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Papillose Sphagnum

Sphagnum papillosum Lindberg 1872

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Sphagnum papillosum is often easily field-identifiable by its rich golden brown to dark brown color and short, blunt branches. Nearly all specimens have the papillae on the branch leaf chorophyll cells but a few smooth forms have been found. Such forms will have stem leaves with divided hyaline cells whereas in the confusable species S. palustre and S. centrale such cells are rare or absent.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 27: 49, 51, 52, 53, 84, 89, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Plants rather robust, pale green or yellow to brown, in dense compact carpets. Stem cortex in 3–4 layers, hyaline cells thin-walled, fibrillose, each cell with 1–3, rarely 5, rather small pores; central cylinder brown or blackish. Stem leaves 0.7–0.9 mm × 0.6–0.7 mm, short-ligulate to oblong-ligulate, hyaline and finely fringed at the rounded apex; hyaline cells mostly 1-divided, without fibrils, largely resorbed in the upper half on both surfaces, with some development of membrane pleats in the lower half. Branches stout, in fascicles of 4–5, with 2 spreading. Branch leaves 0.7–1.0 mm × 0.7–0.8 mm, imbricate or slightly spreading, broadly ovate, cucullate-concave and dorsally roughened at the apex, denticulate along a marginal resorption furrow; hyaline cells rhomboidal, with 4–10 rounded or elliptic, ringed pores in the corners and along commissural rows on the dorsal surface, with rather small, ringed pores in the cell angles and in the upper and lateral portions with 1–5 large, rounded median pores on the ventral surface; green cells in cross section narrowly trapezoidal or sometimes nearly triangular to truncate elliptic, exposed more broadly on the ventral surface, the inner walls of adjacent hyaline cells densely papillose. Dioicous. Sporophytes not seen.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Moss Flora of China Vol. 1: 34 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Gao Chien & Marshall R. Crosby
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Description

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Plants moderate-sized to fairly robust; strong-stemmed and generally compact, capitulum usually not much enlarged; greenish brown to deep golden brown; forming compact carpets in floating mats and depressions as well as dense stands on hummock sides and low hummocks. Stems brown, superficial cortical layer with spiral reinforcing fibrils visible; usually 1-2 pores per cell, comb-fibrils lacking on interior wall. Stem leaves to 1.3 × 0.7 mm; rarely hemiisophyllous; hyaline cells non-ornamented, mostly septate. Branches generally short and blunt, leaves spreading. Branch fascicles with 2 spreading and 2-3 pendent branches. Branch stems with hyaline cells non-ornamented, no or weak funnel-like projections on the interior end walls, mostly with 1 pore per cell on superficial cell wall. Branch leaves broadly ovate, 1.7 × 1 mm; hyaline cells on convex surface with round to elliptic pores along the commissures, hyaline cell walls covered with papillae where overlying chlorophyllous cells; chlorophyllous cells trapezoidal to truncate-elliptic in transverse section, equally exposed on both surfaces or less exposed on convex surface, end walls thickened. Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule with numerous pseudostomata. Spores 26-36 µm; more roughly papillose on distal surface than proximal surface, distinct raised, bifurcated-Y mark sculpture on distal surface; proximal laesura 0.5 spore radius or more.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 27: 49, 51, 52, 53, 84, 89, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Distribution

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Distribution: China, Japan, Europe, Greenland, and North America.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Moss Flora of China Vol. 1: 34 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Moss Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Gao Chien & Marshall R. Crosby
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eFloras.org
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Habitat

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Habitat: in open swamps.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Moss Flora of China Vol. 1: 34 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Moss Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Gao Chien & Marshall R. Crosby
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Synonym

