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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: In the wild these animals live up to 4 years (Ronald Nowak 1999). Little is known about their longevity in captivity.
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse affects of woodland jumping mice on humans.

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Woodland jumping mice have no special status on the IUCN Red List, US Federal List, or CITES.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Not much is known about the communication in woodland jumping mice. In captivity, individuals are very tolerant of each other and show few signs of aggression. Individuals are normally silent; however young mice are constantly squeaking and making suckling sounds shortly after being born. Adults utter a soft clucking sound while sleeping or just before hibernation.

Although not specifically reported for this species, there is undoubtedly tactile communication between mates, as well as between mother and offspring. It is also likely that, as in other small rodents, chemical signals pass between individuals helping to identify individuals, sexes, and the reproductive condition of any particular mouse.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Untitled

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The original classification of this species was Zapus insignis (Miller) in 1891. Differences found in the dental morphology, ear ossicles, and the bacula later led to the creation of the new genera of Napaeozapus and Euzapus. Currently, N. insignis is in the family Dipodidae with jerboas, jumping mice, and birch mice. However, some systematists place woodland jumping mice in their own family, Zapodidae. Dipodidae is divided into seven subfamilies; jumping mice are in the subfamily Zapodinae.

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Little is known about how woodland jumping mice benefit humans. The disperal of mycorrhizal fungi by these animals benefits many species of trees, some of which may be economically important.

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Woodland jumping mice use fungi as a food source and therefore are responsible for the dispersal of mycorrhizal fungi (particularly Endogone). Mycorrhizal fungi provide trees with essential nutrients through their roots and break down detritus; both are essential roles in an ecosystem. Napaeozapus insignis is closely associated with other small mammals such as Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice). Also, N. insignis populations are complementary to populations of Myodes gapperi (southern red-backed voles). When one species exists, usually the other is not in that area. This may be due to aggression and not competition for resources.

External parasites of N. insignis are fleas (Epitedia sp. and Ctenophthalmus sp.), many species of mites, chiggers, ticks, fleas, and botflies (Cuterebra sp.). A tiny mite, Demacarus newyorkensis, is the most common external parasite of N. insignis, these mites can number from 1 to several 100 per mouse. Red mites (Trombicula harperi) are also found on woodland jumping mice. Internal parasites of N. insignis are protozoans (Hexamita sp.), cestodes or tapeworms (Hymenolepis bennetti), and nematodes or roundworms (Citellinoides zapodis).

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Species Used as Host:

  • none

Mutualist Species:

  • none
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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Woodland jumping mice are omnivorous generalists. Primary food sources are fruits, seeds, fungi, and insects. Napaeozapus insignis is dependent on the fungus Endogone for food. Endogone was the most abundant food found in the stomachs of specimens from North Carolina, Tennessee, New York, and New Hampshire. Linzey (1973) found that Endogone was in the stomachs of 78% of the mice examined, adding up to 40% of the total food volume. This large percentage of consumed Endogone is not found in any other small mammal. Other plant materials found in the stomach of N. insignis were raspberries, may apples, blueberries, ferns, leaves, and nuts. Connor (1966) found that insects made up 22% of the stomach contents he examined. The insect species found were larval Lepidoptera, adult Coleoptera, and larval Diptera. Linzey (1973) found that Lepidoptera larvae made up over half of the animal foods consumed by his study animals. They do not cache food.

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; bryophytes

Other Foods: fungus

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Woodland jumping mice, Napaeozapus insignis, are found throughout northeastern North America, from central Manitoba to northern Quebec and south into the lower Appalachian Mountains (northern Georgia). In Michigan, N. insignis occurs in the Upper Peninsula and in the northern three tiers of counties in the Lower Peninsula.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Boreal habitats contain higher densities of N. insignis than non-boreal habitats. Furthermore, woodland jumping mice prefer forested areas with dense woody undergrowth. Throughout their range, woodland jumping mice are found in spruce-fir and hemlock-hardwoods. They are also found in forest edge habitats that are near water or have sufficient cover (shrubs, ferns, grasses, rocks). Woodland jumping mice occur at sea level in the St. Lawrence region and at elevations of up to 2013 m in the Appalachian highlands. Due a lack of appropriate habitat, in many areas populations of woodland jumping mice are restricted to mountain tops, relict forest patches, and cool, moist coves.

Napaeozapus insignis is found in a wide variety of habitats in Michigan. These habitats include old growth dry and wet hardwoods, second growth hardwoods, mixed conifer swamp, tamarack and black spruce bog, second-growth fir and spruce, and in grassy areas with second-growth ash cover.

Range elevation: 0 to 2013 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains

Wetlands: swamp ; bog

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Zapodids have relatively long life-spans. Brown (1970) estimated that Zapus princeps lives at least 4 years in the wild and Walter (1964) found that Sicista betulina can live 3.3 years in nature. Even though woodland jumping mice have a high turnover rate in the fall, they live longer in the wild than most other North American small mammals, up to 4 years of age. Their average lifespan is 3 years. This long lifespan is at least partly due to the ability of jumping mice to hibernate. Age is estimated by the attrition of molars and since N. insignis only uses its teeth for half of the year, determining age can be difficult.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
4 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
3 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
4.0 years.

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Napaeozapus insignis is a medium sized rodent that weighs between 17 and 26 g in the spring and early summer, and as much as 35 g during pregnancy or just before hibernation. Females are slightly larger than males. Total body length, from nose to end of tail vertebrae, ranges from 205 to 256 mm. They have a tricolored fur pattern with white underparts, yellowish orange sides lightly streaked with black guard hairs, and a dark dorsal stripe from nose to tail. The tops of their feet are white. Most noticeably, they have a long bicolored tail that is sparsely haired, thin, tapered, scaly, and white-tipped. Tail length ranges from 115 to 160 mm (approximately 60 % of the total body length). The number and length of tail vertebrae is increased to make this length possible. They have four pairs of mammae (1 pectoral, 2 abdominal, 1 inguinal). Adaptations of N. insignis for a saltatorial lifestyle are long hind legs with elongated ankle bones and long toe bones.

In the field, the only other rodent N. insignis could be confused with is Zapus hudsonius (meadow jumping mouse). Woodland jumping mice are rarely found in open areas, have a white-tipped tail, are larger, and are more brightly tricolored than are meadow jumping mice.

The skull of N. insignis is small, high-crowned, and similar to the skull of Z. hudsonius. Napaeozapus insignis has large, oval infraorbital foramina, small auditory bullae, a short and broad palate, and narrow zygomatic arches. They have three molariform teeth (Z. hudsonius has four) and grooved incisors that are orange or yellow. Their molars are rooted and semi-hypsodont and they do not have premolars. Woodland jumping mice have 16 total teeth and a dental formula of 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3.

