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Comprehensive Description

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The Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) is a a small brightly colored pitta that breeds in Japan, South Korea, mainland China, and Taiwan and winters mainly on the island of Borneo. Migrants have been recorded from North Korea, Vietnam, and Hong Kong. The total population of Fairy Pittas is small and declining, mainly as a result of deforestation in its breeding range. (BirdLife International 2000; Erritzoe 2003)

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Conservation Status

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The total population of Fairy Pittas is small and declining as a result of extensive lowland deforestation in its breeding range (mainly due to agriculture and timber harvesting, as well as uncontrolled burning). Historically, the Fairy Pitta was trapped extensively for the cagebird trade in Taiwan and hunting is a threat in China. Human disturbance is a problem in Taiwan and South Korea. The Fairy Pitta is legally protected in mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, and South Korea. The total population is probably just a few thousand individuals, almost surely fewer than 10,000. (BirdLife International 2000; Erritzoe 2003 and references therein)

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Distribution

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The Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) breeds in Japan (where it is rare), in South Korea (where it is rare and local), in mainland China (where it was formerly locally common in southern China), and in Taiwan (where it is uncommon to rare, though formerly more common; hundreds of migrating individuals are still seen each year). It winters mainly on the island of Borneo, where it is present from October to March. Migrants have been recorded from North Korea, Vietnam, and Hong Kong, but migration routes are poorly understood. Birds leave Japan in August and September and return in mid-May. Some birds from Japan and South Korea may travel only as far as southern China, but observations of large numbers of individuals in Taiwan in the spring during the 1980s suggest the existence of non-breeding areas farther south. Some birds may be year-round residents in southeastern China. (BirdLife International 2000; Erritzoe 2003 and references therein) For detailed and up-to-date information on the distribution of the Fairy Pitta see BirdLife International's Red Data Book: threatened birds of Asia online.

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Habitat

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The Fairy Pitta breeds in subtropical forest. Its patchy distribution suggests that it has specialized habitat requirements. In Japan it breeds mainly in moist broadleaved evergreen forests with thick undergrowth, especially near streams, near the coast (mostly below 500 meters elevation). In South Korea, it also breeds in dense moist forests near the coast, but is found up to around 1200 meters. In Taiwan, it is found in sparsely populated wooded areas and bamboo groves up to around 1300 meters. In its non-breeding range, it occurs in mixed dipterocarp forest and primary forest up to around 1100 meters. (BirdLife International 2000; Erritzoe 2003 and references therein)

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Management

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Lin et al. (2007) studied the effectiveness of playbacks in censusing the Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) during the breeding season in Taiwan. They found that during the early breeding season, playbacks substantially increased the likelihood of detecting Fairy Pittas. The use of playbacks increased both the number of stations at which pittas were detected and the number of pittas detected per station. Playbacks improved the detectability of the Fairy Pitta at a station by 50%, 71%, and 29%, in early, mid-, and late May, respectively. The authors concluded that playbacks are a valuable censusing tool, but that it is important to census Fairy Pitta populations during the pre- to early nesting period. Although they found that a 5 minute playback at a station was sufficient and could be carried out at any time of day, they suggested that a visit in both the morning and afternoon might increase survey reliability and provide a better estimation of population density.

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Morphology

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The brightly colored Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) has emerald-green back, shoulders, and secondaries; cobalt-blue rump, upper tail coverts, tip of tail, and lesser wing coverts; a large red patch on creamy yellow underparts; a broad black stripe through the eye; a yellow supercilium ("eyebrow"); and a brown crown (Massey et al. 1982).

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Reproduction

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The reported breeding season of the Fairy Pitta runs from May to July in Japan and Taiwan and from May to June in Korea. The domed nest may be up to 45 cm wide and 40 cm high, with a side entrance. It is constructed mostly of twigs, with a few leaves, and lined with moss and finer materials. There is sometimes a platform of twigs in front of the entrance. The nest is placed between about 2 and 7.5 meters above the ground in the fork of a tree or in a rock cleft. The clutch consists of 4 to 6 creamy white eggs with fine purple-brown spots. Both parents feed the young. (Erritzoe 2003 and references therein).

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Size

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The Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) is about 18 cm in length (Massey et al. 1982) and 67 to 155 grams (Erritzoe 2003 and references therein).

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Systematics and Taxonomy

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The Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) forms a superspecies with the Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura), the Blue-winged Pitta (P. moluccensis), and the Mangrove Pitta (P. megarhyncha). Historically, these have often all been treated as a single species, but differences in morphology, plumage, and vocalizations have led to the recognition of these forms as distinct species. (Erritzoe 2003)

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Trophic Strategy

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The Fairy Pitta feeds on leaf-litter invertebrates. Reported food items include earthworms, beetles, ants, centipedes, snails, and small crabs, among other items (see below). In captivity, it has been observed using a stone as an "anvil" to crush snail shells. (BirdLife International 2000; Erritzoe 2003; Lin et al. 2007 and references therein).

Lin et al. (2007) studied the diet of Fairy Pitta nestlings in Taiwan by videotaping 8 broods from 2000 to 2002. Adults usually brought nestlings 1 to 3 items at each feeding visit and prey sizes was usually between 2 and 10 cm in length. The total number of feeding visits for a brood was estimated to be around 900 to 1000 based on a brood observed for the entire nestling period. Earthworms (of several species) were the most important food item for all broods and occurred in more than 73% of feeding visits (earthworms have been found to be a major component of the diets of a number of other pitta species, as well). However, the occurrence of earthworms decreased with nestling age in 1 brood that was observed during drought conditions, possibly due to a decline in earthworm abundances during this dry period. Lepidoptera (larvae, adults, and probably pupae) were the second most frequent identifiable food item. The remaining invertebrate taxa were only rarely recorded, but included slugs, snails, spiders, stoneflies (Plecoptera), centipedes (Scutigeromorpha and Scolopendromorpha), fly (Diptera) larvae, freshwater crabs, praying mantids (Mantodea), dragonflies (Odonata), whip scorpions (Thelyphonidae), beetle (Coleoptera) adults and larvae, and grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets (Orthoptera). Vertebrates accounted for just 4% of the nestlings' diet, but these prey included included frogs, lizards, small snakes, and a small shrew. (Lin et al. 2007 and references therein).

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Pitta nympha ( Asturian )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Pitta nympha[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Pittidae que vive n'Asia.

Distribución y hábitat

Reproduzse nel nordés d'Asia, en Xapón, Corea del Sur, China continental y Taiwán, nos iviernos migra a Tailandia , principalmente na islla de Borneo nel este de Malasia, Brunéi, y Kalimantan, n'Indonesia.

Reproduzse nos montes subtropicales, onde la so distribución alcontrada, suxure que tien requerimientos específicos de hábitat. En Xapón, reproduzse principalmente nos montes frondosos de fueyes perennes, cerca de la mariña, principalmente a menos de 500 m de altitú, anque la cría rexistróse nos plantíos. En Corea del Sur reproduzse nel monte húmedu y el monte latifoliado cerca de la mariña, hasta 1.200 m d'altitú.[1]

Comportamientu

Busca alimentu ente la foyarasca en busca de los invertebraos.[1] Aliméntase de viermes, arañes, inseutos, baboses y cascoxos.

Estáu de caltenimientu

Esta ave ta clasificada como Vulnerable por BirdLife International,[1] con una población envalorada d'ente 2.500 y 10.000 aves. La so población va en rápidu cayente por cuenta de la deforestación na so área de reproducción, principalmente pa l'agricultura y la madera, a nivel llocal amiéstase la so captura pal comerciu d'aves.

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 BirdLife International (2012). «Pitta nympha» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.1.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2003). «Nomes en castellán de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Octava parte: Orde Passeriformes, Familias Eurylaimidae a Rhinocryptidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 50 (1): pp. 103-110. ISSN 0570-7358. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_50_2_octavo.pdf. Consultáu'l 21 d'avientu de 2012.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Pitta nympha: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Pitta nympha Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Pitta nympha ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Pittidae que vive n'Asia.

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Pitta nympha ( Breton )

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Pitta nympha[1] a zo ur spesad golvaneged bihan eus kerentiad ar Pittidae.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Bevañ a ra diwar amprevaned, buzhug, kevnid, melc'hwed ha melc'hwed-krogennek.

Annez hag isspesadoù

Kavet e vez al labous o ouennañ en un takad hag a ya eus kreisteiz Japan da gKorea ha gevred Sina tra ma nij kuit da Azia ar Gevred ha Borneo da c'hoañviñ[2].

