are found in rain forest fragments. Sanford's lemurs inhabit a very limited area of secondary forest.
As mentioned earlier, the habitats for these subspecies do overlap, since some of the groups exist sympatrically.
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
One individual of this species lived over 36 years in captivity. It is likely that, as with other lemurs in the genus, the maximum lifespan in the wild ranges between 20 and 25 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 36 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 25 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 35.5 years.
Brown lemurs, like all true lemurs, have binocular vision and long furry tails. They have a scent gland located at their wrist that is used in olfactory communication. This species is sexually dichromatic - its males and females have different fur patterns.
All the members of this species fall within the broad size range of 2 to 4 kg. This is about the size of a housecat. Each subspecies has its own unique markings on its fur.
Red-fronted brown lemurs have an average weight of about 2.7 kg and their average body length is 40 cm. The tail is about 55 cm long. The males are gray to gray-brown and have a reddish crown. The females are reddish-brown. All red-fronted brown lemurs have pale patches over their eyes.
Common brown lemurs, weigh around 2.6 kg. Their body length is 50 cm, as is their tail length. Both males and females are brown to dark-gray with light beards and dark faces.
White-fronted lemurs have a body weight of 2.3 kg, and body length of 40 cm, and a tail length of greater than 50 cm. Generally, this subspecies is dark brown with a lighter underside. Males have a white or cream colored head, ears and beard.
Collared lemurs are around 2.6 kg, with a body length of 50 cm and a tail length of 50 cm as well. Males are brownish-gray with a dark stripe down the back, a dark tail and tail tip, and a lighter underside. Females have a reddish to brown coat and a gray face. Both sexes have a distinct beard that is reddish-brown in females and cream to reddish-brown in males.
Sanford's lemurs weigh around 2.3 kg and have a body length of 40 cm with a tail length of 50+ cm. They can be distinguished from the other subspecies by their fur. Both sexes are dark brown with a lighter underside. Noses, snouts and the area between the eyes are black, and a dark "T" that connects the eyes and nose dominates the head. Males have white-reddish ear tufts and thick beards, providing them the illusion of a 'ragged mane' around their faces.
Range mass: 2 to 4 kg.
Range length: 40 to 50 cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Average basal metabolic rate: 4.239 W.
Predators of these lemurs have not been reported, although possibilities include fossas, raptors, and humans.
The mating system of these lemurs has not been reported. However, other species in the genus Eulemur are either monogamous or polygynous. It is likely that E. fulvus is similar. Unlike other members of the genus, females are not usually dominant to males, so the degree to which females exert active mate choice is not known.
Brown lemurs reach sexual maturity between 1 and 2 years of age. Their mating habits are very seasonal with mating occuring sometimes in late May (Sanford's lemurs only) but usually throughout June and July (all subspecies). The gestation period for these animals is approximately 120 days. Infants are born in the fall, between September and November. Only one infant is born per year to each mother.
Breeding interval: These lemurs breed once per year.
Breeding season: Mating occurs sometimes in late May (Sanford's lemurs only) but usually throughout June and July (all subspecies)
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 120 days.
Range weaning age: 4 to 6 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 to 2 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 to 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 83.3 g.
Average gestation period: 118 days.
Average number of offspring: 1.1.
For the first three weeks of their lives, young lemurs hang onto the mother's bellies. They alter their grasp only to nurse. After three weeks have passed, they shift and ride on the mother's backs. They then begin to take their first steps. Following this, they start to sample solid food, nibbling on whatever the other members of the group happen to be eating. This is their first sign of independence. Nursing continues but its importance in the infant's diet tapers. The young lemur is weaned after approximately 4 to 6 months - usually by January.
The role of males in parental care in this species has not been described.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning
Eulemur fulvus[1] a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad al Lemuridae.
Bevañ a ra diwar vleuñv, delioù ha frouezh dreist-holl.
Kavout a reer al loen e Madagaskar, hag e Mayotte.
El lèmur bru (Eulemur fulvus) és una espècie de primat del grup dels lèmurs (Lemuriformes). Anteriorment es classificava el lèmur bru de Sanford, el lèmur bru de front vermell, el lèmur de front vermell, el lèmur de front blanc, el lèmur de cap gris i el lèmur bru de collar, però actualment se'ls considera com espècies pròpies.
El lèmur bru (Eulemur fulvus) és una espècie de primat del grup dels lèmurs (Lemuriformes). Anteriorment es classificava el lèmur bru de Sanford, el lèmur bru de front vermell, el lèmur de front vermell, el lèmur de front blanc, el lèmur de cap gris i el lèmur bru de collar, però actualment se'ls considera com espècies pròpies.