Northern populations average 12% larger in body size than southern populations. Northern and eastern populations tend to be more yellowish and southern populations are reddish orange. Northwestern populations have pale colored sides and dark backs. These distinctions in appearance and geographic differences helped Whitaker (1972) to identify five subspecies of woodland jumping mice. Napaeozapus insignis insignis is found in New Brunswick, Canada, N. i. abietorum in Ontario, and N. i. saquenayensis in Quebec. Napaeozapus insignis roanensis inhabits the Roan Mountains of North Carolina, and N. i. frutectanus is found in eastern Wisconsin and in Michigan.

Woodland jumping mice have a basal metabolic rate of 1.8 ml O2/g hr. Brower and Cade (1966) found that N. insignis has precise thermoregulation when active, deep seasonal hibernation, a high lower critical temperature, and a poor ability to tolerate high ambient temperatures. These are likely adaptations to living in the cold.

Range mass: 17 to 35 g.

Range length: 205 to 256 mm.

Average basal metabolic rate: 1.8 cm3.O2/g/hr.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.22 W.

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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The tricolored pattern of the pelage of N. insignis provides camouflage against dead vegetation. Napaeozapus insignis escapes from predators with a quick jump followed by a period of remaining motionless. Their coloration, escape behavior, and relative lack of odor are probably predator avoidance mechanisms. Woodland jumping mice are mostly safe from predators during hibernation. Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus), broad-banded copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), screech owls (Otus asio), bobcats (Lynx rufus), minks (Neovison vison), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and house cats (Felis silvestris) are all known predators of woodland jumping mice.

Known Predators:

  • eastern screech owls (Otus asio)
  • timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)
  • bobcats (Lynx rufus)
  • broad-banded copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix)
  • American mink (Neovison vison)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • gray wolves (Canis lupus)
  • house cats (Felis silvestris)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Males come out of hibernation approximately 2 weeks before females and mating occurs immediately after both sexes emerge and again in mid to late summer (in the case of a second litter). Very few data exist about the mating system of N. insignis. In captivity, breeding females injure the ears and tails of males when pursued. However, captive woodland jumping mice are generally passive with each other (even while breeding).

Female woodland jumping mice are reproductively receptive when they emerge from hibernation in early- to mid-May. Litters are possible from May through September, peaking in June and August. The earliest record of pregnancy is May 8, however most females do not reproduce until June. There are often 2 litters in one season, although this is more common in the southern part of the range. There are usually fewer young in second litters than in first litters. Many females have their second litters in August. The latest recorded pregnancy is September 1. Wrigley (1972) found that 70% of the individuals in a population of N. insignis collected in the fall were young from that year (based on the examination of 2,529 museum specimens collected throughout their range). Woodland jumping mice that do not reproduce tend to be mice that were born in second litters the previous year. Both females and males are reproductively mature when they emerge from hibernation the year after they are born.

Compared to most other rodents, zapodids have a longer period of development. This could be due to extra time needed for growth and coordination of specialized limbs for jumping. Litters contain 1 to 7 young (average is 4.5) and the gestation period is from 23 to 29 days. Young are blind, naked, unpigmented, and weigh about 1 g at birth. By day 10, young woodland jumping mice have visible pigment spots beneath the skin all over the body. Their bodies are covered with fine hair by day 14. Young jumping mice are fully furred by 24 days and their eyes open by 26 days. By day 34, the young are weaned and they have the appearance of adults, except they are smaller and their sides are yellowish brown (adults have orange-brown sides). A molt to the adult pelage occurs between 63 and 80 days. Most adults go through their yearly molt in August.

Breeding interval: Woodland jumping mice breed once or twice in one season (May through September).

Breeding season: Mating occurs immediately after woodland jumping mice emerge from hibernation in early May. Mating may also occur in mid-summer (second litter).

Range number of offspring: 1 to 7.

Average number of offspring: 4.5.

Range gestation period: 23 to 29 days.

Average weaning age: 34 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 (low) months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 11 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 0.9 g.

Average number of offspring: 4.

Little is known about the parental care of woodland jumping mice because they are extremely difficult to observe in the wild, and most captive females kill their young shortly after they are born. Females care for the young, have smaller home ranges than males, have been observed covering the nest entrance during the day, and have been found in nests with their young. Because of their long developmental period, these mice provide a longer period of parental care than do many other small northern mice. The role of males in parental care is unknown.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Harrington, E. 2004. "Napaeozapus insignis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Napaeozapus_insignis.html
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Erin Harrington, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Napaeozapus insignis ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Napaeozapus insignis és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels dipòdids. Viu al Canadà i els Estats Units. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn i crepuscular que s'alimenta de fongs, llavors, erugues, larves d'escarabats i baies. Els seus hàbitats naturals són les zones boscoses humides i fresques, especialment els boscos mixtos de pícees, avets i apiàcies. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Napaeozapus insignis Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.). Napaeozapus insignis. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 28 novembre 2015.
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Napaeozapus insignis: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Napaeozapus insignis és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels dipòdids. Viu al Canadà i els Estats Units. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn i crepuscular que s'alimenta de fongs, llavors, erugues, larves d'escarabats i baies. Els seus hàbitats naturals són les zones boscoses humides i fresques, especialment els boscos mixtos de pícees, avets i apiàcies. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.

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Waldhüpfmaus ( German )

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Die Waldhüpfmaus (Napaeozapus insignis) ist ein Nagetier aus der Familie Hüpfmäuse, das in Nordamerika vorkommt. Sie ist die einzige Art ihrer Gattung.[1]

Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als stabil angesehen und somit die Art als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) gelistet.[2]

Merkmale

Im Körperbau ähnelt die Waldhüpfmaus einer gewöhnlichen Hausmaus mit langen Hinterfüßen. Sie erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 8 bis 10 cm, eine Schwanzlänge von 11 bis 16 cm und ein durchschnittliches Gewicht von 17 bis 26 Gramm. Vor dem Winterschlaf kann sich das Gewicht aufgrund aufgebauter Fettspeicher deutlich erhöhen. Die Fellfarbe verläuft vom dunkelbraunen bis schwarzen Rücken über die orange Körperseiten zum weißlichen Bauch. Ebenso ist der Schwanz in eine braune Oberseite und eine weiße Unterseite aufgeteilt. Zudem ist er mit einer weißen Quaste am Ende ausgestattet. Im Gegensatz zu echten Hüpfmäusen (Zapus) hat die Waldhüpfmaus nur bis zu drei Backenzähne pro Kieferhälfte.[3]