Liammoù diavaez


Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

  1. N'en deus al labous anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
  2. Pitta nympha war al lec'hienn Avibase.
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Pitta nympha: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Pitta nympha a zo ur spesad golvaneged bihan eus kerentiad ar Pittidae.

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Pita aeliog ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pita aeliog (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pitaod aeliog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pitta nympha; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Fairy pitta. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pitaod (Lladin: Pittidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. nympha, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Asia.

Teulu

Mae'r pita aeliog yn perthyn i deulu'r Pitaod (Lladin: Pittidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Erythropitta granatina Erythropitta granatina Hydrornis gurneyi Hydrornis gurneyi
Gurney's Pitta (male) - Pitta gurneyi (3466943227).jpg
Pita adeinlas Pitta brachyura
Pitta brachyura.jpg
Pita aeliog Pitta nympha
Pitta nympha by Jason Thompson.jpg
Pita Affrica Pitta angolensis
African Pitta (Pitta angolensis), Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe.jpg
Pita glas Hydrornis cyanea
Pitta cyanea 1 - Khao Yai.jpg
Pita Molwcaidd Pitta moluccensis
Pitta moluccensis - Kaeng Krachan.jpg
Pita penlas Hydrornis baudii
Pitta baudii koronás pitta.jpg
Pita penwinau Hydrornis oatesi
Pitta oatesi male - Mae Wong.jpg
Pita seithliw Pitta iris
Pitta iris.jpg
Pita swnllyd Pitta versicolor
Pitta versicolor - Kembla Heights.jpg
Pita wynebddu Pitta anerythra
Pitta anerythra 1902.jpg
Phayre’s pitta Hydrornis phayrei
PittaPhayrei.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Pita aeliog: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pita aeliog (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pitaod aeliog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pitta nympha; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Fairy pitta. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pitaod (Lladin: Pittidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. nympha, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Asia.

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Nymphenpitta ( German )

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Der Nymphenpitta (Pitta nympha) ist ein in Ostasien vorkommender Sperlingsvogel aus der Gattung Pitta innerhalb der Familie der Pittas (Pittidae). Der Nymphenpitta wird manchmal auch als Neunfarbenpitta bezeichnet. Dieser Name wird jedoch auch für den in Indien verbreiteten Bengalenpitta verwendet. Die Art wird laut der Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN aufgrund der Abholzung in ihrem Brutgebieten als gefährdet (vulnerable) eingestuft.[1]

Aussehen

 src=
Nymphenpitta (Pitta nympha)

Der Nymphenpitta erreicht eine Körperlänge von 16 bis 20 Zentimeter und ein Körpergewicht von 67 – 155 Gramm. Die Art besitzt einen relativ großen Kopf, lange und breite Schwingen, jedoch nur einen kurzen Schwanz, so dass die Handschwingen über dessen Spitze hinausragen. Die Haltung ist aufrecht.[2]

 src=
Nymphenpitta (links) und Kappenpitta (Pitta sordida) in einer Darstellung von 1870

Der Nymphenpitta besitzt ein sehr farbenfrohes Gefieder. Die Krone weist eine kastanienbraune Färbung auf, die Stirn ist mit einem schwarzen Mittelstreif besetzt. Die schwarze Gesichtsmaske erstreckt sich vom Schnabel über die Augen mit schwarzer Iris bis zum Nacken und wird nach oben von einem markanten, hell gelbbraunen Überaugenstreif begrenzt, der sich ebenfalls bis zum Nacken hinzieht. Kinn, Kehle und Brustgefieder weisen eine blasse gelbliche Färbung auf, während die Schulterfedern und das Ober- und Rückengefieder apfelgrün gefärbt sind. Im Flug erscheinen die äußeren Deckfedern und die Handschwingen schwarz. Die Oberschwanzfedern sind von einer leuchtend blauen, der Unterbauch und die Unterschwanzfedern hingegen von einer leuchtend roten Färbung. Die Beine sind blassrosa bis fleischfarben und enden in vier Zehen, von denen eine nach hinten zeigt. Der längliche und kräftig gebaute Schnabel ist bei adulten Vögeln schwarz, bei juvenilen Exemplaren eher dunkelbraun mit oranger Spitze. Die Jungvögel weisen allgemein eine mattere Färbung auf und besitzen weiße Punkte auf den mittleren Deckfedern.[2]

Die Art ähnelt dem verwandten Kleinen Blauflügelpitta (Pitta moluccensis), jedoch ist letzterer größer. darüber hinaus unterscheiden sich die beiden Arten in der Färbung ihrer Krone, die bei Pitta moluccensis gelbbraun gefärbt ist. Der Kleine Blauflügelpitta weist ein helleres Blau der Rumpf- und Oberschwanzfedern auf. Außerdem sind alle Flügeldecken blau und die Unterseite weist eine dunklere gelbbraune Tönung auf.[3]

Habitat und Ökologie

 src=
Nymphenpitta im Habitat

Die Brutplätze des Nymphenpitta befinden sich in der Regel in subtropischen Wäldern. Das örtlich konzentrierte Brutvorkommen des Nymphenpitta weist auf spezielle Ansprüche an das Habitat hin. In Japan brüten die Vögel vor allem in immergrünen Laubwäldern in Küstennähe bis zu einer Höhe von 500 Metern. Es sind jedoch auch Bruten auf Plantagen bezeugt, ein Hinweis darauf, dass die Art sich auch an veränderte Lebensräume anpassen kann. In Südkorea brütet der Nymphenpitta in dichten feuchten Wäldern und Laubwäldern in der Nähe der Küste bis zu 1200 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel.[1] Das Vorkommen auf der Insel Jeju ist dabei auf die Südseite der Insel beschränkt.[4]

Auf Taiwan befinden sich die Brutareale der Art an den Hängen von Hügeln unterhalb von 1300 Metern. Die Brutsaison beginnt hier Ende April, wenn die adulten Männchen mit dem Singen beginnen. Mitte bis Ende Mai oder Anfang Juni legt das Weibchen drei bis fünf cremigweise Eier mit violett-braunen Sprenkeln. Weniger als Eier sind jedoch selten. Das kuppelförmige Nest wird normalerweise vornehmlich aus Zweigen, Gräsern und Wurzelfasern in kleinen Felsspalten oder im Blattwerk in bis zu 5 Metern über dem Boden errichtet. Manchmal gibt es zusätzlich eine kleine Plattform vor dem Nest. Es ist 45 Zentimeter breit und circa 40 Zentimeter hoch und besitzt einen seitlichen Eingang.[5] Die Jungen schlüpfen ab Anfang Juni und werden von beiden Elternvögeln gefüttert, die während der Brutzeit in einem Umkreis von 100 bis 400 Metern stets in der Nähe des Nestes bleiben.[6] Der Nymphenpitta ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Wirbellosen wie Würmern, Spinnen, Insekten und deren Larven sowie Schnecken, die er am Boden unter dem Laubstreu aufnimmt. Regenwürmer machen dabei während der Brutzeit den weitaus größten Teil er Nahrung aus. Vor dem Flüggewerden fressen die Jungvögel etwa 70 bis 80 Würmer pro Tag.[6][7] Gelegentlich erbeutet er auch kleine Schlangen oder Nagetiere.[1] In Gefangenschaft sind Nymphenpitta dabei beobachtet worden, wie sie Steine als Amboss zum Öffnen von Schneckenhäusern benutzten.[5] Die Nahrungssuche findet im Unterholz und auf dem Boden statt, die Männchen singen hoch in den Bäumen.[2]

Der Nymphenpitta ist Träger eines parasitären Fadenwurms der Gattung Strongyloides. Es wird vermutet, dass die Fadenwürmer epizootische Seuchen unter den Vogelpopulationen verursachen könnten.[8]

Verbreitung und Bestand

Die Brutgebiete des Nymphenpittas liegen in Japan, Südkorea, Taiwan und dem südlichen chinesischen Festland. In Japan brütet er vor allem auf Kyūshū, Shikoku und im Westen und Süden von Honshū.[2] Auch auf Tsushima existieren Brutvorkommen.[8] Die koreanischen Brutvorkommen liegen vor allem im Süden der Halbinsel, z. B. auf den Inseln Geoje und Jeju.[7]

Das Überwinterungsgebiet umfasst hauptsächlich Borneo, d. h. den Osten Malaysias, Brunei und Kalimantan. Weiterhin sind Sichtungen aus Nordkorea, Vietnam, HongKong und Thailand bekannt.[1] Auch aus Nordhonshū und Hokkaidō sind einzelne Sichtungen überliefert.[4] Untersuchungen in Jiangxi, Guangxi und Hainan konnten bisher unbekannte Standorte identifizieren.[1]