Lemur bělohlavý (Eulemur fulvus), známý též pod názvy červenočelý nebo maki bělohlavý, je středně velký denní lemur obývající tropické deštné lesy v západní a jižní části Madagaskaru.
Měří 38-50 cm na délku a váží kolem 2-4 kg. Ocas, který je většinou delší než tělo měří 46-60 cm. Zbarvení lemura bělohlavého se liší podle šesti poddruhů (viz níže) a pohybuje se v rozmezí mezi hnědou až žlutou nebo šedou. Většinou však má tmavý obličej, ušní boltce téměř zcela skryté pod hustou srstí a bílé obočí.
Je to typicky stromový lemur, který se přes den pohybuje téměř ve všech stromových patrech. Žije ve skupinách jejichž počet členů je velice proměnlivý. Obecně jsou však tvořeny 3 až 12 jedinci. Jedna skupiny si obvykle hájí území o rozloze 17 až 50 akrů. Dorozumívá se hlasovými projevy a jako důkaz členství a hodnosti ve skupině se často potírá vlastní močí. Vyhledává především stromové plody, květy nebo listy, ale nepohrdne ani mízou, ptačími vejci nebo drobným hmyzem.
Samice rodí po 120 denní březosti jedno mládě. V zajetí se může lemur bělohlavý dožít i více jak 30 let, v přírodě se průměrná délka života pohybuje mezi 20 až 25 rokem života.
Rozeznáváme u něj šest poddruhů:
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu lemur bělohlavý ve Wikimedia Commons
Lemur bělohlavý (Eulemur fulvus), známý též pod názvy červenočelý nebo maki bělohlavý, je středně velký denní lemur obývající tropické deštné lesy v západní a jižní části Madagaskaru.
Den brune lemur (Eulemur fulvus) er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den findes på øerne Madagaskar og Mayotte. Den brune lemur kan trods navnet variere i pelsfarve fra brun til gul og grålig. Ansigtet er dog altid mørkt og ofte med lyse pletter over øjnene. Kroppen måler 38-50 cm og den tykke, buskede hale er 46-60 cm lang. Halen holdes i en bue hen over ryggen, når den er på vandring. Den brune lemur færdes i skiftende grupper, der dels bevæger sig i træerne og dels på jorden i tropisk regnskov, hvor de lever af frugter, blade og harpiks. Flokkens medlemmer smører sig ind i urin, for at markere hvor de færdes.[2]
Den brune lemur (Eulemur fulvus) er en halvabe i familien af ægte lemurer. Den findes på øerne Madagaskar og Mayotte. Den brune lemur kan trods navnet variere i pelsfarve fra brun til gul og grålig. Ansigtet er dog altid mørkt og ofte med lyse pletter over øjnene. Kroppen måler 38-50 cm og den tykke, buskede hale er 46-60 cm lang. Halen holdes i en bue hen over ryggen, når den er på vandring. Den brune lemur færdes i skiftende grupper, der dels bevæger sig i træerne og dels på jorden i tropisk regnskov, hvor de lever af frugter, blade og harpiks. Flokkens medlemmer smører sig ind i urin, for at markere hvor de færdes.
Der Braune Maki (Eulemur fulvus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Der Sanford-Maki, der Rote Maki, der Rotstirnmaki, der Weißkopfmaki, der Weißkragenmaki und der Halsbandmaki, die früher allesamt als seine Unterarten klassifiziert wurden, gelten heute als selbständige Arten.
Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Arten der Großen Makis sind bei den Braunen Makis die Geschlechter annähernd gleich gefärbt. Das Fell ist an der Oberseite einheitlich grau oder graubraun, die Unterseite ist grauer und heller. Das Gesicht, die langgestreckte Schnauze und die Oberseite des Kopfes sind schwarz, bei den Weibchen allerdings etwas heller. Die Augenbrauen und die Büschel um die Ohren sind etwas heller gefärbt, die Augen sind orange-rot. Diese Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 43 bis 50 Zentimetern, der lange, am Ende buschige Schwanz misst 42 bis 51 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht dieser Tiere beträgt 2 bis 3 Kilogramm.