Verbreitung

Die Waldhüpfmaus kommt vom mittleren und östlichen Kanada über die nordöstlichen USA bis zum Bundesstaat Georgia vor. Sie hält sich in Wäldern der gemäßigten Zone auf, die häufig eine dichte Untervegetation haben. Oft wird sie in Sümpfen oder in der Nähe von Wasserflächen beobachtet.[3][2]

Lebensweise

Das annähernd kreisrunde Nest aus Blättern und Gras wird in Büschen oder Erdhöhlen errichtet. Letztere werden selbst gegraben oder von anderen Tieren übernommen. Die Waldhüpfmaus bewegt sich normalerweise langsam auf dem Boden. Manchmal springt sie mit Hilfe ihrer Hinterbeine 60 bis 90 cm weit und 30 bis 60 cm (in Ausnahmefällen bis zu 180 cm) hoch. Als Nahrung dienen Pilze und Samen sowie andere Pflanzenteile wie Früchte und Nüsse, die durch Insekten ergänzt werden. Waldhüpfmäuse beginnen ihren Winterschlaf im September/Oktober und kommen im April/Mai wieder hervor. Sie verlieren in dieser Zeit etwa 30 % ihres Gewichts.[3]

Die Reviere der einzelnen Exemplare überlappen sich und es gibt allgemein keine Aggressivität. Die Paarung kann zwischen Mai und September erfolgen, meist im Juni und August. Im südlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes haben Weibchen oft zwei Würfe pro Jahr. Nach einer Trächtigkeit von etwa 23 Tagen werden zwei bis acht blinde und nackte Jungtiere geboren. Diese öffnen ihre Augen nach etwa 26 Tagen und etwa acht Tage später werden sie nicht mehr gesäugt. Waldhüpfmäuse können in der Natur zwei bis drei (selten vier) Jahre alt werden.[3]

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 Bände. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD u. a. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Napaeozapus. In: Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 2 Bände. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 (englisch, online [abgerufen am 3. November 2020]).
  2. a b Napaeozapus insignis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2011. Eingestellt von: Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G., 2008. Abgerufen am 6. Juni 2012.
  3. a b c d Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Band 2. 6. Auflage. 1999, S. 1333.
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Waldhüpfmaus: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Waldhüpfmaus (Napaeozapus insignis) ist ein Nagetier aus der Familie Hüpfmäuse, das in Nordamerika vorkommt. Sie ist die einzige Art ihrer Gattung.

Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als stabil angesehen und somit die Art als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) gelistet.

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Boskspringmûs ( Western Frisian )

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De boskspringmûs (Latynske namme: Napaeozapus insignis) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e jerboä's (Dipodidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e springmûzen (Zapodinae) en it monotypyske (út ien soarte besteande) skaai fan 'e boskspringmûzen (Napaeozapus). Dit bistke komt foar yn eastlik Noard-Amearika, en stiet derom bekend dat er bjusterbaarlike fier springe kin, syn behindige postuer yn acht nommen. De boskspringmûs waard nei syn erkenning as soarte yn 1891 earst lange tiid beskôge as in lid fan it skaai fan 'e echte springmûzen (Zapus), mar út letter ûndersyk die bliken dat de ferskillen mei de oare soarten fan dat skaai op it mêd fan 'e dintale morfology en de opbou fan 'e earen sa grut wiene, dat de boskspringmûs yn in eigen skaai ûnderbrocht wurde moast.

Fersprieding en biotoop

De boskspringmûs libbet yn it sintrale eastlike diel fan Noard-Amearika. Yn Kanada komt er foar fan sintraal Manitoba fia sintraal en súdlik Ontario en hast hiel Kebek oant yn Nij-Breunswyk. Yn 'e Feriene Steaten libbet er yn it hiele gebiet fan 'e Grutte Marren en de noardeastlike Atlantyske kust, en dêrwei strekt syn areaal him fia de Appalachen út nei it suden oant yn Georgia. Boskspringmûzen jouwe de foarkar oan koele en wiete nullewâlden mei streamend wetter dat út it bosk wei nei greidlân floeit, en oan biotopen dêr't nullewâlden en greidlân inoar ôfwikselje en streamend wetter en tichte boaiemfegetaasje foarhâns binne.

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De boskspringmûs fan deunby.

Uterlike skaaimerken

De boskspringmûs hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 9-9⅔ sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 11½-16 sm en in gewicht fan 17-35 g. De pels is op 'e rêch brunich oant dûnkerbrunich en op 'e fangen gielbrunich, wylst de bealch, de poaten en de punt fan 'e sturt wyt binne. Der sitte swartpuntige hierren troch de pels hinne dy't boskspringmûzen in wat rûchhierrich oansjen jouwe. Yn it súdlike part fan har ferspriedingsgebiet binne se dûnkerder fan kleur as yn it noarden. De sturt is tige lang en fan boppen dûnkerbrún en fan ûnderen krêmkleurich wyt, al is er mar krap mei hier begroeid. De efterpoaten binne folle langer as de foarpoaten, en meitsje dat de boskspringmûs as er kjel wurdt wol 3 m fier springe kinne.

Hâlden en dragen

Boskspringmûzen libje òf yn in eigengroeven ûndergrûnske hoale, òf yn in nêst dat se oanlizze fan gers, reiden en blêden yn holle beammen of ûnder beamwoartels of rotsen. De mantsjes hawwe in territoarium fan 0,4-3,6 ha en wyfkes fan 0,4-2,6 ha, wêrby't inkeld de territoaria fan 'e tsjinstelde geslachten inoar oerlaapje. Boskspringmûzen hâlde in wintersliep dy't duorret fan septimber/oktober oant yn april, al wurde se eltse fjirtjin dagen eefkes wekker om har behoef te dwaan.

De peartiid rint fan maaie oant augustus, wêrby't it wyfke nei in draachtiid fan likernôch 29 dagen 2 of inkeld 3 kear jiers in nêst fan 3-6 keale, bline jongen te wrâld bringt. De fersoarging fan dy jongen wurdt dield troch it mantsje en it wyfke. De eachjes fan 'e jongen geane mei 26 dagen iepen en mei likernôch 30 dagen wurde se ôfwûn. De trochsneed populaasjetichtheid fan 'e boskspringmûs leit op 7½ de ha, al kinne der soms wol oant 59 eksimplaren de ha foarkomme. Boskspringmûzen binne omnivoaren en frette njonken in protte plantaardich guod en skimmels ek in soad ynsekten, larven en oar wrimelt. Har natuerlike fijannen binne ferskate soarten slangen, martereftigen as de Amerikaanske nerts en de wezeling, en fierders de reade lynks, it streekte stjonkdier en de eastlike skreau-ûle. De boskspringmûs hat in libbensferwachting fan uterlik 3-4 jier, al leit it gemiddelde om 'e 2 jier hinne en helje in protte eksimplaren sels dat lang net.