Insgesamt beträgt die Gesamtpopulation wahrscheinlich nicht mehr als einige tausend Individuen, jedoch keinesfalls mehr als 10.000 Exemplare. Schätzungen gehen von einem Gesamtbestand von 1.500 – 7000 erwachsenen Exemplaren aus.[1] Schätzungen zufolge umfasst die Brutpopulation Taiwans ca. 2000 Individuen. Die japanische Population umfasst nicht mehr als 150 Individuen,[9] obwohl Erhebungen in den Jahren 1997–2002 auf ein Anwachsen der Population im Vergleich zu den siebziger Jahren schließen lassen.[1]

Systematik

Verschiedene sehr ähnliche Arten der Pittidae
Fairy Pitta.jpg
Nymphenpitta

Die Art ist monotypisch.[2] Eine zweite Unterart Pitta nympha melli wurde 1923 von Erwin Stresemann 1923 in Südchina anhand unterschiedlicher Größe beschrieben. Obwohl Forschungen nahelegen, dass nördliche Vertreter des Nymphenpitta allgemein etwas größer sind als ihre südlichen Artgenossen, ist es zweifelhaft, ob diese Unterschiede ausreichend sind, um eine Trennung in zwei Unterarten zu rechtfertigen.[4]

Der Nymphenpitta bildet zusammen mit dem Bengalenpitta (P. brachyura), dem Kleinen Blauflügelpitta (P. moluccensis) und dem Mangrovenpitta (P. megarhyncha) eine Superspezies. Früher wurde die Art häufig als konspezifisch mit Pitta brachyura angesehen, die beiden Arten unterscheiden sich jedoch in ihrer Morphologie, dem Gefieder und den Lautäußerungen.[5]

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Bedrohung

Pitta nympha wird von der IUCN als gefährdet eingestuft, da die Population aufgrund der Rodung der Wälder in den Brutgebieten für die Landwirtschaft und die Holzindustrie rapide sinkt. Eine weitere Gefährdung stellt das Abfangen der Zugvögel mittels Käfigen für den illegalen Handel in der Vergangenheit in Taiwan und die Vogeljagd in China dar. Unkontrollierte Waldbrände haben weitere Waldflächen vernichtet. Hinzu kommen Störungen durch den Menschen in Taiwan und Südkorea sowie insbesondere in Japan, wo die Art vor allem während der Brut häufig von Fotografen belästigt wird. Das "Wichtige Vogelgebiet" Huben-Hushan (Important Bird Area – IBA) im Landkreis Yunlin im Westen Taiwans beheimatet die größte Brutpopulation des Nymphenpittas, ist jedoch durch das geplante Hushan-Staudammprojekt stark bedroht, das 422 Hektar des Habitats fluten würde. Trotz Widerstand von Umweltschutzgruppen wurde das Projekt bislang nicht gestoppt und Störungen auf der Baustelle haben bereits zu einer Abnahme der Brutpaare von 32 auf 18 im Jahr 2007 geführt.[1]

Schutzmaßnahmen

Der Nymphenpitta ist im Anhang II des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens gelistet und genießt somit gesetzlichen Schutz in China, Taiwan, Japan, Nordkorea und Südkorea. Die seltene Vogelart kommt in einigen wichtigen Schutzgebieten vor, von denen vor allem der Nationalpark auf der südkoreanischen Insel Geoje zu nennen ist, der ein wichtiges Brutgebiet in Südkorea darstellt. In der Vergangenheit haben sich Birdlife International und der Wildvogelverband Taiwan erfolgreich gegen den Kiesabbau in dem wichtigen Vogelgebiet Huben-Hushan eingesetzt, jedoch hat der Bau des Staudamms in demselben Gebiet trotz einer Protestkampagne von Birdlife International und des Wildvogelverbandes Taiwan bereits begonnen.[1] In Japan wird der Nymphenpitta unter 1B auf der Roten Liste geführt, was einem Status als "stark gefährdet" (endangered) entspricht.[8]

Zukünftige Schutzmaßnahmen zum Erhalt der Art schließen weitere Erhebung über die Brutgebiete und eine weitergehende Erforschung des Vorkommens und der Verbreitung ein. Die genauere Erforschung der Ökologie des Nymphenpitta und seiner Ansprüche an das Habitat sind zum Zwecke der verbesserten Waldbewirtschaftung in Schutzgebieten mit Nymphenpitta-Vorkommen notwendig. Weitere Waldgebiete, in denen diese und andere gefährdete Arten vorkommen, müssen ebenfalls geschützt und entsprechend verwaltet werden. Ferner muss der adäquate Schutz bereit geschützter Areale sichergestellt werden, um die Jagd und Fallenstellen in diesen Gebieten zu unterbinden. Auch rät die IUCN an, den Widerstand gegen das Hushan-Staudammprojekt fortzusetzen, um eines der wichtigsten Brutgebiete dieser Art zu erhalten.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j BirdLife International 2012. Pitta nympha. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Abgerufen am 2. Mai 2014.
  2. a b c d e Mark Brazil: Birds of East Asia. London 2009, S. 290.
  3. BirdLife International: Species Factsheet – Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha).
  4. a b c Bird Base: Fairy Pitta
  5. a b c J. Erritzoe: Family Pittidae (pittas). In: J. del Hoyo, A. D. Elliott, D. A. Christie (Hrsg.): Handbook of the birds of the world. Band 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos. Barcelona, 2003, ISBN 84-87334-50-4, S. 106–160.
  6. a b Ruey-Shing Lin, Cheng-Te Yao, and Pei-Fen Lee: The Diet of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha Nestlings in Taiwan as Revealed by Videotaping. In: Zoological Studies. Band 46, Nr. 3, 2007, S. 355–361.
  7. a b Eun-Mi Kim, Chan-Ryul Park, Chang-Wan Kang, Se-Jae Kim: The nestling diet of fairy pitta Pitta nympha on Jeju Island, Korea. In: Open Journal of Ecology. Band 2, Nr. 4, November 2012, S. 178.
  8. a b c Tomoo Yoshino, Daisuke Hayakawa, Miku Yoshizawa, Yuichi Osa, Mitsuhiko Asakawa: First record of the genus Strongyloides (Nematoda : Rhabditoidea) obtained from a fairy pitta, Pitta brachyura nympha. In: Bull. Tokushima Pref. Mus. Nr. 22, 2012, S. 1–6.
  9. Wildlife Division of the Ministry of the Environment: Red Data Book : Birds. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo 2002, S. 278.
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Nymphenpitta: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Nymphenpitta (Pitta nympha) ist ein in Ostasien vorkommender Sperlingsvogel aus der Gattung Pitta innerhalb der Familie der Pittas (Pittidae). Der Nymphenpitta wird manchmal auch als Neunfarbenpitta bezeichnet. Dieser Name wird jedoch auch für den in Indien verbreiteten Bengalenpitta verwendet. Die Art wird laut der Rote Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN aufgrund der Abholzung in ihrem Brutgebieten als gefährdet (vulnerable) eingestuft.

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Fairy pitta

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The fairy pitta (Pitta nympha) is a small and brightly colored species of passerine bird in the family Pittidae. Its diet mainly consists of earthworms, spiders, insects, slugs, and snails. The fairy pitta breeds in East Asia and migrates south to winter in Southeast Asia. Due to various habitat and anthropogenic disruptions, such as deforestation, wildfire, hunting, trapping, and cage-bird trade, the fairy pitta is rare and the population is declining in most places.[3] Listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, this bird is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Taxonomy

The fairy pitta is one of around 14 species in the genus Pitta. Within the genus, it is most closely related to the hooded pitta, with these two species forming a clade that is sister to the blue-winged pitta.[4][5]

The fairy pitta was first described in 1850. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Indian pitta, but it has since been split due to differences in plumage, morphology, and vocalization.[6] The generic name Pitta is from the Telugu word pitta, meaning a pretty bauble or pet, while the specific epithet nympha is from the Latin word nympha, meaning nymph.[7] Alternative names for the species include lesser blue-winged pitta, Chinese pitta, little forest angel, and eight-coloured bird.[8][9]

The species is monotypic.[10] In contemporary taxonomy, the fairy pitta forms a superspecies with the Indian pitta, mangrove pitta (P. megarhyncha) and blue-winged pitta (P. moluccensis). The fairy pitta is the most northerly species of pitta and is the only species breeding in northeast Asia.[6][11]

Description

The fairy pitta has a body length of 16–19.5 cm (6.3–7.7 in) and is easily discernible for its plumage of seven different colors reminiscent of a rainbow. Its back and wing bows are green, scapulars and upper tail coverts are green and cobalt. There is a blue rump on upper tail coverts. The tail is dark green with a cobalt tip, and the tarsi are yellowish brown.[12]