Braune Makis leben in den nördlichen und östlichen Regionen Madagaskars, eine eingeführte Population bewohnt daneben die Insel Mayotte. Auf Madagaskar ist ihr Verbreitungsgebiet heute in drei große Teile aufgespalten: eine Population im Osten, die vorwiegend in Regenwäldern vorkommt, eine im Nordwesten nördlich des Flusses Betsiboka und eine im Norden in der Region Sambirano. Im Westen und Norden sind trockene Laubwälder ihr Lebensraum. Kleine Populationen in Waldfragmenten zwischen den großen Lebensräumen deuten darauf hin, dass ihr Verbreitungsgebiet früher zusammenhängend war.
Diese Primaten sind Baumbewohner, die kaum auf den Boden kommen. Sie sind kathemeral, das heißt, sie können sowohl am Tag als auch in der Nacht aktiv sein. Der Grad ihrer Nachtaktivität hängt vom Mondstand ab, in mondhellen Nächten sind sie aktiver. Sie leben in Gruppen von 3 bis 12 (durchschnittlich 8 bis 9) Tieren, die Gruppen setzen sich aus mehreren ausgewachsenen Männchen und Weibchen sowie den Jungtieren zusammen. Auf Mayotte sind die Gruppen größer, hier wurde eine Gruppe von 29 Tieren beobachtet. Innerhalb einer Gruppe gibt es keine erkennbare Rangordnung. Die Größe der Reviere hängt stark vom Lebensraum ab und variiert von 7 bis 20 Hektar.
Ihre Nahrung besteht aus Blättern, Knospen, Blüten und Früchten, manchmal auch aus Insekten. Die Zusammensetzung der Nahrung variiert und hängt vom Lebensraum und von der Jahreszeit ab.
Die Paarung erfolgt im Mai oder Juni, nach einer rund 120-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen im September oder Oktober üblicherweise ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, manchmal auch Zwillinge. Die Jungtiere werden nach vier bis fünf Monaten entwöhnt und mit rund eineinhalb Jahren geschlechtsreif.
Zu den Hauptgefahren der Braunen Makis zählt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Brandrodung und Abholzung sowie die Bejagung. Die IUCN schätzt, dass die Gesamtpopulation in den letzten 24 Jahren (drei Generationen) um 20 bis 25 Prozent zurückgegangen ist und listet die Art als „gering gefährdet“ (near threatened).
In Deutschland wird die Art in Tierparks in Nürnberg und Wolgast gehalten.[1]
Der Braune Maki (Eulemur fulvus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gewöhnlichen Makis (Lemuridae) innerhalb der Lemuren (Lemuriformes). Der Sanford-Maki, der Rote Maki, der Rotstirnmaki, der Weißkopfmaki, der Weißkragenmaki und der Halsbandmaki, die früher allesamt als seine Unterarten klassifiziert wurden, gelten heute als selbständige Arten.
The common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) is a species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. It is found in Madagascar and has been introduced to Mayotte.[1]
Five additional currently recognized species of lemur were until 2001 considered subspecies of E. fulvus.[4]: 251 These are:
However, a number of zoologists believe that E. albifrons and E. rufus should continue to be considered subspecies of E. fulvus.[4]: 251
The common brown lemur has a total length of 84 to 101 cm (33 to 40 in), including 41 to 51 cm (16 to 20 in) of tail.[5] Weight ranges from 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb).[5] Common brown lemurs are unique amongst Eulemur in that they exhibit little-to-no sexual dichromatism: in both males and females, the face, muzzle and crown are dark gray or black, with white or tan "cheeks" of varying thickness. Some individuals may have pale-colored eyebrow patches, and the eyes are almost always a deep orange-red. The short, dense fur of the body is primarily brown or gray-brown, with a lighter gray or tan underside. The fur on the back of their hands is often a medium orange or reddish color, and their long, bushy tail may either be similar in color to the dorsal pelage or, more commonly, a darker shade of gray, black, or brown.[5]
Due to the species' history of containing all fellow brown lemurs as subspecies, they are very commonly misidentified in images and texts, and often confused with other species (such as red-fronted lemurs and gray-headed lemurs) or with various other unrelated hybrids.