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In troch in kat fongen en oanfretten boskspringmûs yn Fermont, mei in lineaal derby om 'e lichemsgrutte te bepalen.

Undersoarten

By in ûndersyk út 1972 waarden der 5 ûndersoarten fan 'e boskspringmûs erkend:

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Boskspringmûs: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De boskspringmûs (Latynske namme: Napaeozapus insignis) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e jerboä's (Dipodidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e springmûzen (Zapodinae) en it monotypyske (út ien soarte besteande) skaai fan 'e boskspringmûzen (Napaeozapus). Dit bistke komt foar yn eastlik Noard-Amearika, en stiet derom bekend dat er bjusterbaarlike fier springe kin, syn behindige postuer yn acht nommen. De boskspringmûs waard nei syn erkenning as soarte yn 1891 earst lange tiid beskôge as in lid fan it skaai fan 'e echte springmûzen (Zapus), mar út letter ûndersyk die bliken dat de ferskillen mei de oare soarten fan dat skaai op it mêd fan 'e dintale morfology en de opbou fan 'e earen sa grut wiene, dat de boskspringmûs yn in eigen skaai ûnderbrocht wurde moast.

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Woodland jumping mouse

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The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. It can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.

Taxonomy

Representatives of the family Dipodidae are found in the northern regions of the Old and New Worlds, and are characterized by very large infraorbital foramen, and, in one of the two North American genera, Zapus, by four upper cheek teeth. Incisors are compressed and deeply grooved. These animals are common and noted for very long tails and long hind legs adapted for leaping. They live in forests, meadows, and swamps and are profound hibernators.[2]

The woodland jumping mouse was originally classified as Zapus insignis in 1891, but differences detected in dental morphology, ear ossicles, and the baculum resulted in the creation of two new genera, Napaeozapus and Euzapus.[3] N. insignis was in the family Dipodidae and some place it in the subfamily Zapodinae.[2][3]

Subspecies

Five subspecies of woodland jumping mice were identified by Whitaker in 1972:[3]

Distribution and habitat

The woodland jumping mouse occurs throughout northeastern North America.[4]

Populations are most dense in cool, moist boreal woodlands of spruce-fir and hemlock-hardwoods where streams flow from woods to meadows with bankside touch-me-nots (Impatiens) and in situations where meadow and forest intermix and water and thick ground cover are available.[4]

Description

Specimen in Sturgeon River Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada displaying white-tipped tail
Woodland jumping mouse killed by cat in Sheffield, Vermont, with ruler for scale

The woodland jumping mouse is a medium-sized rodent. The species is darker in the south.[3][4] The mouse has adaptations to live in cold climate.[3]

The mouse has small, high-crowned skull. Three molariform teeth are present, premolars are absent, and grooved incisors are orange or yellow. Its molars are both rooted and have hypsodont. The tail is dark brown above and creamy white below with a white tip, and is sparsely haired, thin, tapered, and scaly. It is approximately 60% of total body length. Tail length is made possible by long vertebrae.[3] Long bones make it possible for the mouse to leap and jump.[3]

Behavior

Communication and perception

Captive mice are tolerant of others and display little aggression. They are normally silent, but the young squeak and make suckling sounds shortly after birth, and adults make soft clucking sounds while sleeping and just before hibernation. Tactile communication probably exists between mates and between mothers and their young. Like other small rodents, odors and chemical signals are probably emitted or exchanged that identify individuals, that distinguish the sexes, and that indicate the receptiveness of an individual to sexual congress.[3]

Diet

Diet varies with geographic location and season.[6] One hundred three mice taken in central New York had stomach contents containing the fungi of the genus Endogone and related genera. Endogone is so small the mice presumably locate it by olfaction. Fungi represent about a third of the New York diet, seeds 25%, lepidopterous larvae and various fruits about 10%, and beetles about 7.5%. Touch-me-not seeds are found in the diet.[7] Food is not consumed during hibernation and mice having insufficient fat reserves do not survive.[1]

Seasonal activities

Summertime is the peak activity period of the woodland jumping mouse. During this time, the mating season begins; mice that re-emerged from hibernation eat much food to restore body weight and fat. Some mice start to hibernate as early as September, but most wait until late November. The mice gather food and fat for more than two weeks before they plan to hibernate. During hibernation, body temperatures usually drop from 37 to 2 °C (99 to 36 °F). Even during their hibernation, they wake up about every two weeks to urinate or eat from their food stashes. Only about 1/3 of all mice that enter hibernation survive; the rest either die from hypothermia or are eaten by predators. Some mice do not enter hibernation, but move to nearby peoples' houses to live inside the walls, in old furniture, or cabinets. They eat scraps or foods that were left over. The mice that do hibernate and survive usually re-emerge around April.

Shelter

The woodland jumping mouse will live in either nests or burrows. The nests are usually found in hollow logs, under roots of trees or under rocks. The burrows can be found almost anywhere, although they are usually by a plant that can cover the entrance. Their nests are made from soft grasses, reeds and leaves. The burrows usually have multiple chambers, each one dug for a different reason. There is usually a room filled with nesting materials such as grass, reeds and leaves, which is used for sleeping or hibernation. Second, most mice have a room where they store and horde food for hibernation. And finally, there is, in most cases and room with some nesting material for mating, and where the juveniles will be nursed.

Little is known about territory size and territorial behavior because observation is difficult in the wild. Males are thought to have home ranges between 0.4–3.6 ha (0.99–8.90 acres) and females between 0.4–2.6 ha (0.99–6.42 acres) with ranges of the sexes overlapping. High numbers of mice are attracted to sudden and temporary food supplies (such as ripened berries) but what appears to be a colony established in the vicinity of the food may only be a temporary camp while the supply lasts. In favorable habitat, the average population density is about 7.5 per ha, though population density estimates range though from 0.64 to 59 per ha.[3]

Reproduction

The mating season occurs in May, with gestation about 29 days to three to six pink-skinned and hairless young. The eyes open about the 26th day, weaning occurs about the 30th day, and by the 34th the young look like adults.