The fairy pitta has different colors of wing coverts as well. Its primary coverts are dark blue, secondary coverts are greenish blue, greater and middle coverts are dark green, and lesser coverts are cobalt or bright blue. The bird's white patch on each of their brownish-black primaries are noticeable when it flies. Its lower body, including nape, chest, and side, is cream-colored, except for the lower belly and undertail coverts, which are red. The bird has a chestnut crown. From its forehead to the back of its head is mantled with brown plumage, whereas its median is striped with black from lores to nape. The off-white supercilia extend across the nape. The fairy pitta has a white throat and a black beak.[3][13][14]

A species with a similar appearance is the blue-winged pitta, which is larger than the fairy pitta. The blue-winged pitta has buff crown sides and supercilia, rather than the chestnut of the fairy pitta, brighter upper tail coverts, darker yellowish brown belly, and vivid blue on upper wing coverts.[3]

The song of the fairy pitta is clear and whistled kwah-he kwa-wu, which is similar to that of the blue-winged pitta, but longer and slower.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Fairy pitta in southern Thailand

The fairy pitta is a migratory species and travels from Northeast Asia, where it breeds in summer (April–September) to South and Southeast Asia to spend the winter (October–March).[15] Sightings have been reported from India and Indochina, including both the Bruneian and Kalimantan sides of the island of Borneo, and New Guinea, as well as in China, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. Recorded stopovers are in North Korea, Vietnam, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Thailand.[3][13] Following the same migratory routes in both spring and autumn every year, the majority of passages occur in April and September to October. Even though the bird is fairly widespread throughout the eastern part of Asia, the fact that it is highly localized in subtropical forests suggests that the fairy pitta is faithful to wintering sites and requires specific habitat conditions.[15]

The fairy pitta leaving from Borneo in spring arrives in the Korean Peninsula in early or mid-May[16] and departs back to south in October. However, migrations occur throughout the country in spring and winter.[13] The fairy pitta breeds on the coasts, islands, or in dense and moist deciduous forests, such as camellia forest,[15] in Hwanghae Province, Gyeonggi Province, South Gyeongsang Province, and South Jeolla Province. Among those habitats, the fairy pitta mostly prefers islands off the southern part of Korea.[14][12] Especially in Geoje in South Gyeongsang Province and Jeju Island, regular visits of the fairy pitta to the same locations have been reported.[13] In Jeju Island alone, more than 60 pairs are thought to be breeding regularly in the altitude of 100 m to 600 m in Halla Mountain,[16] making the island the most important breeding ground in South Korea. Subspecies in the Korean Peninsula is distributed to East China, as far as to the Shandong Peninsula, and limited regions in Taiwan.[3][13][17]

In Japan, the fairy pitta arrives at both the Sea of Japan and the Pacific sides of southern Japan, including the islands of Kyushu, Honshu, Shikoku, Tsushima, with notable populations in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kōchi Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture, and as far north as Hokkaido, in mid-May.[15][16] Similar to the groups breeding in Korea, the fairy pitta in Japan favors places with dense undergrowth of bushes, ferns, scrub, and grass, but with good visibility to be aware of predators or disturbances. The bird here exclusively nests in coastal deciduous evergreen forests. In 1991, 93.5% of the breeding sites were found in broadleaf evergreen or deciduous forest, whereas only 6.5% were in mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest. In recent years, however, a trend of the fairy pitta nesting in plantations has been noticed. In Kōchi Prefecture, for instance, the fairy pitta prefers Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest during the early days of its breeding season. The fairy pitta in Japan mostly dwells on hill slopes below the altitude of 500 m, but occasional recordings indicate that some pairs live at altitudes as high as 1,200 m.[15]

In Taiwan, the species was similarly found to favor areas covered with thick crown layer, variety of trees, no shrub or vine near the nest, and steep slopes that prevent intrusion of other animals.[16] Arriving in mid to late April, the bird is usually spotted in the central and western regions, where much of the land is hilly or mountainous, at altitudes no higher than 1,300 m.[15][18]

In China, the fairy pitta seems to be widely distributed in the mountains in the southeast, in mixed forests at altitudes between 500 m and 1,500 m. The same preference extends to Hong Kong, where the bird stops along its course of migrations.[15]

Behavior

The fairy pitta is a territorial bird, and the male defends its territory through calls.[12] Its general habit is however secretive. From mid-May to early June, sometimes to late July, it likes to perch on a high tree branch in a posture resembling that of a kingfisher. However, the fairy pitta tends to repeatedly shake its tail up and down while singing on a branch.[14]

Diet and feeding

The fairy pitta mostly feeds on the ground, wandering solitarily. Its diet largely consists of earthworms of several species, beetles, and other hard-shelled insects.[14][18] A variety of other small animals such as lepidoptera larvae and adults, spiders, snails, lizards, frogs, small snakes, and shrews, occasionally form part of its diet.[16] Earthworms make up 73%–82% of the diet fed to the nestlings, followed by homoptera larvae (4%–8.6%). Although not entirely identifiable, lepidopteran adults and pupae likely make up 11% of the nestling diet.[18] The fairy pitta's preference for earthworms with their high energy content makes the abundance of this food item critical for nesting success.

Reproduction

The fairy pitta makes a relatively large nest in the dark place, such as in the crevice between rocks in thick broadleaf forest or foliage on a slope, 1–5 m above the ground.[13][14][15] The entrance is lined with cattle dung[13] and the nest itself is lined with lichen. If necessary, the male aggressively defends the nest, chases after and attacking intruders. Such defensive behavior is only displayed until the eggs are laid.[12]

The female lays from 4 to 6 eggs per bredding attempt, from May to mid-July. The egg has a light gray background with small light brownish purple and grey dots, and is 25–27.5 mm in the major axis and 19–22.5 mm in the minor axis. Both male and female incubate the eggs; the female usually feeds the hatchlings, while the male keeps watch.[13][14] In the first 4 days after hatching, the fairy pitta rarely leaves the nest. This is probably because temperatures are low during the rainy season and the nestling hatches without any down feathers.[16] The nestling has its first plumage within 14 days after hatching.[14] Throughout the breeding season, the adult bird rarely goes farther than 100–400 m from the nest. In June or July, the chick fledges, but the rearing continues until the nestling is ready to migrate south.[15] The average reproductive success of the fairy pitta is 41.9%.[16]

Mortality

The predators most affecting the reproductive success of the fairy pitta are snakes, followed by mammals such as macaques, cats and weasels. The raiding of nests by jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) and cat snakes during breeding season has also been reported frequently. During migrations, the bird is exposed to danger from falcons. The rate at which adult fairy pittas return from the wintering grounds appears to be 16–26%;[16] most casualties happening on the bird's northward migrating and during breeding seasons from May to July. Fewer birds are lost during the autumn migration in October. Another cause of mortality is window strikes. As for many other species of bird, casualties from human-bird interaction are identified as a leading cause of decline in the fairy pitta.[17]

Status and conservation

Population trend and threats

There is no very accurate estimate of total population size of the species. Estimated numbers include ranges of 100 to 10,000 breeding pairs and 50 to 1,000 migrating individuals respectively in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan; total population size is thought to be somewhere between a few thousand and a few tens of thousands of individuals.[3] Although researchers estimate that the largest number of birds survive in China, no concrete study has been done.[6] However, a worldwide trend of decline in the fairy pitta is clear enough to lead to a classification of the species as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and as endangered in CITES Appendix II. The main causes for the decline are habitat loss, trapping, hunting, and human disturbances.[3]

The causes of habitat disruption, which encompasses deforestation in the bird's breeding range, are essentially the results of human activity, but the characteristics of threats vary from one region to another. In Japan, where the fairy pitta was originally more common, significant areas of forest have been cleared since the 19th century for fuel and throughout the 20th century for the building of plantations.[16] Since the logging has ceased and old growth forests have begun to recover, the fairy pitta population is expected to gradually increase.[15] In contrast, vast forested areas in Southeast China have in the last 50 years been clear-cut or converted due to an increased demand for timber and farmland. There is also a lack of control of forest fires.[3][15] In Borneo, a fairy pitta wintering ground, the continuing destruction of the Sundaic lowland primeval forest is more devastating. It is one of the most important Biodiversity hotspots in the world, but the deforestation is ongoing even in the protected areas and jeopardizing not only the fairy pitta, but also many other tropical species.[15] Large scale developments also endanger local populations. In Yunlin County, Taiwan, the largest known breeding group of the species is being severely impacted by the flooding from the Hushan Dam project.[3] Despite the imminent threats that the fairy pitta is facing in Taiwan, however, quantitative data on the impact of human disturbance on the population remains limited, undermining the conservation efforts.[17]