Similar lemur species within their range include the mongoose lemur (E. mongoz) in the west and the red-bellied lemur (E. rubriventer) in the east.[5] They can be distinguished from these species by the fact that E. mongoz is more of a grey color and E. rubriventer is more reddish. There is also some overlap with the black lemur in northeast Madagascar in the Galoko, Manongarivo and Tsaratanana Massifs.[4]: 288 There is also overlap and hybridization with the white-fronted brown lemur, E. albifrons, in the northeast portion of the common brown lemur's range.[4]: 282
Consistent with its large range, the common brown lemur occupies a variety of forest types, including lowland rainforests, montane rainforests, moist evergreen forests and dry deciduous forests.[5] They spend about 95% of their time in upper layers of the forest and less than 2% of their time on the ground.[6]
They normally live in groups of 5 to 12, but group size can be larger, especially on Mayotte.[5] Groups occupy home ranges of 1 to 9 hectares in the west, but more than 20 hectares in the east.[7] Groups include members of both sexes, including juveniles, and there are no discernible dominance hierarchies.[5]
They are primarily active during the day, but can exhibit cathemeral activity and continue into the night, especially during full moons[5] and during the dry season.[4]: 272–274 [8]
In the western part of its range, the common brown lemur overlaps that of the mongoose lemur, and the two species sometimes travel together.[6] In the areas of overlap, the two species also adapt their activity patterns to avoid conflict.[8] For example, the mongoose lemur can become primarily nocturnal during the dry season in the areas of overlap.
At Berenty (south Madagascar) there is a population of introduced E. fulvus rufus x collaris.[9] These lemurs show linear hierarchy, adult female dominance, and the presence of conciliatory behavior after aggressions.[10] Additionally, stress levels (measured via self-directed behaviors) decrease at the increase of the hierarchical position of individuals within the social group and reconciliation is able to bring stress down to the baseline levels.[11]
The common brown lemur's mating season is May and June.[5] After a gestation period of about 120 days, the young are born in September and October.[5] Single births are most common, but twins have been reported.[5] The young are weaned after about 4 to 5 months.[5][6] Sexual maturity occurs at about 18 months,[5] and females give birth to their first young at 2 years old.[6] Life span can be as long as 30+ years.[6]
The common brown lemur's diet consists primarily of fruits, young leaves, and flowers.[4]: 272–274 In some locations it eats invertebrates, such as cicadas,[5] spiders[5] and millipedes.[6] It also eats bark, sap, soil and red clay (see geophagy).[6] It can tolerate greater levels of toxic compounds from plants than other lemurs can.[4]: 272–274 [6]
The common brown lemur lives in western Madagascar north of the Betsiboka River and eastern Madagascar between the Mangoro River and Tsaratanana, as well as in inland Madagascar connecting the eastern and western ranges.[4]: 272–274 They also live on the island of Mayotte, although this population has been introduced there by man.[4]: 272–274
The common brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus) is a species of lemur in the family Lemuridae. It is found in Madagascar and has been introduced to Mayotte.
El lémur pardo (Eulemur fulvus) es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae que se encuentra en Madagascar, así como en Comoras y en la isla de Mayotte, donde ha sido introducido.[1]
El lémur pardo (Eulemur fulvus) es una especie de primate estrepsirrino de la familia Lemuridae que se encuentra en Madagascar, así como en Comoras y en la isla de Mayotte, donde ha sido introducido.
Eulemur fulvus Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. 84 eta 101 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 41etik 51era isatsaren tamaina delarik. 2tik 3 kgrako pisua dute. Batez ere marroiak edo marroi-grisak dira. Aurpegia gris iluna da, edo beltza ere, baina begien inguruak argiagoak dira. Begiak laranja-gorriak dituzte.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Eulemur fulvus Eulemur primate lemuriformeetako espezie bat da. 84 eta 101 zentimetro arteko tamaina dute, horietatik 41etik 51era isatsaren tamaina delarik. 2tik 3 kgrako pisua dute. Batez ere marroiak edo marroi-grisak dira. Aurpegia gris iluna da, edo beltza ere, baina begien inguruak argiagoak dira. Begiak laranja-gorriak dituzte.
Eulemur fulvus • Lémur brun
Le Lémur fauve, ou Lémur brun, ou encore Maki brun (Eulemur fulvus) est une espèce de primate lémuriforme appartenant à la famille des Lemuridae.
Jusque dans les années 2000, les lémurs bruns étaient subdivisés en six sous-espèces :
Groves (2001) a élevé chacune de ces sous-espèces au rang d'espèce à part entière, notamment sur des critères de répartition géographique. Certains auteurs jugent néanmoins cette réorganisation abusive et suggèrent que certains de ces taxons devraient réintégrer leur rang de sous-espèce. Les avis divergent également sur la place à accorder au Maki de Mayotte, qui est considéré selon les sources comme une simple variété d'Eulemur fulvus ou comme une de ses sous-espèces (Eulemur fulvus mayottensis).