The mating season for the woodland jumping mouse starts at the beginning of summer (May) and ends at the end of summer (August). Females usually have 2 or more litters a year, each containing 1–12 juveniles. The female nurses the young while the male gets food to feed the young. The young first leave the nest after 16 days, leaving permanently after 34 days or less. About 90% of young are eaten, every 1 out of 10 lives.

Parental care is little understood because observation in the wild is difficult and females in captivity normally commit infanticide shortly after giving birth. Parental care devolves upon the female rather than the male whose role in care of the young is unknown. Mothers and their young share the nest and mothers have been observed covering its entrance during the day. The young have a longer developmental period than most small rodents, and parental care consequently covers a longer period in comparison with other small rodents.[3]

Survival

Eastern screech owls, timber rattlesnakes, bobcats, broad-banded copperheads, American mink, weasels, and striped skunks are known predators.[7]

The mouse probably has a lifespan of two years but some may live for three or four years.[7]

Conservation

The woodland jumping mouse has no conservational status on the IUCN Red List, United States Federal List, or CITES.[3] No major threats exist at present (2010) but land development reduces suitable habitat for species hibernation, and insufficient layers of insulating snowfall may result in high death rates during the winter. Southern populations are already confined to higher elevations in their range and are threatened by rising temperatures. More research is needed to evaluate and assess current distribution, species abundance, and potential effects of threats. No conservation measures have been undertaken at present to address specific needs of populations in state and national parks. The IUCN has listed the species as Least Concern, because the mouse is common and widespread, populations are considered stable, and no major threats exist at present.[1]

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Napaeozapus insignis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42612A115194392. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42612A22199621.en. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b Whitaker 268
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Harrington
  4. ^ a b c d e f Whitaker 272
  5. ^ a b Napaeozapus insignis
  6. ^ Linzey
  7. ^ a b c Whitaker 273
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Woodland jumping mouse: Brief Summary

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The woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. It can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.

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Napaeozapus insignis ( Basque )

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Napaeozapus insignis Napaeozapus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Zapodinae azpifamilia eta Dipodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Miller (1891) Dipodidae Am. Nat. 742. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Napaeozapus insignis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Napaeozapus insignis Napaeozapus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Zapodinae azpifamilia eta Dipodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Napaeozapus insignis ( French )

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Napaeozapus insignis, communément appelé Souris sauteuse des bois[3] ou Zapode des bois[4], est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Dipodidés, la seule du genre Napaeozapus. C'est une souris sauteuse d'Amérique du Nord.

Répartition et habitat

Elle est présente au Canada et aux États-Unis. Elle vit dans les zones boisées humides et fraiches, particulièrement dans les forêts d'épicéas et de sapins et dans les forêts de pruches. On la trouve également dans les zones ripariennes et les marécages[5].

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon NCBI (21 mars 2019)[6] :

  • sous-espèce Napaeozapus insignis abietorum (Preble, 1899) - Ontario
  • sous-espèce Napaeozapus insignis frutectanus Jackson, 1919 dans l'est du Wisconsin et au Michigan
  • sous-espèce Napaeozapus insignis insignis - Nouveau-Brunswick
  • sous-espèce Napaeozapus insignis roanensis (Preble, 1899) - Caroline du Nord
  • sous-espèce Napaeozapus insignis saguenayensis Anderson, 1942 - Québec

Alimentation

Le régime alimentaire varie en fonction de l'habitat et de la saison. Il comprend notamment des champignons, des graines, des chenilles, des larves de coléoptères et des baies[5].

Notes et références

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 21 mars 2019
  2. a b c d e et f Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005), consulté le 21 mars 2019
  3. Nom français d'après Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names sur Nomen.at
  4. (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0-444-51877-0), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  5. a et b UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  6. NCBI, consulté le 21 mars 2019

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Napaeozapus insignis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Napaeozapus insignis, communément appelé Souris sauteuse des bois ou Zapode des bois, est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Dipodidés, la seule du genre Napaeozapus. C'est une souris sauteuse d'Amérique du Nord.

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Napaeozapus insignis ( Italian )

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Il topo saltatore dei boschi (Napaeozapus insignis Miller, 1891) è un roditore della famiglia dei Dipodidi, unica specie del genere Napaeozapus (Preble, 1899), diffuso nell'America settentrionale.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Roditore di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 65 e 95 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 126 e 167 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 28 e 34 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 15 e 17 mm e un peso fino a 28 g.[3]

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio è allungato e presenta un rostro sottile, le ossa nasali che si estendono considerevolmente oltre gli incisivi, le arcate zigomatiche sottili, il foro infra-orbitale grande ed ovale ed una bolla timpanica non rigonfia. Gli incisivi superiori sono arancioni o giallognoli e sono attraversati da un solco longitudinale. Sono privi di premolari, mentre i molari hanno le radici e la corona elevata e con la superficie occlusiva piatta, con una complicata alternanza di pieghe e zone isolate.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

3 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 Totale: 16 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;

Aspetto

L'aspetto è quello di un piccolo topo con una pelliccia corta e fine cosparsa di peli più lunghi e ruvidi. Le parti dorsali sono arancioni con dei riflessi gialli o rossicci e con una larga banda dorsale brunastra o nerastra che si estende dal naso fino alla base della coda, mentre le parti ventrali sono bianche. Il muso è appuntito, le vibrisse sono lunghe, gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono relativamente corte e rotonde. Le zampe hanno ciascuna cinque dita, sebbene il pollice sia notevolmente ridotto. Quelle posteriori sono allungate, adattamento ad un'andatura saltatoria. La coda è circa due volte e mezzo la lunghezza della testa e del corpo, è grigio-brunastra sopra, bianca sotto e all'estremità. Le femmine hanno un paio di mammelle pettorali, due addominali e una inguinale e sono solitamente più grandi dei maschi. Il cariotipo è 2n=72 FN=100.

Biologia

Comportamento

È una specie terricola che si rifugia in tane scavate nel terreno oppure in quelle di altri animali. L'entrata viene nascosta durante il giorno. All'interno è presente un nido rivestito di foglie secche e fili d'erba. È attiva di notte e talvolta il tardo mattino e le prime ore della sera. L'andatura è quadrupede con balzi solitamente di un metro ma che in velocità possono essere lunghi il doppio. Si arrampica agilmente nei cespugli ma non sugli alberi. Può nuotare velocemente per brevi distanze. Entra in ibernazione dalla fine di settembre fino a maggio, quando i maschi appaiono solitamente due settimane prima delle femmine. Prima del letargo accumula rapidamente grasso corporeo, circa il 30% del suo peso in estate. Raggiunge una densità in ambienti adatti di circa 7,5 individui per ettaro, il suo raggio d'azione varia da 0,4 a 3,6 ettari con le aree dei due sessi che si sovrappongono. Sono tolleranti tra loro e gruppi di individui possono essere tenuti insieme in cattività senza evidenti comportamenti aggressivi. È normalmente taciturno, tuttavia se disturbato può squittire e soffiare.