The threat of hunting has been prevalent in Guangxi, China and Taiwan. Particularly in Taiwan, specimen-collecting and cage-bird trading are thought to have severely reduced the local breeding population in the 20th century. However, as more conservation efforts are made and the significance of the fairy pitta is recognized locally, hunting is expected to diminish.[15]

Human disturbances also directly affect individual fairy pittas. In Jeju Island, South Korea, window strikes are one of the leading factors endangering the bird. As more buildings are built in the vicinity of breeding sites, accidental window strikes have consequently increased.[17] Moreover, in Taiwan as well as in Jeju Island, many nests are disturbed by hikers, amateur photographers, birdwatchers, and researchers, which may alter the bird's behavior and increase nest predation risk.[3][15][17]

On a meta-population level, it is thought that the fairy pitta's relatively narrow distribution in Northeast Asia and the species' regionally specific breeding and wintering grounds are lowering the genetic diversity and fragment the genetic structure of populations. Although more research is needed, this is suspected to compromise its fitness.[6]

Conservation measures

As a response to rapidly declining populations in most areas, an increasing number of studies has focused on the fairy pitta in recent years,[6] and the species is now protected under various national conservation laws.[3] The fairy pitta is classified as a Nationally Protected Species in China, Category II protected species in Taiwan, National Endangered Species in Japan, Category I protected species in North Korea,[15] and a Natural Monument in South Korea.[6] Many pairs benefit from breeding in national parks or reserves that were initially designed to protect other species.[3]

Conservation of the fairy pitta requires measures specific to local levels and international cooperation, since the species is exposed to various threats during migration and stopovers.[6] It has been suggested that more surveys of breeding sites, population sizes, and distribution of the bird be conducted along with research into its ecology, current conservation measures in parks, and the need for more sanctuaries.[3][15] Enforced management of existing protected forests and restrictions on hunting and trapping are critical for saving the species.[3] Specific measures for individual regions have been proposed. On Jeju Island, for instance, it has been advised that developments – including the construction of buildings, golf courses, roads, and trails – in forested or near breeding areas be regulated, and that a predator control program reducing the number of jungle crows and Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) should be considered.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pitta nympha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22698684A116880779. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Fairy Pitta - Pitta nympha". BirdLife International. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  4. ^ Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro; Galvão, Ana; Pereira, Anieli Guirro; Pedreira Gonzaga, Luiz; Russo, Claudia Augusta de Moraes (2016-11-14). "An African Origin of the Eurylaimides (Passeriformes) and the Successful Diversification of the Ground-Foraging Pittas (Pittidae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (2): 483–499. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw250. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 28069777.
  5. ^ Irestedt, Martin; Ohlson, Jan I.; Zuccon, Dario; Källersjö, Mari; Ericson, Per G. P. (2006). "Nuclear DNA from old collections of avian study skins reveals the evolutionary history of the Old World suboscines (Aves, Passeriformes)". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (6): 567–580. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00249.x. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 84788609.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Kim, E.; Jeon, Y.; Kim, S.; Kang, C.; Won, H.; Jeong, G. (2014). "The genetic approach on analyzing the habitat characteristics of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha inhabiting Jeju Island, the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan". Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology. 17 (1): 81–90. doi:10.13087/kosert.2014.17.1.081.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Christopher Helm. pp. 277, 308. ISBN 978-1-4081-3326-2.
  8. ^ "Pitta nympha (Fairy Pitta) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  9. ^ "Fairy Pitta". Birding in Taiwan. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  10. ^ "NZ wrens, Sapayoa, broadbills, asities, pittas – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-07-25.
  11. ^ Erritzoe, J. (2003). "Family Pittidae (Pittas)". In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; David Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
  12. ^ a b c d Kim, E.M.; Jeon, Y.S.; Jeong, G.S.; Kim, S.J.; Kang, C.W.; Oh, M.R.; Noh, P.R.; Won, H.K. (2014). "The study on the sexual difference in the cause and the time of casualty and in the size of the Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) through DNA analysis in Republic of Korea". Journal of Environmental Science International. 23 (8): 1447–1453. doi:10.5322/JESI.2014.23.8.1447.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "팔색조 [Fairy Pitta]". 한국민족문화대백과 [Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "팔색조 [Fairy pitta, Pitta nympha]". Doopedia. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Fairy pitta" (PDF). BirdBase. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kim, E. (2014). 멸종위기종 팔색조의 보전생물학적 연구 [Study on conservation biology of the endangered species, Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha] (PhD thesis) (in Korean). Jeju National University.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Kim, E.; Choi, C.; Kang, C. (2013). "Causes of injury and mortality of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea". Forktail. 29 (29): 145–148.
  18. ^ a b c Lin, G.; Yao, C.; Lee, P. (2007). "The diet of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha nestling in Taiwan as revealed by videotaping" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 46 (3): 355–361.

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Fairy pitta: Brief Summary

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The fairy pitta (Pitta nympha) is a small and brightly colored species of passerine bird in the family Pittidae. Its diet mainly consists of earthworms, spiders, insects, slugs, and snails. The fairy pitta breeds in East Asia and migrates south to winter in Southeast Asia. Due to various habitat and anthropogenic disruptions, such as deforestation, wildfire, hunting, trapping, and cage-bird trade, the fairy pitta is rare and the population is declining in most places. Listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, this bird is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Pitta nympha ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La pita ninfa (Pitta nympha)[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pittidae que vive en Asia.

Distribución y hábitat

Se reproduce en el noreste de Asia, en Japón, Corea del Sur, China continental y Taiwán, en los inviernos migra a Tailandia , principalmente en la isla de Borneo en el este de Malasia, Brunéi, y Kalimantan, en Indonesia.

Se reproduce en los bosques subtropicales, donde su distribución localizada, sugiere que tiene requerimientos específicos de hábitat. En Japón, se reproduce principalmente en los bosques frondosos de hojas perennes, cerca de la costa, principalmente a menos de 500 m de altitud, aunque la cría se ha registrado en las plantaciones. En Corea del Sur se reproduce en el bosque húmedo y el bosque latifoliado cerca de la costa, hasta 1.200 m de altitud.[1]

Comportamiento

Busca alimento entre la hojarasca en busca de los invertebrados.[1]​ Se alimenta de gusanos, arañas, insectos, babosas y caracoles.

Estado de conservación

Esta ave está clasificada como Vulnerable por BirdLife International,[1]​ con una población estimada de entre 2.500 y 10.000 aves. Su población va en rápido declive debido a la deforestación en su área de reproducción, principalmente para la agricultura y la madera, a nivel local se adiciona su captura para el comercio de aves.

Referencias

  1. a b c d BirdLife International (2012). «Pitta nympha». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 21 de diciembre de 2012.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2003). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Octava parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Eurylaimidae a Rhinocryptidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 50 (1): 103-110. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 21 de diciembre de 2012.

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Pitta nympha: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La pita ninfa (Pitta nympha)​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Pittidae que vive en Asia.

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Pitta nympha ( Basque )

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Pitta nympha Pitta generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Pittidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pitta nympha: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pitta nympha Pitta generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Pittidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Keijupitta ( Finnish )

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Keijupitta (Pitta nympha) on Itä-Aasiassa tavattava värikäs pittoihin kuuluva varpuslintu. Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto luokittelee lajin vaarantuneeksi.[1]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kooltaan keijupitta on 16–19,5 cm. Selästään ja siivistään laji on väritykseltään kirkkaan vihreä. Siivissä on myös hohtavaa sinistä. Myös yläperä on sininen. Päälaki ja otsa ovat keijupitalla punaruskeat. Päässä on valkoinen silmäkulmajuova ja siipiä ympäröi musta maski. Kurkku ja rinta ovat väritykseltään kellertävän valkoiset. Alavatsa ja -perä ovat linnulla väriltään kirkkaan punaiset. Pyrstö on hyvin lyhyt. Keijupitta muistuttaa ulkonäöltään sateenkaaripittaa (Pitta moluccensis), mutta on sateenkaaripittaa pienikokoisempi ja sateenkaaripitan höyhenpuvussa on enemmän sinistä.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Keijupitta pesii Japanissa, Etelä-Koreassa, Kiinassa ja Taiwanissa. Talveksi se muuttaa Borneon saarelle. Lajin elinympäristöä ovat subtrooppiset metsät. Japanissa keijupittaa tavataan ainavihannissa leveälehtisiä puita kasvavissa metsissä, jotka sijaitsevat rannikon läheisyydellä. Japanissa lajia tavataan metsistä, jotka sijaitsevat yleensä alle 500 metrin korkeudella merenpinnasta. Etelä-Koreassa keijupitan elinympäristöä ovat kosteat, tiheät metsät aina 1 200 metrin korkeuteen meren pinnasta.[2]

Keijupitan ravintoa ovat selkärangattomat eläimet. Ravintoaan laji etsii maasta lehtiaineksen seasta.[2]

Kanta ja uhat

Keijupittakannan kooksi arvellaan 2 500–10 000 yksilöä. Suurin keijupittakantaan kohsidtuva uhka on elinympäristön tuhoutuminen. Metsän hakkuu viljelysmaaksi ja polttopuiksi on erittäin voimakasta Kiinassa ja alkuperäisten kosteiden metsien määrä vähenee myös Japanissa. Lajia on myös pyydystetty häkkilinnuksi. Laji on myös herkkä ihmisen aiheuttamille häiriöille kuten rakennusprojekteille. Häiriöitä aiheuttavat myös pesimäalueilla liikkuvat valokuvaajat. [2]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Pitta nympha IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.2.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d Fairy Pitta BirdLife International. Viitattu 11.12.2009. (englanniksi)
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Keijupitta: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Keijupitta (Pitta nympha) on Itä-Aasiassa tavattava värikäs pittoihin kuuluva varpuslintu. Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto luokittelee lajin vaarantuneeksi.