Eulemur fulvus • Lémur brun
Le Lémur fauve, ou Lémur brun, ou encore Maki brun (Eulemur fulvus) est une espèce de primate lémuriforme appartenant à la famille des Lemuridae.
Il lemure bruno (Eulemur fulvus É. Geoffroy, 1796) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia Lemuridae, endemico del Madagascar.[2]
È un primate di taglia medio-piccola, lungo circa 50 cm, per un peso di 2,5-3,0 kg. Ha una coda lunga quanto il corpo.
La pelliccia è di colore dal bruno al grigio. Il muso, glabro e nero, è circondato da barba e basette bianche.
Gli occhi sono di un intenso color arancio. In corrispondenza dei polsi presenta delle ghiandole odorose, utilizzate per la comunicazione olfattiva.
È una specie arboricola, con abitudini diurne. Si muove sui rami degli alberi con andatura quadrupede, utilizzando la lunga coda come bilanciere.
È un animale sociale che vive in piccoli gruppi da 2 a 20 esemplari. I rapporti sociali sono rafforzati dal grooming, che viene praticato utilizzando sia le mani e la lingua che il pettine dentale, derivante dalla fusione di incisivi e canini.
Nella foresta di Berenty (Madagascar meridionale) esiste una popolazione ibrida, introdotta tra la fine degli anni settanta e gli inizi degli anni ottanta, di E. fulvus × collaris[3]. È stato dimostrato, con analisi quantitative, che questi lemuri hanno una gerarchia lineare a dominanza femminile e presentano comportamenti riconciliatori dopo le aggressioni[4]. Inoltre, i livelli di stress individuali (misurati con comportamenti self-directed) sono tanto più alti quanto più gli animali sono bassi in gerarchia. Lo stress aumenta in seguito alle aggressioni, ma la riconciliazione tra due ex contendenti sembra però in grado di riportare lo stress ai livelli basali[5].
Si nutre di foglie, fiori e corteccia.
È diffuso in una area del Madagascar nord-occidentale compresa tra il fiume Betsiboka e Analalava. È stato introdotto dall'uomo sull'isola Mayotte (Comore).
La tassonomia del genere Eulemur è stata sottoposta di recente a una globale revisione[2].
La gran parte di quelle che in passato erano considerate sottospecie di E. fulvus (E. f. albifrons, E. f. sanfordi, E. f. rufus, E. f. albocollaris, E. f. collaris) sono oggi considerate al rango di specie a sé stanti (E. albifrons, E. cinereiceps, E. collaris, E. rufus, E. sanfordi).
La sottospecie E. fulvus mayottensis non è più riconosciuta come valida: si tratterebbe semplicemente di una popolazione di E. fulvus introdotta nelle isole Comore dall'uomo.
La IUCN red list considera E. fulvus una specie a basso rischio di estinzione.[1]
Lo si può osservare nel Parco nazionale di Ankarafantsika e nelle Riserve di Manongarivo, Bora, Analamazaotra e Ambohitantely.
Il lemure bruno (Eulemur fulvus É. Geoffroy, 1796) è un primate appartenente alla famiglia Lemuridae, endemico del Madagascar.
De bruine maki of zwartkopmaki (Eulemur fulvus) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar.
Een volwassen bruine maki een kop-romplengte van 43 tot 50 cm, een staartlengte van 41 tot 51 cm en een lichaamsgewicht van 2 tot 3 kg. De vacht is kortharig en overwegend bruin tot grijsbruin van kleur. Het gezicht en de snuit en de vacht op de kop zijn donkergrijs of zwart, met bleekwitte vlekken bij de wenkbrauwen. Het vrouwtje heeft een minder grote zwarte tekening op het gezicht, bij haar loopt het zwart van de neusbrug tussen de ogen tot de snuit. De ogen zijn oranje tot rood.
Er zijn vier populaties, drie op het hoofdeiland, twee in het westen en een in het oosten (zie verspreidingskaart). Daarnaast bestaat er een populatie op het eilandje Mayotte tussen Madagaskar en Mozambique. Mogelijk is deze populatie ontstaan door introductie door de mens.
De bruine maki leeft in vochtige bergbossen en regenwouden in het oosten en in de drogere bossen in Noordwest-Madagaskar.
Het is een bosbewoner die voornamelijk overdag actief is. Hij zoekt zijn voedsel in boomkruinen, waaronder vooral vruchten, jonge balderen, verder insecten zoals cicaden en spinnen maar ook boombast en rode klei. De bruine maki komt ongeveer 2% van de tijd op de grond en spendeert de meeste tijd hoog in de bomen.