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Sphagnum cymbifolium var. papillosum Schimper; S. papillosum var. laeve Warnstorf; S. papillosum var. sublaeve Röll; Sphagnum waghornei Warnstorf
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 27: 49, 51, 52, 53, 84, 89, 93, 94, 96 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn 10: 280. 1872. sphagnum Waghornei Warnst. Hedwigia 33: 329. 1894.
Plants low, compact or slender to very robust, generally deeply tinged with brown to nearly black. Wood-cylinder brown to nearly black; cortical cells of the stem in 3-4 layers, their walls thin, with few and weak fibril-bands, the outer cells quadrilateral or somewhat irregularly shaped, often longer than wide, their pores rarely more than 1 or 2 in each cell, frequently small, always clearly defined: stem-leaves large, elongate-lingulate, or smaller and shorter, the toothed border narrowly hyaline toward the apex; hyaline cells frequently divided, without fibrils or more or less fibrillose, in the former case the membrane on the outer surface largely resorbed: branches in fascicles of 4 or 5, 2 spreading, their cortical cells in a single layer, with the basal walls plane; cellwalls generally reinforced inwardly by numerous fibril-bands, the outer wall often with a single large pore at the upper end: branch-leaves imbricate or slightly spreading, ovate, denticulate on the margin; hyaline cells fibrillose, rhomboidal, 3-5 times as long as wide at base, in the upper half 2-3 times as long as broad, on the inner surface with small ringed pores in the cell-angles, and often in the apical and lateral por tions of the leaf with large round pores in the central part of the cell, 1-5 per cell, on the outer surface with rounded or elliptic pores in the corners and along the commissures, 4-10 per cell, passing into large membrane-gaps in the short cells of the cucullate apex; chlorophyl-cells truncately elliptic or nearly lenticular in section, usually about equally exposed on both leaf-surfaces, the Wmen narrowly lenticular and more or less central; inner walls of hyahne cells where overlying chlorophyl-cells densely and finely papillose, the papillae sometimes reduced or lacking; hyaline cells somewhat convex on the outer surface, about one fourth of the diameter of the cell; resorption-furrow present.
Dioicous, rarely fruiting. Antheridial branches and leaves hardly differentiated. Fruiting branches erect; perichaetial leaves large, elongate-ovate, the upper region and border throughout of normal structure with hyaline cells fibrillose and porose, the central basal
portion of uniform elongate cells without fibrils or pores: capsule globose, brown: spores
yellow, about 2S m in diameter, papillose.
Type locality: Finland.
Distribution: Labrador southward to New Jersey; Vancouver Island; Alaska; reported from Indiana, Wisconsin, and Washington; also in northern Europe and Asia.
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bibliographic citation
Albert LeRoy Andrews, Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, Julia Titus Emerson. 1961. SPHAGNALES-BRYALES; SPHAGNACEAE; ANDREAEACEAE, ARCHIDIACEAE, BRUCHIACEAE, DITRICHACEAE, BRYOXIPHIACEAE, SELIGERIACEAE. North American flora. vol 15(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Sphagnum papillosum

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Sphagnum papillosum, the papillose peatmoss, is a species of peat moss distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.[2] Although sometimes confused with Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum palustre, it is distinguished by its yellow-green to brown short, blunt branches and papillose chlorophyllose cells.

Taxonomy

S. papillosum is classified under section Sphagnum of the genus, which also includes the species S. magellanicum, S. palustre, and S. austinii. It was first described by Lindberg in 1872 and typified in 1913. It has previously been described in 1907 from specimens in Japan as S. hakkodense Warnst. & Card.; however, this was later identified to be a synonym and an isotype specimen of S. papillosum. Other synonyms include S. immersum Nees & Hornsch and S. waghornei Warnst.[3]

Description

Morphology

S. papillosum is distinguished by its robust, golden brown capitulum. It usually has 4 branches: 2 short and blunt divergent (spreading) branches and 2, sometimes 3, short pendent branches. The central cylinder or “wood” of the stem is usually dark brown to almost black in colour and sometimes green. The stem leaves are approximately 1.3 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, usually rectangular or spatulate in shape with a resorbed or fringed abaxial surface, inconspicuous on the adaxial surface. The branch leaves are spreading and can be up to 2 mm long and 1 mm wide. They are ovate to broadly ovate in shape and usually strongly concave.[4][5]

S. papillosum possesses a pectin-like polysaccharide called Sphagnan, Sphagnum acid, and phenolic compounds in its leaves that have been observed to contribute to known antimicrobial and preservative properties of Sphagnum mosses.[6][7]