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Brève migratrice ( French )

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Pitta nympha

La Brève migratrice (Pitta nympha) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Pittidae.

Répartition

Pendant la saison de reproduction, on trouve cette espèce au Japon, en Corée du Sud, en Chine et à Taïwan. En hiver, elle est en Malaisie, à Brunei et en Indonésie[1].

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Brève migratrice: Brief Summary ( French )

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Pitta nympha

La Brève migratrice (Pitta nympha) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Pittidae.

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Paok bidadari ( Indonesian )

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Paok bidadari (Pitta nympha) adalah spesies burung paok dalam famili Pittidae. Burung ini berbiak di Jepang, Korea, dan China timur. Pada musim dingin pindah keselatan sampai China selatan, Indocina, dan Kalimantan. Paok bidadari menuju ke selatan pada bulan Oktober sampai Maret, melewati Kalimantan. Burung ini umum terdapat sampai ketinggian 1000 m dpl, terutama di bagian utara. Memiliki kebiasaan yang mirip dengan Paok hujan.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Pitta nympha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2013.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
  2. ^ "Paok bidadari". Kutilang Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 1 April 2014.
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Paok bidadari: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Paok bidadari (Pitta nympha) adalah spesies burung paok dalam famili Pittidae. Burung ini berbiak di Jepang, Korea, dan China timur. Pada musim dingin pindah keselatan sampai China selatan, Indocina, dan Kalimantan. Paok bidadari menuju ke selatan pada bulan Oktober sampai Maret, melewati Kalimantan. Burung ini umum terdapat sampai ketinggian 1000 m dpl, terutama di bagian utara. Memiliki kebiasaan yang mirip dengan Paok hujan.

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Pitta nympha ( Italian )

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Pitta nympha in primo piano, in secondo piano Pitta sordida

La pitta ninfa (Pitta nympha Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Pittidi[2]. È uno dei simboli della Prefettura di Kōchi[3].

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Raggiunge una lunghezza di 19,5 cm[4].

Aspetto

Questi uccelli hanno un aspetto paffuto e massiccio, con ali e coda corte, forti zampe e testa e becco allungati.
Il petto è biancastro, ma dal ventre parte una fascia rossa che continua anche sul sottocoda. Calotta e nuca sono marroni chiare con una sottile linea nera come la banda facciale. Il sopracciglio è bianco. Dorso e ali sono di un verde abbastanza scuro, le remiganti sono nere con una macchia bianca, le copritrici minori azzurre[4].

Biologia

Comportamento

È una specie solitaria che trascorre la maggior parte del giorno cercando cibo nel sottobosco. È territoriale.

Alimentazione

Anche se preda occasionalmente roditori e piccoli rettili, la sua dieta è composta soprattutto da insetti[4].

Riproduzione

Costruisce il nido a non più di 5 m dal suolo. In Taiwan il periodo riproduttivo va da maggio a giugno[4].

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie sverna in Indonesia e Malaysia, mentre si riproduce in Taiwan, Giappone, Cina e Corea[4]. Vive nelle foreste tropicali.

Conservazione

Viene classificata come "vulnerabile" (VU) nella lista rossa IUCN; il declino della sua popolazione è dovuto soprattutto alla deforestazione. In passato veniva anche catturata frequentemente per essere allevata come animale da compagnia.
È stata inserita nella seconda categoria di specie della CITES[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Pitta nympha, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Pittidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 14 agosto 2014.
  3. ^ (EN) Simboli della Prefettura di Kōchi, su pref.kochi.lg.jp. URL consultato il 14 agosto 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e (EN) Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha, su BirdLife Species Factsheet. URL consultato il 14 agosto 2014.

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Pitta nympha: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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 src= Pitta nympha in primo piano, in secondo piano Pitta sordida

La pitta ninfa (Pitta nympha Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Pittidi. È uno dei simboli della Prefettura di Kōchi.

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Burung Pacat ( Malay )

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Burung Pacat (bahasa Inggeris: Fairy Pitta)[2] adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Pitta nympha. Populasinya dianggarkan sekitar 2,500 dan 10,000 individual (2012). Bilangannya dianggarkan semakin berkurangan akibat penebangan hutan dikawasan pembiakannya, terutamanya bagi pertanian dan balak, bersama dengan penangkapan bagi perniagaan burung peliharaan.

Permakanan

Burung Pacat memburu cacing, labah-labah, serangga, dan siput sebagai makanan.

Taburan

Ia membiak di timur laut Asia di Jepun, Korea Selatan, Tanah Besar Cina dan Taiwan, migran di Thailand dan menghabiskan musim sejuk di kepulauan Borneo di Malaysia Timur, Brunei, dan Kalimantan di Indonesia.

Taksonomi

Burung Pacat membentuk superspesies bersama (P. brachyura), (P. megarhyncha) dan burung Pacat Sayap Biru (P. moluccensis).

Ciri-ciri

Burung Pacat ialah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam haiwan, bertulang belakang (vertebrat), kelas Burung. Dalam aturan : tergolong dalam keluarga : Pittidae. Burung Pacat ialah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan tubuh yang diselubungi bulu pelepah. Burung mempunyai paruh tanpa gigi.

Jantung Burung Pacat terdiri daripada 4 kamar seperti manusia. Kamar atas dikenali sebagai atria, sementara kamar bawah dikenali sebagai ventrikel.

Pembiakan

Sebagai burung, Burung Pacat membiak dengan cara bertelur. Telur yang dihasilkan mempunyai cangkerang keras di dalam sarang yang dibinanya.

Pengekalan

Burung Pacat merupakan haiwan yang dilindungi di Malaysia dan memerlukan lesen pemburuan untuk memburunya.

Rujukan


Senarai burung Burung merpati A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
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Burung Pacat: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Burung Pacat (bahasa Inggeris: Fairy Pitta) adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Pitta nympha. Populasinya dianggarkan sekitar 2,500 dan 10,000 individual (2012). Bilangannya dianggarkan semakin berkurangan akibat penebangan hutan dikawasan pembiakannya, terutamanya bagi pertanian dan balak, bersama dengan penangkapan bagi perniagaan burung peliharaan.

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Chinese pitta ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Chinese pitta (Pitta nympha) is een vogelsoort uit de familie van pitta's (Pittidae).

Kenmerken

De Chinese pitta lijkt op de blauwvleugelpitta en de negenkleurige pitta. Kenmerkend voor deze pitta is de smalle, licht okerkleurige wenkbrauwstreep die tot in de nek doorloopt

Leefwijze

Hoewel de dieren kunnen vliegen, geven ze er doorgaans de voorkeur aan om op de grond te blijven. Hun voedsel vinden ze op bosbodem en bestaat uit ongewervelde dieren zoals insecten en slakken maar ook wel kleine hagedissen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De Chinese pitta komt voor in Noordoost-Azië, Japan, Zuid-Korea, China en Taiwan. De vogel overwintert voornamelijk op Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei en Kalimantan). Het leefgebied van de vogel is altijd groen blijvend subtropisch bos in laagland. In het overwinteringsgebied komt deze pitta ook voor in tropisch regenwoud op berghellingen tot 3500 m boven de zeespiegel.[2][1]

Status

De broedhabitat van de Chinese pitta wordt bedreigd door ontbossing (voor landbouwkundig gebruik). De vangst voor de siervogelhandel van deze prachtige vogel vormt ook een bedreiging. Daarom staat deze pitta als kwetsbaar op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

 src=
Chinese pitta in Taiwan
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b c (en) Chinese pitta op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Smythies, B.E., 1981. The birds of Borneo. The Sabah Society.
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Chinese pitta: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Chinese pitta (Pitta nympha) is een vogelsoort uit de familie van pitta's (Pittidae).