De bruine maki leeft in familiegroepjes, bestaande uit 5 tot 12 individuen. Volgens schattingen leven er 40 tot 60 dieren per km².
Na een draagtijd van 120 dagen wordt meestal één jong geboren, er zijn meldingen van tweelingen. Na vier tot vijf maanden zijn de jongen zelfstandig en na 1,5 jaar zijn ze volwassen. Ze kunnen meer dan 30 jaar oud worden.
De bruine maki heeft te maken met de vernietiging van zijn leefgebied door ontbossingen voor de productie van houtskool en illegale houtkap. Ook wordt er op gejaagd; jacht is een toenemend probleem, soms worden hele groepen bruine maki's gevangen. De populaties zijn gemiddeld met 20 tot 25% afgenomen over een periode van 24 jaar (1% per jaar). Daarom staat de bruine maki als gevoelig op de internationale rode lijst.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe bruine maki of zwartkopmaki (Eulemur fulvus) is een echte maki uit de familie der maki's (Lemuridae). Deze halfapen zijn endemische dieren op het eiland Madagaskar.
Brunmakien (Eulemur fulvus) er en halvape av familien makier og lemurer og er utbredt i nord og vest på Madagaskar.
Selv om den varierer sterkt i farge fra brun til gul eller grå, avhengig av underart - har brunmakien vanligvis mørkt ansikt med lyse øyenbrynsflekker. Den er tilpasset ulike biotoper og lever av frukt, blomster, blader og sevje. Den lever i løse flokker med 3-12 individer. Hvert dyr smører seg inn med urin, slik at de andre skal kjenne den igjen på lukten. Flokkens størrelse og sammensetning endrer seg stadig.
Brunmakien (Eulemur fulvus) er en halvape av familien makier og lemurer og er utbredt i nord og vest på Madagaskar.
Selv om den varierer sterkt i farge fra brun til gul eller grå, avhengig av underart - har brunmakien vanligvis mørkt ansikt med lyse øyenbrynsflekker. Den er tilpasset ulike biotoper og lever av frukt, blomster, blader og sevje. Den lever i løse flokker med 3-12 individer. Hvert dyr smører seg inn med urin, slik at de andre skal kjenne den igjen på lukten. Flokkens størrelse og sammensetning endrer seg stadig.
Lêmure-marrom (Eulemur fulvus) é uma espécie de lêmure pertencente à família Lemuridae.[1]
Brun maki (Eulemur fulvus) är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på Madagaskar.
Arten når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) mellan 43 och 50 cm, en svanslängd av 41 till 51 cm och en vikt mellan 2 och 3 kg. Pälsen och kort och tät med en gråbrun färg på ryggen och en ljusgrå färg på buken. Ansikten har en mörkgrå till svart färg och pälsen kring ansiktet är ljusgrå. Påfallande är djuret orange ögon.[2]
Brun maki förekommer i tre från varandra skilda populationer på norra och östra Madagaskar. Arten introducerades av människan på ön Mayotte. Den vistas i torra skogar och fuktiga regnskogar.[1]
Dessa lemurer lever i träd och håller balansen med den yviga svansen när de klättrar. De hoppar även påfallande långt. Brun maki bildar flockar av tre till tolv individer (mer än 9 individer är vanlig). Gruppens revir är allmänt 7 till 20 hektar stort.[1] De kan vara aktiv på dagen och på natten. Födan utgörs av frukter, blad, bark och andra växtdelar samt av insekter och andra ryggradslösa djur.[2]
Parningen sker oftast i maj eller juni och efter cirka 120 dagars dräktighet föder honan oftast ett ungdjur (ibland tvillingar). Ungarna blir ett till tre år efter födelsen könsmogna. Livslängden i naturen ligger mellan 20 och 25 år.[2]
Det största hotet utgörs av habitatförstörelse genom svedjebruk och skogsavverkningar. Dessutom jagas brun maki ibland eller fångas i fällor. IUCN uppskattar att hela beståndet minskade med 20 till 25 procent under de senaste 24 åren (tre generationer) och listar arten som nära hotad (NT).[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Brun maki.
Brun maki (Eulemur fulvus) är en primat i familjen lemurer som förekommer på Madagaskar.
Vượn cáo nâu (danh pháp hai phần: Eulemur fulvus) là một loài vượn cáo trong họ Lemuridae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Madagascar và Mayotte[1].
