Fur of H. whiteheadi ranges in color from dark brown to chocolate on the upper body, lighter on the underside. These bats lack a tail. The uropatagium is small and hidden beneath thick fur. Hind feet are short. Overall head and body length ranges from 140 to 153 mm. The forearm length ranges from 82 to 92 mm.
The skull structure of H. whiteheadi differs from that of other Pteropodidae (Old World Fruit Bats). The premaxillary bones are strongly inclined forward, as are the upper incisors and the upper and lower canines. The canines are very pronounced. When the jaw is closed, the canines cross at right angles to each other. The detailed dental structure also differs from other Old World Fruit Bats. Five or six distinct cusps are found on the molars and three cusps on the lower canines. Specialized teeth with extra cusps may have adapted to extract juice from tough-surfaced fruits, so that the bat can avoid ingesting the fibers of the fruits (Ingle and Heaney 1992; Nowak 1997).
Range mass: 83 to 142 g.
Range length: 140 to 153 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi is generally only found in primary (old-growth) tropical forest. They will also fly into secondary forest, or forest that has been lightly disturbed. Individuals may fly out into clearings for a short distance. However, they never travel more than a few km from the primary forest. Populations of H. whiteheadi prefer to inhabit forest habitats at mid-elevations (around 500m and above), but not the upper mossy forest. Individuals have been caputured at much lower and higher elevations. They will not live in urban or agriculturally cleared regions (Heaney 1999; Heideman 1987; Heideman and Heaney 1989; Mickleburgh 1992; Utzurrum 1992)
Range elevation: 150 to 1600 + m.
Average elevation: 500 + m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi populations are found in the Philippines, on the islands of Bilivan, Camiguin, Leyte, Southern Luzon, Maripipi, Mindanao, Mindoro, and Negros. Populations have also been found on the Indonesian Islands of Sulawesi (Heaney et. al. 1999; Mickleburgh et. al. 1992; Nowak 1997).
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
The main food source of H. whiteheadi consists of the fruiting pandan vine, a bright red fruit, which are found principally in the primary forest. They also feed on species of Ficus.
Populations of H. whiteheadi forage within a fairly large home range up in the canopy and the upper subcanopy (Mickleburgh et. al. 1992; Nowak 1997; Utzurrum 1992).
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi eats ficus fruits, which aids in the germination of the ficus seeds as they get excreted and dispersed (Utzurrum 1992).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
The only status description of H. whiteheadi is from the IUCN RedList in 1996. Although overall the species is listed as Lower Risk, some populations in Sulawesi are listed as Vulnerable. Information on the status of most populations of H. whiteheadi is insufficient. Populations appear fairly stable. The greatest threat to H. whiteheadi is habitat destruction by the deforestation of the primary forests (UNEP-WCMC 2001; Heaney et. al. 1999; Mickleburgh and Carroll 1994; Mickleburgh et. al. 1992).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Harpyionycteris whitehead was first described in 1896. Three subspecies of H. whiteheadi- H. w. celebensis, H.w. negrosensis, and H. w. whiteheadi-have been recognized. Sometimes H. w. celebensis is identified as a separate species (H. celebensis) (Mickelburgh et. al. 1992; Nowak 1997; Utzurrum 1992).
Many females gain maturity quickly, andsome give birth by the age of one year. Females give birth to only a single young at a time. Two synchronized birthing periods occur each year. One occurs during the mid-rainy season, and the other in the early rainy season. Since lactation lasts only 3-4 months, a female may give birth up to two young per year. However, some females donot give birth during the first birthing period of the year when conditions may not be as favorable. A two month period exists between giving birth and the next conception (Heideman 1987; Mickleburgh et. al. 1992; Nowak 1997).