Alimentazione

Si nutre principalmente di frutta, noci, funghi, artropodi e bacche, sebbene la dieta possa variare secondo la stagione e le località. Sembra non immagazzinare cibo.

Riproduzione

Si riproduce dagli inizi di maggio ai primi giorni di settembre con picchi estesi a giugno ed agosto. Danno alla luce 2-7 piccoli alla volta fino a due volte l'anno dopo una gestazione di 23 giorni. Alla nascita sono completamente privi di peli e ciechi e pesano soltanto 0,9 g. Sono completamente ricoperti di peli dopo 24 giorni, aprono gli occhi a 26 giorni e vengono svezzati dopo 34 giorni. Nessuno dei due sessi è in grado di riprodursi fino alla fine del suo primo letargo. In autunno circa il 70% della popolazione di una determinata zona è formata da giovani nati durante l'anno, tuttavia la maggior parte degli esemplari allo stato selvatico vivono fino a quattro anni.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nel Canada sud-orientale e negli Stati Uniti d'America nord-orientali dal Manitoba sud-orientale e Minnesota fino alle coste del Labrador a est e alla Georgia settentrionale a sud. È presente anche sull'Isola del Principe Edoardo e in Nuova Scozia.

Vive nelle foreste di conifere fino a 2.000 metri di altitudine. Preferisce ambienti freddi e umidi con vegetazione densa. Si trova frequentemente anche in torbiere e paludi o lunghi corsi d'acqua.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 5 sottospecie:

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, l'abbondanza, l'assenza di minacce e la presenza in diverse aree protette, classifica N.insignis come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) 2008, Napaeozapus insignis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Napaeozapus insignis, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Reid, 2006.

Bibliografia

  • Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780801857898
  • Reid FA, A Field guide to Mammals of North America north of Mexico: Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5.

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Napaeozapus insignis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il topo saltatore dei boschi (Napaeozapus insignis Miller, 1891) è un roditore della famiglia dei Dipodidi, unica specie del genere Napaeozapus (Preble, 1899), diffuso nell'America settentrionale.

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Boshuppelmuis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De boshuppelmuis (Napaeozapus insignis) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de jerboa's (Dipodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Miller in 1891.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Canada en de Verenigde Staten.

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Boshuppelmuis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De boshuppelmuis (Napaeozapus insignis) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de jerboa's (Dipodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Miller in 1891.

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Skoczomysz leśna ( Polish )

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Skoczomysz leśna[3] (Napaeozapus insignis) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny skoczkowatych, występujący w Ameryce Północnej[2][4].

Systematyka

Gatunek ten opisał naukowo Miller w 1891 roku, zaliczając go do rodzaju Zapus (skoczomyszka). Obecnie jest zaliczany do monotypowego rodzaju Napaeozapus (skoczomysz), udokumentowanego w zapisie kopalnym od środkowego plejstocenu[5]. Miejsce typowe wskazane przez autora znajduje się nad rzeką Ristigouche w prowincji Nowy Brunszwik w Kanadzie[4]. Podgatunki wskazane przez różnych autorów są obecnie uznawane za synonimiczne[1][4].

Morfologia

 src=
Skoczomysz w zbliżeniu

Zwierzęta te osiągają długość 205–256 mm, z czego od 115 do 160 mm przypada na ogon (ok. 60% całkowitej długości). Samice są nieco większe od samców; gryzonie z północnych populacji są średnio o 12% większe od skoczomyszy z południa zasięgu. Samica ma cztery pary sutków. Masa ciała wiosną i wczesnym latem to od 17 do 26 g, przed hibernacją lub w ciąży osiąga 35 g. Skoczomysz leśna ma biały spód ciała i wierzchnie strony stóp, żółtopomarańczowe boki ciała z czarnymi włosami pokrywowymi i czarną pręgę wzdłuż kręgosłupa. Końcówka ogona jest biała. Ubarwienie jest żywsze niż u mniejszej skoczomyszki łąkowej (Zapus hudsonius), nie ma ona też białego końca ogona. Kolory sierści pełnią funkcję maskującą wśród martwej roślinności dna lasu[6]. Ciało skoczomyszy wykazuje typowe adaptacje do poruszania się skokami: długie tylne kończyny, z długimi kośćmi stopy i palców[6][7].

Zasięg występowania

Zwierzęta te zamieszkują południowo-wschodnią Kanadę w pobliżu Wielkich Jezior, południowo-wschodni półwysep Labrador, północno-wschodnie Stany Zjednoczone i pas na południe ciągnący się wzdłuż Appalachów aż po Georgię. Skoczomysz leśna jest spotykana głównie w chłodnych, wilgotnych lasach świerkowo-jodłowych i choinowych. Żyje też na mokradłach, bagnach i terenach nadbrzeżnych[2]. Gryzonie te są pospolitsze w lasach borealnych (tajdze) niż innych środowiskach. Preferują lasy z gęstym podszytem. W wielu miejscach występują reliktowe populacje zamieszkujące ograniczone obszary sprzyjającego środowiska, takie jak szczyty gór i niewielkie lasy. Są spotykane od poziomu morza w rejonie Zatoki Świętego Wawrzyńca do 2013 m n.p.m. w Appalachach[6].

Biologia

Tryb życia

Skoczomysz leśna jest aktywna po zmroku i nocą, prowadzi naziemny tryb życia. Hibernuje od września-października po kwiecień-maj. Późnym latem, wraz ze skracającym się dniem gryzonie żerują intensywnie, gromadząc zapas tkanki tłuszczowej, niezbędny do przetrwania zimy, kiedy nie pobierają pokarmu[2]. Normalna temperatura ciała zwierzęcia to 37 °C, w czasie hibernacji znacznie spada[6].

Skoczomyszy dożywają na wolności 4 lat, więcej niż większość drobnych północnoamerykańskich gryzoni[6].