Loài này sinh sống phổ biến ở phía Tây Madagascar về phía bắc của sông Betsiboka và phía đông Madagascar trong khu vực nằm giữa sông Mangoro và sông Tsaratanana, cũng như trong nội địa Madagascar kết nối các phạm vi phía Đông và phía Tây[2]. Chúng cũng sống trên đảo Mayotte, mặc dù quần thể này được cho là do con người du nhập[2].
Chúng có lông màu nâu, tổng chiều dài 84 đến 101 cm, bao gồm đuôi dài từ 41 đến 51 cm[3]. Trọng lượng khoảng 2–3 kg[3]. Lông ngắn, rậm, chủ yếu là màu nâu hoặc màu nâu xám. Mõm, mặt và chóp đầu có lông màu xám sẫm hoặc đen với các mảng lông quanh lông mày nhạt màu, và đôi mắt là màu đỏ da cam[3].
Chế độ ăn chủ yếu trái cây, lá non, và hoa[2]. Trong một số địa điểm nó ăn động vật không xương sống, chẳng hạn như ve sầu[3], nhện[3] và cuốn chiếu[4]. Nó cũng ăn vỏ cây, nhựa, đất và đất sét đỏ[4]. Nó có thể chịu đựng mức độ lớn hơn của các hợp chất độc hại từ các lá cây hơn so với các loài bán hầu (Prosimii) khác[2][4].
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Vượn cáo nâu (danh pháp hai phần: Eulemur fulvus) là một loài vượn cáo trong họ Lemuridae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Madagascar và Mayotte.
Eulemur fulvus É. Geoffroy, 1796
Синонимы
Бурый лемур[1] (лат. Eulemur fulvus) — млекопитающее из семейства лемуровых. Обитает на Мадагаскаре и Майотте.[2]
Длина тела 84—101 см, включая хвост длиной 41—51 см.[3] Вес 2—3 кг.[3] Шерсть короткая, густая, коричневого или серо-коричневого цвета.[3] Мордочка и макушка тёмно-серые с отметинами на бровях. Глаза оранжево-красные.[3]
Соседями бурого лемура с запада и востока являются похожие на него виды мангустовый лемур, Eulemur mongoz, и рыжебрюхий лемур, Eulemur rubriventer.[3] Их можно отличить по цвету шерсти: шерсть Eulemur mongoz имеет серый оттенок, а шерсть Eulemur rubriventer — красноватый. На севере Мадагаскара ареал также пересекается с ареалом чёрного лемура.[4], а на северо-западе — с ареалом белолобого лемура, Eulemur albifrons. С последним бурый лемур создаёт гибриды.[5]
Рацион преимущественно состоит из фруктов, побегов растений и цветов.[6] Иногда едят беспозвоночных, таких как цикады,[3] пауков[3] и многоножек.[7] Распространена геофагия: едят почву, красную глину, кору деревьев.[7] Представители вида более устойчивы к высоким порциям яда, получаемым вместе с пищей, чем другие лемуры.[6][7]
Ареал бурых лемуров велик, в нём представлены различные типы лесов — низинные дождевые леса, горные дождевые леса, влажные вечнозелёные леса и сухие листопадные леса.[3] Проводят 95 % времени на верхних ярусах деревьев и около 2 % времени на земле.[7]
Обычно живут группами от 5 до 12 особей, однако иногда размеры группы бывают больше, особенно на Майотте.[3] Территория группы 1—9 гектаров в западной части ареала и более 20 гектаров в восточной.[8] Группы состоят из животных обоих полов, молодняка, внутри группы нет строгой иерархии.[3]
Активны преимущественно днём, однако способны проявлять круглосуточную активность, особенно в лунные ночи[3] и во время сухого сезона.[6][9]
В западных частях ареала встречаются также мангустовые лемуры, иногда два этих вида вместе перемещаются по лесу.[7] Оба вида стараются подстроить своё поведение во избежание конфликтов.[9] К примеру, мангустовые лемуры могут стать ночными животными во время сухого сезона.