Breeding season: Two Seasons: 1. January and early February; 2. July and early August
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 4-5 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 (low) years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 (low) years.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Parental Investment: altricial
El ratpenat frugívor de dents agudes de Whitehead (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. És endèmic de les Filipines. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de plana i de l'estatge montà. Està afectat per la desforestació però no es creu que estigui en perill d'extinció.[1]
El ratpenat frugívor de dents agudes de Whitehead (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. És endèmic de les Filipines. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de plana i de l'estatge montà. Està afectat per la desforestació però no es creu que estigui en perill d'extinció.
Der Whitehead-Spitzzahnflughund (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) ist ein Fledertier, das auf den Philippinen vorkommt.
Die Art ist mit einer Gesamtlänge von 130 bis 159 mm, einer Unterarmlänge von 84 bis 91 mm sowie mit einem Gewicht von 99 bis 140 g ein mittelgroßer Flughund. Ein Schwanz fehlt, die Hinterfüße sind 22 bis 24 mm lang und die Länge der Ohren beträgt 20 bis 25 mm. Wie beim Sulawesi-Spitzzahnflughund (Harpyionycteris celebensis), jedoch im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Flughunden der Philippinen, sind alle Eckzähne nach vorn gerichtet. Dieser Flughund besitzt braunes Fell und dunkle Flughäute. Bei vielen Exemplaren kommen auf den Flughäuten helle durchscheinende Stellen vor. Als einziger Flughund der Philippinen hat die Art stark behaarte Beine und Fußoberseiten.[1]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über fast die gesamten Philippinen mit Ausnahme der Provinz Palawan sowie der nördlichen Bereiche Luzons. Der Whitehead-Spitzzahnflughund hält sich im Flachland und in Gebirgen bis 1.800 Meter Höhe auf. Er bewohnt ursprüngliche Wälder, Bergwälder und Mosaik-Landschaften aus Waldflächen, Landwirtschaftsflächen und Kalksteinfelsen.[2]
Dieser Flughund ruht auf Bäumen und meidet Höhlen. Auf dem Weg zu den Nahrungsquellen fliegt er meist hoch über dem Grund. Die Art frisst vorwiegend Früchte und bevorzugt Feigen sowie Pflanzen der Gattung Freycinetia.[2] Vermutlich kommt bei den meisten Weibchen pro Jahr ein Wurf mit einem Jungtier vor. Das Weibchen ist etwa 135 Tage trächtig und das Jungtier wird etwa 120 Tage nach der Geburt entwöhnt.[1]
Eine geringe Beeinträchtigung durch Waldrodungen ist möglich. Die IUCN listet den Whitehead-Spitzzahnflughund als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern).[2]
Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden[3]:
Der Whitehead-Spitzzahnflughund (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) ist ein Fledertier, das auf den Philippinen vorkommt.
The harpy fruit bat (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.[1]
It was described as a new species in 1896 by British zoologist Oldfield Thomas. The specimens that he examined in Britain had been collected by English explorer John Whitehead, after whom the species name whiteheadi was chosen. Of Whitehead, Thomas wrote "Mr. Whitehead is to be congratulated on this interesting addition to the splendid discoveries he has already made in the Philippine Islands." The holotype was collected by Whitehead in December 1895 on the island of Mindoro at an elevation of 5,000 ft (1,500 m). Thomas created the genus Harpyionycteris for this species, and it was the only species in this genus until the description of the Sulawesi harpy fruit bat in 1921.[2]
The harpy fruit bat is two-tone in color, being mostly dark brown and lighter brown on its underside. It has no tail but does have a small, fur-covered uropatagium. Its overall length is 140–153 mm (5.5–6.0 in).[3] Its canines, premaxillary bones, and upper incisors lean forward causing the upper and lower canines to cross forming nearly right angles when the mouth is closed.[3][4] The molars are multicuspidate having five or six cusps on each. The lower canines have three cusps (tricuspidate).[3][4] They weigh 83–142 g (2.9–5.0 oz).[3]
The harpy fruit bat is frugivorous and eats from the viney pandans and some fig species.[1][3] The excretion of seeds in the bat's guano helps with the dispersal of these plant species.[3][5]
Male and female harpy fruit bats reach sexual maturity within a year. There are two breeding seasons, the first is from January to February and the second is from July to August. The females only have one pup at a time with a gestation period of four to five months. Afterwards they lactate for three or four months. Some females breed during both seasons having two pups per year while others only breed during the second season.[3]
Harpy fruit bats are found on the Philippine islands of Biliran, Maripipi, Camiguin, Leyte, Southern Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Cebu, Masbate, and Samar. They reside in primary (old growth), secondary, and lightly disturbed montane forests. Their range in elevation is between sea level and 1,800m, preferring to stay in habitats of "mid-elevation (around 500m)".[3] As with other fruit bats, harpy fruit bats are crepuscular and "roost in trees" instead of caves.[1][3]
The harpy fruit bat population is thought to be stable. The greatest threat it faces is deforestation. However, this is not thought to be a major threat since the current deforestation within its range is mainly occurring in lower elevations.[1][3] This species is also subject to hunting for bushmeat, as bat dishes are locally popular for special occasions.[6] The extent to which it is hunted, however, is questioned, with other sources saying that it is "rarely if ever" hunted.[1]
The harpy fruit bat (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to the Philippines.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae.