Pożywienie

wszystkożerne. Żywią się grzybami, ziarnami, gąsienicami, pędrakami i jagodami, zależnie od sezonu i miejsca występowania. Szczególnie istotne są dla nich grzyby Endogone; we wschodniej części zasięgu było to 40% pożywienia przebadanych skoczomyszy. Z tego względu pełnią one pożyteczną rolę w ekosystemie, pomagając w rozsiewaniu grzybów mikoryzowych. W innym badaniu 22% pożywienia zbadanych gryzoni stanowiły owady. Skoczomyszy leśne nie magazynują jedzenia[2][6].

Rozród

Samce budzą się ze snu zimowego około dwóch tygodni przed samicami, samice są zdolne do rozrodu tuż po obudzeniu. Skoczomyszy rozmnażają się od maja do sierpnia, a nawet początku września. Niewiele wiadomo na temat ich zwyczajów godowych, ale w niewoli zdarza się, że molestowana samica rani uszy i ogon samca; zwykle nie są one agresywne wobec innych osobników. Ciąża trwa 23-29 dni, w miocie jest od jednego do siedmiu młodych (średnio 4,5); samica może wydać na świat dwa mioty w ciągu roku. Młode są w pełni owłosione po 24 dniach od urodzenia, do 34 dnia życia wyglądają podobnie do dorosłych[6]. Mogą osiągnąć dojrzałość płciową nawet w ciągu 38 dni. W Nowej Szkocji samice rodzą jeden miot i nie stwierdzono, aby rozmnażały się w roku urodzenia[2].

Zachowania

Skoczomyszy w ciągu dnia zwykle chowają się w norach, własnych lub innych drobnych ssaków, albo pod krzewami. Nora skoczomyszy ma do 1,5 m długości, wejście jest zakrywane w ciągu dnia. Budują one kuliste gniazdo z trawy i liści, osiągające 154 mm średnicy; może być ono ukryte w tunelu, krzaku lub umieszczone na ziemi. Gryzonie te przeważnie poruszają się chodząc lub podskakując na czterech kończynach. Zwykle skaczą na 0,6 do 0,9 m, ale wystraszone potrafią skoczyć na odległość 1,8 m i wysokość 60 cm[6]. W innych źródłach można znaleźć informacje o skokach na odległość nawet 3 m[8]. Przestraszona skoczomysz porusza się chaotycznymi skokami, po czym zastyga w bezruchu za gałęzią lub pod liściem, dezorientując w ten sposób drapieżnika[9].

Zwierzęta te potrafią się wspinać, w czym pomagają sobie balansując ogonem, a także pływać, choć na krótkich dystansach; zwykle unikają wody[6][9]. Areał osobniczy samców ma powierzchnię ocenianą na 0,4–3,6 hektara, samicy – 0,4–2,6 ha. Gromadzą się wokół sezonowo dostępnych źródeł pokarmu (np. jagód). W niewoli nie są agresywne wobec własnego gatunku, sypiają wspólnie z innymi osobnikami. Zwykle są ciche, tylko młode popiskują po urodzeniu; dorosłe cicho cmokają przez sen lub tuż przed zapadnięciem w sen zimowy. Uderzanie ogonem o podłoże i sporadyczne podskoki świadczą o podnieceniu lub nerwowości[6].

Interakcje międzygatunkowe

Drapieżnikami polującymi na skoczomyszy są węże Crotalus horridus i mokasyn miedziogłowiec (Agkistrodon contortrix), sowa syczoń krzykliwy (Megascops asio) i ssaki drapieżne: ryś rudy (Lynx rufus), wizon amerykański (Neovison vison), skunks zwyczajny (Mephitis mephitis), wilk szary (Canis lupus) i kot domowy (Felis catus). Skoczomyszy leśne przeważnie nie występują wspólnie z nornicą amerykańską (Myodes gapperi), co jest wiązane z agresją międzygatunkową, a nie rywalizacją o zasoby. Żerują na nich różne pasożyty wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne, najczęściej roztocz Demacarus newyorkensis[6].

Populacja

Skoczomysz leśna ma duży zasięg występowania i stabilną populację. Jest uznawana za gatunek najmniejszej troski. Stwierdzono gęstość populacji od 5 do 60 osobników na hektar; w Nowej Szkocji jest ona zmienna w kolejnych latach, zależnie od przeżywalności młodych i sukcesu lęgowego[2].

Przypisy

  1. a b Napaeozapus insignis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c d e f g Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) 2008, Napaeozapus insignis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015, wersja 2015-4, DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T42612A10728279.en [dostęp 2016-01-26] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Napaeozapus insignis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2016-01-26]
  5. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Napaeozapus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2016-01-26]
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k Harrington, E.: Napaeozapus insignis. W: Animal Diversity Web [on-line]. University of Michigan, 2004. [dostęp 2016-01-26].
  7. Napaeozapus insignis. W: North American Mammals [on-line]. Muzeum Historii Naturalnej w Waszyngtonie. [dostęp 2016-01-26].
  8. Woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) (ang.). Wildscreen Arkive. [dostęp 2016-01-27].
  9. a b Woodland Jumping Mouse. W: Adirondack Ecological Center [on-line]. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. [dostęp 2016-01-27]., informacje za: D.A. Saunders: Adirondack Mammals. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1988, s. 216.
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Skoczomysz leśna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Skoczomysz leśna (Napaeozapus insignis) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny skoczkowatych, występujący w Ameryce Północnej.

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Skogshoppmus ( Swedish )

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Skogshoppmusen (Napaeozapus insignis) är en gnagare i familjen springråttor som förekommer i Nordamerika. Den är enda arten i sitt släkte.[2]

Släktnamnet i det vetenskapliga namnet är bildat av de grekiska orden napaios (från skogbevuxna slätter), za (mycket) och pous (fot). Artepitet är latin för iögonfallande.[3]

Utseende

Arten påminner om en vanlig husmus med långa bakfötter. Den når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 8 till 10 cm, en svanslängd av 11 till 16 cm och en vikt mellan 17 och 26 gram. Före vinterdvalan kan den vara tyngre eftersom den samlat på sig fett i kroppen. Pälsen är på ryggen brun till svart, vid sidorna orange och på buken vitaktig. Även svansens färg är uppdelad i en brun ovansida och en vit undersida. Svansen har en vit tofs. I motsats till hoppmöss av släktet Zapus har skogshoppmusen bara tre kindtänder (premolarer och molarer) per käkhalva.[4]

Utbredning och habitat

Skogshoppmusens utbredningsområde sträcker sig från centrala och östra Kanada till delstaten Georgia i USA. Den vistas i tempererade skogar med tät undervegetation, ofta nära träskmarker eller vattendrag.[1][4]