На юге Мадагаскара существует популяция гибридов Eulemur fulvus rufus x collaris.[10] Эти лемуры также живут группами, но с чёткой иерархией — во главе группы стоит взрослая самка.[11]
Сезон размножения приходится на май и июнь.[3] Беременность длится порядка 120 дней, после чего, в сентябре и октябре самки приносят детёнышей, обычно одного, реже двух.[3] Молодняк отлучается от груди в возрасте 4—5 месяцев.[3][7] Половая зрелость наступает к 18 месяцам,[3] и уже в возрасте 2 лет самки приносят свой первый помёт.[7] Продолжительность жизни более 30 лет.[7]
Обитают в центральной части Мадагаскара, а также на западе острова к северу от реки Бецибука и на востоке между реками Мангуру и Царатанана.[6] Существует популяция на Майотте, однако считается, что она была интродуцирована туда человеком.[6]
До 2001 года следующие пять видов лемуров считались подвидами бурого лемура[12]:
Впрочем, некоторые зоологи продолжают считать белолобого и краснолобого лемуров подвидами бурого лемура.[12]
Бурый лемур (лат. Eulemur fulvus) — млекопитающее из семейства лемуровых. Обитает на Мадагаскаре и Майотте.
褐狐猴（學名：Eulemur fulvus）[2]，为狐猴科美狐猴屬一种，主要分布於馬達加斯加北部和西部的熱带雨林、科摩羅馬約特島。對森林的適應性很高。
頭軀幹長380－500毫米，尾長465－600毫米，體重2.1－4.2公斤。
背側的毛色為棕灰色，腹側則是灰白色，尾巴的顏色比較深，臉部略黑，眼睛的上方有較淡的斑紋，臉部周圍均有毛鬚。
群居動物，每群由3～15隻個體組成，會在身上塗抹尿液作為氣味識別，以鑑別群集，領地有重合，但是甚少接觸、衝突。每年發情一次，懷孕期為4個月。半夜行性，於黃昏及黎明活動。
雜食性，習於在樹上或地面覓食。主要食物為果實、植物和樹膠，另亦吃麵包、餅乾、猴飼料、香蕉、蘋果、番石榴、番茄、猴米糕、木瓜、花胡瓜、紅蘿蔔等。在一些地區，牠們亦吃些無脊椎動物。如：蟬、蜘蛛[3]和馬陸[4]。
褐狐猴在IUCN紅色名錄內被列入「近危」級別，保護現狀比較低，但可能在不久的將來有瀕危或滅絕等危險。IUCN需常對此範圍內的物種級別進行重新評估，以確保其危險狀況。
而在瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約中亦被列入《附录I》中，禁止在國際間的交易。
갈색여우원숭이(Eulemur fulvus)는 여우원숭이과에 속하는 여우원숭이의 일종이다.[2] 마다가스카르와 마요트에서만 발견된다.[1]
갈색여우원숭이는 베시보카 강의 서부 마다가스카르 북쪽 지역과 망고로 강과 차라타나나 사이의 동부 마다가스카르에서 서식하며, 또한 동부와 서부 지역을 연결하는 마다가스카르 내륙에도 서식한다.[3] 또한 마요트 섬에도 서식하는 데, 이 개체군은 사람에 의해 옮겨 온 것으로 보인다.[3]
갈색여우원숭이의 전체 몸 길이는 84에서 101cm이고, 꼬리는 41에서 51cm이다.[4] 몸무게 범위는 2에서 3 kg 정도이다.[4] 털은 짧고 조밀하며, 주로 갈색 또는 회갈색을 띤다.[4] 얼굴과 주둥이 그리고 윗 머리는 어두운 회색 또는 검은색이고, 눈썹은 희미하며, 눈은 붉은 오렌지색을 띤다.[4]
동일한 서식지 내의 비슷한 여우원숭이 종으로는 서부 지역의 몽구스여우원숭이(E. mongoz)와, 동부 지역의 붉은배여우원숭이(E. rubriventer)가 있다.[4] 이들 종은 털 색깔로 구별할 수 있는 데, 뭉구스여우원숭이는 회색빛을 띠는 반면에 붉은배여우원숭이는 좀더 붉은 편이다. 또한 마다가스카르 북동부의 갈로코, 마논가리보, 차라타나나 마시프 지역에서는 검은여우원숭이가 서식하는 지역과 일부 겹친다.[5] 갈색여우원숭이 서식지의 북동부 지역에서는 흰이마갈색여우원숭이(E. albifrons)와 서식지가 겹쳐서 잡종이 나타나기도 한다.[6]
갈색여우원숭이는 주로 과일과 어린잎, 그리고 꽃 등을 먹는다.[3] 일부 지역에서는 매미[4] 와 거미[4], 그리고 노래기 등과 같은 무척추동물을 먹기도 한다.[7] 또한 나무껍질과 수액, 흙 그리고 진흙을 먹기도 한다.(토식 참조)[7] 다른 원원류 보다는 독성이 있는 식물을 더 소화할 수 있다.[3][7]
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