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Kurtaczek blady ( Polish )

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Kurtaczek blady (Pitta nympha) – gatunek małego, kontrastowego ptaka z rodziny kurtaczków (Pittidae). Występuje w Chinach, Malezji, Korei południowej, Japonii oraz na Tajwanie. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym wyginięciem.

Wygląd
Ma małe czarne oczy, szary dziób.
Wymiary
  • długość ciała: 16-19,5 cm
  • rozpiętość skrzydeł: 36 cm
  • waga: 260 g
Zachowanie
Głos
Pożywienie
owady, węże, jaszczurki i małe gryzonie

Przypisy

  1. Pitta nympha, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Pitta nympha. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Bibliografia

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Kurtaczek blady: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kurtaczek blady (Pitta nympha) – gatunek małego, kontrastowego ptaka z rodziny kurtaczków (Pittidae). Występuje w Chinach, Malezji, Korei południowej, Japonii oraz na Tajwanie. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym wyginięciem.

Wygląd Ma małe czarne oczy, szary dziób. Wymiary długość ciała: 16-19,5 cm rozpiętość skrzydeł: 36 cm waga: 260 g Zachowanie Głos Pożywienie owady, węże, jaszczurki i małe gryzonie
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Kinesisk juveltrast ( Swedish )

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Kinesisk juveltrast[2] (Pitta nympha) är en östasiatisk tätting, den mest nordliga förekommande arten i familjen juveltrastar.[3]

Kännetecken

Utseende

Kinesisk juveltrast är en liten (16-19,5 cm) och färgglad juveltrast. På huvudet syns kastanjefärgad hjässa och panna med ett svart längsgående centralt hjässband, ett brett, svart streck från tygeln till nacken samt ett ljusbeige ögonbrynsstreck.

Ovansidan är grön med lysande blå övergump och övre stjärttäckare. Handpennorna är brunsvarta med en liten vit fläck, handpennetäckarna mörkblå, större och mellersta täckarna mörkgröna och de mindre täckarna lysande blå. Hakan är vitaktig medan resten av undersidan är beigefärgad med röd undergump och centralt på buken.

Liknande blåvingad juveltrast är större med beigefärgade hjässidor, mörkare bige undersida och blått på alla övre vingtäckarna. I flykten syns att den vita handpennefläcken är större.

Läten

Sången är ett klart och visslande "kwah-he khwa-wu", längre och långsammare än sången hos blåvingad juveltrast.

Utbredning och systematik

Kinesisk juveltrast häckar i östra Asien, i östra och sydöstra Kina, Sydkorea (ön Jeju och möjligen även på sydvästra delen av Koreahalvön, södra Japan (södra Honshu, Shikoku och Kyushu samt Taiwan.[4] Vintertid flyttar den så långt söderut som till Borneo.[4] Tillfälligt har den påträffats i Indonesien[1] och Australien[5] Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

Levnadssätt

Kinesisk juveltrast häckar i subtropisk skog, i Japan huvudsakligen i städsegrön lövskog nära kusten mestadels under 500 meters höjd, medan den i Sydkorea påträffas i tät och fuktig skog upp till 1200 meters höjd. I Japan har den även noterats i plantage, varför arten troligen kan anpassa sig till att leva i skogar även påverkade av människan.[1]

Föda

Fågeln födosöker bland löv på marken efter ryggradslösa djur som skalbaggar, myror, enkelfotingar och sniglar. Den har också noterats ta ormar, ödlor och faktiskt små gnagare. Ett studerat par på Taiwan matade ungarna nästan uteslutande med daggmaskar.[1][4]

Fairy Pitta.jpg

Häckning

Kinesisk juveltrast häckar mellan maj och juli i Japan och Taiwan, i juni i Guangxi i sydöstra Kina och mellan maj och juni i Korea. Den bygger ett upp till 45 cm brett kupolformat bo som placeras i en skreva eller i lövverk ett till fem meter ovan mark.[4][1]

Status och hot

Kinesisk juveltrast har ett rätt stort utbredningsområde, men tros minska kraftigt i antal, framför allt på grund av skogsavverkning i dess häckningsområde. Den hotas också lokalt av insamling för burfågelsindustrin. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som sårbar (VU). Världspopulationen uppskattas till mellan 2500 och 10.000 individer.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] Birdlife International 2012 Pitta nympha Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-09-30
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ [a b c d] Erritzoe, J. (2019). Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad från https://www.hbw.com/node/57574 2 februari 2019).
  5. ^ Rare birds: The 2013 BARC report, Birdlife Australia

Externa länkar

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Kinesisk juveltrast: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Kinesisk juveltrast (Pitta nympha) är en östasiatisk tätting, den mest nordliga förekommande arten i familjen juveltrastar.

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Đuôi cụt bụng đỏ ( Vietnamese )

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Đuôi cụt bụng đỏ (tên khoa học: Pitta nympha)[2] là một loài chim trong họ Pittidae.[3]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Pitta nympha. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Cao Đức Phát (19 tháng 10 năm 2010). Thông tư Ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã thuộc quản lý của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp (PDF) (Bản báo cáo). Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 1 năm 2016.
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Đuôi cụt bụng đỏ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Đuôi cụt bụng đỏ (tên khoa học: Pitta nympha) là một loài chim trong họ Pittidae.

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Питта-нимфа ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Инфраотряд: Рогоклювы
Семейство: Питтовые
Род: Питты
Вид: Питта-нимфа
Международное научное название

Pitta nympha (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 562239NCBI 397308EOL 920302

Питта-нимфа[1] (лат. Pitta nympha) — птица из семейства воробьиных. Выводит птенцов на северо-востоке Японии, в Южной Корее, материковом Китае и на Тайване, мигрирует в Таиланд. Зимует главным образом на острове Борнео на востоке Малайзии, в Брунее, Калимантане в Индонезии. В июне 2015 года птица встречена в Дальневосточном морском заповеднике.

Питается червями, пауками, насекомыми, личинками и слизнями.

Виду присвоен статус «Находятся в уязвимом положении» BirdLife International. Популяция насчитывает 2 500—10 000 особей. Численность резко уменьшается в связи с обезлесением в местах гнездования в основном связанным с развитием сельского хозяйства и заготовкой древесины.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 236. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Питта-нимфа: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Питта-нимфа (лат. Pitta nympha) — птица из семейства воробьиных. Выводит птенцов на северо-востоке Японии, в Южной Корее, материковом Китае и на Тайване, мигрирует в Таиланд. Зимует главным образом на острове Борнео на востоке Малайзии, в Брунее, Калимантане в Индонезии. В июне 2015 года птица встречена в Дальневосточном морском заповеднике.

Питается червями, пауками, насекомыми, личинками и слизнями.

Виду присвоен статус «Находятся в уязвимом положении» BirdLife International. Популяция насчитывает 2 500—10 000 особей. Численность резко уменьшается в связи с обезлесением в местах гнездования в основном связанным с развитием сельского хозяйства и заготовкой древесины.

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仙八色鸫 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel英语Hermann Schlegel, 1850[2]

仙八色鸫学名Pitta nympha),又名八色鸟,是八色鸫科八色鸫属的一种,是全面迁徙的候鸟,分布于香港韩国日本文莱中国大陆印度尼西亚台湾马来西亚越南朝鲜。全球活动范围约为1,170,000平方公里。该物种的保护状况被评为易危[3]

仙八色鸫的平均体重约为90.2克。栖息地包括种植园、亚热带或热带的湿润低地林、亚热带或热带的旱林、亚热带或热带的(低地)湿润疏灌丛和河流、溪流。该物种的模式产地在朝鲜。[2]

亚种

  • 仙八色鸫两广亚种学名Pitta nympha melli)。该物种的模式产地在广东龙头山[4]
  • 仙八色鸫指名亚种学名Pitta nympha nympha)。该物种的模式产地在朝鲜。[5]

參见

参考文献

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:仙八色鸫  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:仙八色鸫
  1. ^ BirdLife International. Pitta nympha. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016 [1 October 2016]. 数据库資料包含說明此物種被編入易危級別的原因
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 仙八色鸫. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  3. ^ Pitta nympha. BirdLife.org. [2011-06-27].
  4. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 仙八色鸫两广亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  5. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 仙八色鸫指名亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
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仙八色鸫: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