Ekologi

Boet ligger i täta buskar eller i underjordiska hålor. Skogshoppmusen gräver antingen boet själv eller övertar det efter andra djur. Nästet består av torra blad och gräs och är nästan klotrunt. Djuret rör sig vanligen långsamt men kan ibland hoppa så långt som 60 till 90 cm och mellan 30 och 60 cm högt, i undantagsfall upp till 180 cm högt. Födan utgörs främst av svampar, frön och andra växtdelar som frukter och nötter samt av insekter. Arten är aktiv från sen kväll till tidig morgon, främst under natten. Skogshoppmusen går i oktober i ide (ibland redan i september) och lämnar boet i april eller maj. Under vinterdvalan tappar de cirka 30 procent av kroppsvikten.[4]

Varje individ lever huvudsakligen ensam men reviren överlappar varandra och de är inte aggressiva mot varandra. Parningen sker mellan maj och september, oftast i juni eller augusti. I sydliga trakter kan honor ha två kullar per år. Efter ungefär 23 dagars dräktighet föds två till sju nakna och blinda ungar. De öppnar ögonen efter cirka 26 dagar och åtta dagar senare slutar honan med digivning. I naturen lever skogshoppmusen två till tre år, i undantagsfall så länge som fyra år.[4]

Beståndet anses vara stabilt och IUCN listar arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. 2011 Napaeozapus insignis Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 6 juni 2012.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Napaeozapus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ Stangl, Christiansen & Galbraith (1993) Napaeozapus insignis, Abbreviated guide to pronunciation and etymology of scientific names for North American land mammals north of Mexico, Museum of Texas Tech University
  4. ^ [a b c d] Nowak, R. M. (1999) sid. 1333 Google books.

Tryckta källor

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0801857899

Externa länkar

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Skogshoppmus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Skogshoppmusen (Napaeozapus insignis) är en gnagare i familjen springråttor som förekommer i Nordamerika. Den är enda arten i sitt släkte.

Släktnamnet i det vetenskapliga namnet är bildat av de grekiska orden napaios (från skogbevuxna slätter), za (mycket) och pous (fot). Artepitet är latin för iögonfallande.

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Napaeozapus insignis ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Країни поширення: Канада (Лабрадор, Манітоба, Нью-Брансвік, Нова Шотландія, Онтаріо, Острови принца Едуарда, Квебек), США (Коннектикут, Джорджія, Кентуккі, Мен, Меріленд, Массачусетс, Мічиган, Міннесота, Нью-Гемпшир, Нью-Джерсі, Нью-Йорк, Північна Кароліна, Огайо, Пенсільванія, Род-Айленд, Південна Кароліна, Теннессі, Вермонт, Вірджинія, Західна Вірджинія, Вісконсін). В основному знаходиться в прохолодних, вологих лісистих районах. Також відомо, що живе в прибережних районах, болотах.

Життя

Веде сутінковий і нічний спосіб життя. Зимує з вересня / жовтня по квітень / травень. Скорочення довжини дня наприкінці літа сигналізує про додаткові відкладення жирових запасів, готуючи населення до зимової сплячки. Під час сплячки ніякого додаткового живлення не споживається, тому особини з недостатнім жировим запасом не виживають. Раціон залежить від сезону і розташування, але, як відомо, включає гриби, насіння, гусениць, личинок жуків і ягоди. Гнізда можуть бути побудовані в підземних норах, кущах або повалених деревах. Території окремих особин перекриваються і немає взагалі ніякої агресивності в поведінці. Зазвичай повільно рухається на землі. Іноді стрибає з використанням задніх ніг від 60 до 90 см в довжину і від 30 до 60 см (у виняткових випадках до 180 см) у висоту.

Розмножується у травні-серпні. Вагітність триває 21-25 днів. Приплід розміром 1-8 (зазвичай 5), буває 1-2 приплоди на рік (один раз на рік у Новій Шотландії). Діти народжуються сліпі й голі. Вони відкривають очі приблизно через 26 днів, лактація припиняється приблизно через тиждень. Статевозрілою молодь стає за 38 днів. Може в природі жити два або три (рідше чотири) роки.

Морфологічні особливості

Загальна довжина: 212—265 мм, хвіст 133—168 мм, задні ступні 25—34 мм, вуха 12—21 мм. Вага 19—32.6 гр, вага новонароджених близько 1 гр. Зубна формула: 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3, загалом 16 зубів.

Боки яскраві жовтувато-оранжеві з кількома тонкими чорними смужками, спричиненими чорними кінчиками покривного волосся. Є широка темна смуга вздовж спини від носа до хвоста. Низ від щік до хвоста, включаючи лапи, білі. Тварина проводить багато часу на довгих задніх ступнях, маніпулюючи їжею передніми лапами. Хвіст рідко вкритий волоссям і довший ніж голова й тулуб. Він темний зверху й білий знизу.

Джерела


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Chuột nhảy rừng thưa ( Vietnamese )

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Chuột nhảy rừng thưa[3], tên khoa học Napaeozapus insignis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dipodidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Miller mô tả năm 1891.[2]

Phân loài

  • N. i. insignis
  • N. i. abietorum
  • N. i. saquenayensis
  • N. i. roanensis
  • N. i. frutectanus

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Napaeozapus insignis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Nom français d'après Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names sur Nomen.at

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Chuột nhảy rừng thưa

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Napaeozapus insignis tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về một loài thuộc bộ Gặm nhấm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Chuột nhảy rừng thưa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Chuột nhảy rừng thưa, tên khoa học Napaeozapus insignis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dipodidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Miller mô tả năm 1891.

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緣木林跳鼠 ( Chinese )

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緣木林跳鼠: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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緣木林跳鼠(學名Napaeozapus insignis),屬於囓齒目跳鼠科,分佈在北美洲,是一種可以長途跳躍的小型動物。

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삼림뛰는쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

삼림뛰는쥐(Napaeozapus insignis)는 뛰는쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 삼림뛰는쥐속(Napaeozapus)의 유일종이다.[2] 북아메리카에서 발견된다. 작은 크기에도 불구하고, 놀랄만큼 멀리 도약할 수 있다. 뛰는쥐과에 속하는 이례적인 종이다. 외부로부터 위협을 받을 때, 아주 강력한 발과 긴 꼬리를 이용하여 최대 3m까지 도약을 한다.

각주

  1. Linzey, A. V. and G. Hammerson (Assessors) (2008), 《Napaeozapus insignis》, IUCN, 2010년 1월 27일에 확인함
  2. Holden, M.E.; Musser, G.G. (2005). 〈Family Dipodidae〉 [뛰는쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 871–893쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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