Datos: Q301265
Multimedia:
Especies: Harpyionycteris whiteheadi
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpyionycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpyionycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Il pipistrello della frutta arpia (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Thomas, 1896) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico dell'Arcipelago delle Filippine.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza totale tra 130 e 156 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 80 e 91 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 19 e 25 mm e un peso fino a 122 g.[3]
La pelliccia è lunga, densa e si estende fino all'avambraccio, sugli arti inferiori e i piedi. Il colore del dorso è marrone scuro, gradualmente più chiaro sul collo e la testa, mentre le parti ventrali sono bruno-grigiastre, più chiare sotto la gola. Il muso è lungo, affusolato con le narici prominenti e leggermente tubulari. È presente una maschera facciale più scura, formata da due anelli che circondano gli occhi ed una macchia a forma di T rovesciata sulla fronte. Gli occhi sono grandi, che come quelli di tutte le specie del Sud Pacifico sono di color ambra o marroni. Le orecchie sono relativamente corte e con l'estremità arrotondata. Le ali sono ricoperte di macchioline giallognole e sono attaccate lungo i fianchi del corpo e posteriormente alla base della prima falange del secondo dito. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Il calcar è ben sviluppato. Gli arti inferiori sono notevolmente accorciati, più di qualsiasi altro membro della famiglia.
Non sono riportate in letteratura informazioni sui rifugi. Recenti studi filogenetici hanno evidenziato la stretta parentela con specie cavernicole, come il genere Dobsonia e Boneia.[4]
Si nutre di frutti di specie native di Ficus e Freycinetia.
Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta in due differenti periodi dell'anno, il primo in gennaio ed il secondo a luglio. La gestazione dura 4-5 mesi e l'allattamento 3-4 mesi.
Questa specie è diffusa nell'arcipelago delle Filippine.
Vive nelle foreste primarie o leggermente disturbate fino a 1.900 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 2 sottospecie:
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la preferenza agli habitat montani, meno sfruttati degli altri, classifica H. whiteheadi come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Il pipistrello della frutta arpia (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Thomas, 1896) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico dell'Arcipelago delle Filippine.
De spitstandvleerhond (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Harpyionycteris die voorkomt in de Filipijnen. De soort is aangetroffen op de eilanden Biliran, Camiguin, Leyte, Luzon, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros en Samar. Deze soort is zeldzaam in laaglandregenwoud, maar vrij algemeen in bergregenwoud tot op 1900 m hoogte. De populatie op Negros wordt beschouwd als een aparte ondersoort, H. w. negrosensis Peterson & Fenton, 1970. Het dier eet waarschijnlijk hard fruit. Het karyotype bedraagt 2n=36, FN=58. De kop-romplengte bedraagt 143 tot 152 mm, de achtervoetlengte 21 tot 25 mm, de oorlengte 21 tot 24 mm, de voorarmlengte 82 tot 90 mm en het gewicht 99 tot 135 g.