仙八色鸫(学名:Pitta nympha),又名八色鸟,是八色鸫科八色鸫属的一种,是全面迁徙的候鸟,分布于香港韩国日本文莱中国大陆印度尼西亚台湾马来西亚越南朝鲜。全球活动范围约为1,170,000平方公里。该物种的保护状况被评为易危

仙八色鸫的平均体重约为90.2克。栖息地包括种植园、亚热带或热带的湿润低地林、亚热带或热带的旱林、亚热带或热带的(低地)湿润疏灌丛和河流、溪流。该物种的模式产地在朝鲜。

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ヤイロチョウ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ヤイロチョウ ヤイロチョウ
ヤイロチョウ Pitta brachyura
保全状況評価[a 1][a 2] VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 VU.svgワシントン条約附属書II 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : ヤイロチョウ科 Pittidae : ヤイロチョウ属 Pitta : ヤイロチョウ P. nympha 学名 Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 和名 ヤイロチョウ 英名 Fairy pitta

ヤイロチョウ(八色鳥[1]Pitta nympha)は、鳥綱スズメ目ヤイロチョウ科ヤイロチョウ属に分類される鳥類。

分布[編集]

日本インドネシアボルネオ島)、中華人民共和国台湾大韓民国朝鮮民主主義人民共和国マレーシア(ボルネオ島)[a 2]

夏季に日本、台湾、中華人民共和国東部、朝鮮半島で繁殖し、冬季に中華人民共和国南部やボルネオ島へ南下し越冬する[2][3][4][5][6][7][a 3]。ヤイロチョウ科では最も北に分布する[6]。日本では主に本州中部以南に繁殖のため飛来(夏鳥)し[1][2][4][6][7]、また日本でのみ本種の確実かつ継続的な繁殖が確認されている[3]

形態[編集]

全長18センチメートル[2][3][5][7][a 3]。体上面の羽衣は光沢のある緑色、腰や尾羽基部の上面を被う羽毛(上尾筒)は青、喉から胸部、体側面の羽衣は淡黄色や黄褐色、腹部や尾羽基部の下面を被う羽毛(下尾筒)は赤い[2][4][7][a 3]。尾羽の色彩は黒く、先端は青い[4][7][a 3]。頭頂の羽衣は褐色、嘴の基部から正中線(頭央線)や眼を通り後頭部へ続く筋模様(過眼線)は黒、眼上部にある眉状の斑紋(眉斑)は淡褐色や黄色、黄白色[2][4][7][a 3]。小雨覆の色彩は明青色、中雨覆や大雨覆、次列風切、三列風切の色彩は光沢のある緑色[7]。初列風切の色彩は黒や黒褐色で、基部に白い斑紋が入る[1][2][4][7][a 3]。和名のヤ(八)は数ではなく「多い」の意[1]

嘴は黒い[7]。後肢は薄橙色[1]

卵は長径2.5-2.8センチメートル、短径1.9-2.3センチメートル[a 3]。殻は灰白色で、淡紫褐色や灰色の斑点が入る[a 3]

分類[編集]

インドヤイロチョウの亜種とする説(その場合は亜種ヤイロチョウを含むP. brachyuraに対応する和名が種ヤイロチョウになる)もあるが、色彩も含めた形態や囀りから独立種とされる[a 3]

種小名nymphaは「ニンフ」の意[1]

生態[編集]

高木からなる常緑広葉樹林に生息し[4][a 3]、樹冠により日光が遮られ下生えが発達しない環境を好む[3]

食性は動物食で、ミミズ昆虫甲殻類などを食べる[3][6][a 3]

繁殖形態は卵生。繁殖期になると樹上で囀る[5]。林床の下生えのない場所や高木の枝又などに木の枝や葉、コケなどを組みあわせた直径20センチメートルに達するドーム状の巣を作り、日本では5-7月に1回に4-6個の卵を産む[3][4][a 3]

人間との関係[編集]

高知県の県鳥に指定されている。

囀りを日本語に置き換えた表現(聞きなし)として「白ペン、黒ペン」などがある[6]

開発による生息地の破壊などにより生息数は減少している[a 3]。また繁殖地での人間による撹乱も懸念されている[a 3]1993年絶滅のおそれのある野生動植物の種の保存に関する法律施行に伴い、国内希少野生動植物種に指定されている[a 4]

絶滅危惧IB類 (EN)環境省レッドリスト[a 3]

Status jenv EN.svg

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f 安部直哉 『山溪名前図鑑 野鳥の名前』、山と渓谷社2008年、324頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f 五百沢日丸 『日本の鳥550 山野の鳥 増補改訂版』、文一総合出版2004年、125頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ1 ユーラシア、北アメリカ』、講談社2000年、103、201頁。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h 環境庁 『日本産鳥類の繁殖分布』、大蔵省印刷局1981年
  5. ^ a b c 高野伸二 『フィールドガイド 日本の野鳥 増補改訂版』、日本野鳥の会2007年、214-215頁。
  6. ^ a b c d e 中村登流監修 『原色ワイド図鑑4 鳥』、学習研究社1984年、49、227頁。
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i 真木広造、大西敏一 『日本の野鳥590』、平凡社2000年、399頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヤイロチョウに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにヤイロチョウに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

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wikipedia 日本語

ヤイロチョウ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ヤイロチョウ(八色鳥、Pitta nympha)は、鳥綱スズメ目ヤイロチョウ科ヤイロチョウ属に分類される鳥類。

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팔색조 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

팔색조(八色鳥, 이 소리의 정보울음소리 )는 팔색조과의 여름철새이다. 동남아시아말레이 반도에서 살다가 여름제주도, 거제 학동의 동백림 및 팔색조 번식지에 와서 번식하며, 먹이는 곤충지렁이이다. 어미는 둥지에서 새끼가 태어나면, 알 껍질을 먹고 새끼의 흔적을 없애, 천적으로부터 새끼들을 보호한다[2]. 종과 번식지 모두 대한민국의 천연기념물204호로 보호받고 있다.

개요

팔색조과에 속하며 학명은 Pitta nympha이다. 날개길이 12-13㎝, 꼬리길이 3-4㎝이다. 여덟 가지 깃털 색깔을 가진다고 하여 팔색조라고 하였다. 등과 날개는 녹색이고, 어깨와 위꼬리덮깃은 파란색, 꼬리는 검은색이다. 배는 전체적으로 우윳빛을 띠지만 배의 중앙은 진홍색이다. 암컷은 수컷과 거의 비슷하나 크기가 약간 작다. 부리는 흑갈색으로 다소 길고 뾰족하며 튼튼하다. 다리도 튼튼하고 발가락이 길다. 우리나라에서는 남부 도서지방 및 남부 내륙, 중부 내륙에서 드물게 번식하는 여름철새이다[3]. 단독으로 생활하며 주로 지상에서 걸어다니면서 먹이를 찾는다. 나무 위에도 앉는데 그 모습이 물총새와 비슷하다. 경계심이 강하고 좀처럼 사람에게 모습을 보이지 않는다. 일직선으로 날고, 짧은 꼬리를 위아래로 까딱까딱 움직이는 습성이 있다. 해안과 섬 또는 내륙의 경사지에 있는 잡목림이나 활엽수림에서 번식하며, 바위틈이나 큰 나뭇가지 사이에 집을 짓고 산다. 둥지는 이끼류로 만들고 맨 바깥쪽은 나뭇가지로 덮는다. 나무에 지은 둥지는 2-8m 높이에 위치하는 것이 많다.

산란기는 5-7월경이며 한배에 4-6개의 알을 낳는다. 알은 크림색 또는 잿빛을 띤 흰색 바탕에 엷은 자색빛 갈색과 잿빛 쥐색의 얼룩무늬가 있다. 암컷이 새끼를 품는 중에 위험을 느낄 때에는 둥지의 출입구를 잎이 붙어 있는 나뭇가지로 가리거나 쇠똥을 입구에 박아 두는 습관이 있다. 암컷이 새끼에게 지렁이등의 먹이를 먹이며 수컷은 경계만 한다. 우리나라에서는 천연기념물 제204호로 지정하여 보호하고 있다.

분포

  • 한국
  • 일본
  • 동남아시아

각주

Heckert GNU white.svgCc.logo.circle.svg 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전"팔색조" 항목을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다.
  1. BirdLife International. 2017. Pitta nympha (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22698684A116880779. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22698684A116880779.en. Downloaded on 04 July 2021.
  2. “RAND at a Glance (랜드 연구소 한눈에 보기): Korean Translation”. 2018. doi:10.7249/cp628.6-2018-10.
  3. “국립생물자원관 한반도의 생물다양성”. 2021년 11월 5일에 확인함.
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