De spitstandvleerhond (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Harpyionycteris die voorkomt in de Filipijnen. De soort is aangetroffen op de eilanden Biliran, Camiguin, Leyte, Luzon, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros en Samar. Deze soort is zeldzaam in laaglandregenwoud, maar vrij algemeen in bergregenwoud tot op 1900 m hoogte. De populatie op Negros wordt beschouwd als een aparte ondersoort, H. w. negrosensis Peterson & Fenton, 1970. Het dier eet waarschijnlijk hard fruit. Het karyotype bedraagt 2n=36, FN=58. De kop-romplengte bedraagt 143 tot 152 mm, de achtervoetlengte 21 tot 25 mm, de oorlengte 21 tot 24 mm, de voorarmlengte 82 tot 90 mm en het gewicht 99 tot 135 g.
Harpiolot filipiński[3] (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny rudawkowatych (Pteropodidae)[4].
Występuje w filipińskich i indonezyjskich lasach, głównie na wyspie Celebes do 1700 m n.p.m. Jest gatunkiem endemicznym.
Harpiolot filipiński ma skierowane do przodu siekacze, które działają jak nożyczki. Zwierzę odcina nimi figi i inne owoce rosnące na drzewach.
Harpiolot filipiński (Harpyionycteris whiteheadi) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny rudawkowatych (Pteropodidae).
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Endêmica das Filipinas, sendo registrado nas ilhas de Biliran, Camiguin, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, e Samar.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Endêmica das Filipinas, sendo registrado nas ilhas de Biliran, Camiguin, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, e Samar.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi[2][3][4] är en fladdermusart beskrevs av den brittiske zoologen Oldfield Thomas 1896. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi ingår i släktet Harpyionycteris, och familjen flyghundar.[5][6][7] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Två underarter är beskrivna och en tredje ifrågasatt:[8]
Pälsen varierar från mörkbrun till chokladbrun på överkroppen, ljusare nertill. Arten saknar svans.[9] Denna flyghund har 84 till 91 mm långa underarmar, 22 till 24 mm långa bakfötter och 20 till 25 mm långa öron. Flera individer har ljusa fläckar på vingarna. I motsats till alla andra flyghundar i samma region förekommer päls på bakfötternas ovansida. Hörntänderna i över- och underkäken är lite framåt böjda.[10]
Vikt: 83 – 142 gram
Arten vistas främst i skogar (föredrar bergsskogar) och den besöker troligen odlade regioner. Födan utgörs främst av frukter som fikon eller från växter av släktet Freycinetia. Antagligen har honor en kull per år med en unge. Dräktigheten varar i cirka 135 dagar och ungen diar sin mor ungefär 120 dagar.[10]
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi är endemisk i Filippinerna. Den förekommer på upp till 1800 meter över havet.[1][7][11]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Harpyionycteris whiteheadi.
Wikispecies har information om Harpyionycteris whiteheadi.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi är en fladdermusart beskrevs av den brittiske zoologen Oldfield Thomas 1896. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi ingår i släktet Harpyionycteris, och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Цей вид зустрічається на Філіппінах. Діапазон поширення за висотою: від рівня моря до 1800 м. Зустрічається в рівнинних і гірських лісах, у первинних, злегка порушених і вторинних місцепроживаннях. Це досить великий крилановий, який літає помірно високою і, як відомо, спить на деревах.
Хоча це не вважається серйозною загрозою, цей вид є вразливим до вирубки лісів. Цей вид зустрічається в деяких охоронних територіях.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi là một loài động vật có vú trong họ dơi quạ, bộ dơi. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1896.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Harpyionycteris whiteheadi tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi là một loài động vật có vú trong họ dơi quạ, bộ dơi. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1896.
하피과일박쥐(Harpyionycteris whiteheadi)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 필리핀의 토착종이다.[1]