Cellular structure

The stem cortical cells of S. papillosum are fibrillose with 1-2 pores. The branch cortical cells are also strongly fibrillose. The hyaline cells that make up the leaves are never ornamented, fairly wide, and often divided. There is usually a single pore present at the upper apex of the cell on the adaxial side, while there are many round to elliptic pores along the commissures of the abaxial side. The internal commissural walls appear to be rough or papillose due to cell wall projections that form papillae, a distinguishing feature of this Sphagnum moss. The chlorophyllose cells are rather small compared to other species and are trapezoidal to barrel-shaped in cross section. They are usually equally exposed on both sides or slightly more exposed on the adaxial side of the leaf.[4][5]

Distribution

S. papillosum is widely distributed throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. It is especially common in western and northern Europe and can extend as far south as the Himalaya mountains.[4]

Habitat and ecology

S. papillosum is oligo-mesotrophic, commonly found in shaded, nutrient-poor fen habitats to open, acidic peatlands. Tends to form hummocks and dense carpets. It can also be found at low to mid-elevations near streams, flushes or transitional mires.[4] These types of habitats are mainly supplied by precipitation; therefore, nutrients such as nitrogen are particularly low and water availability is dependent on rates of rainfall, which both limits the growth and productivity of S. papillosum.[8][9] Although S. papillosum favours habitats with consistent precipitation, it is relatively tolerant to water stress.[10]

Like other Sphagnum mosses, S. papillosum is sensitive to minerals and nutrients in the water and has been observed to bioaccumulate metals such as cadmium, chromium, and zinc in its tissues. The metal concentrations in S. papillosum has been observed to be a direct reflection of concentrations in its natural waters; therefore, it presents itself as an effective bioindicator of metal concentrations present in the environment.[11]

Life cycle

Gametophyte

S. papillosum is dioicous. Its antheridial and archegonial branches are morphologically similar to its vegetative branches.[4] The formation of antheridia and archegonia occur in late summer to early autumn.[12] Fertilization occurs in spring. [12]

Sporophyte

The sporangium mature in mid to late summer and are relatively spherical with numerous pseudostomata.[5] The spores are dispersed all at once when the sporangium matures through an explosive, hygroscopic mechanism triggered by warm and dry conditions.[12] The spores are discharged into the air and dispersed by the wind. Its spores are 26-36 μm in diameter and yellow brown in colour.[13] They are finely papillose with rounded, triradiate ridges on the distal surface.[4][13]

Asexual reproduction

S. papillosum can also establish through asexual reproduction by the fragmentation of its stems and branches.[14][15]

Uses and economic importance

S. papillosum is a major peat-forming moss, dominant in peatlands that are mined for horticultural purposes, as peat is a popular growing medium for ornamental plants.[16][15] An alternative to peat mining is Sphagnum farming, which is the commercial practice of cultivating and harvesting Sphagnum moss.[15] In particular, S. papillosum has been observed to establish well on restored bog grasslands that could potentially be used for Sphagnum farming.[15] S. papillosum has also been observed to regenerate after cutting when tested for harvesting techniques; therefore, it may provide a potentially renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to peat mining.[15][17]

Conservation

The IUCN classifies the species as Least concern due to its common occurrence across its wide geographic range, but several local populations (e.g. in Romania, Slovakia and Serbia) are considered threatened.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Baisheva, E.; Ignatov, M. (2019). "Papillose Bog-moss". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  2. ^ "Sphagnum papillosum Lindb". Tropicos. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  3. ^ Isovitta, P. (1966). "Studies on Sphagnum L. I. Nomenclatural revision of the European taxa". Annales Botanici Fennici. 3 (2): 199–264.
  4. ^ a b c d e f H.M.S.O (1990). Handbook of European sphagna. London.
  5. ^ a b c "Sphagnum papillosum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
  6. ^ Painter, Terence J. (1991). "Lindow man, tollund man and other peat-bog bodies: The preservative and antimicrobial action of Sphagnan, a reactive glycuronoglycan with tanning and sequestering properties". Carbohydrate Polymers. 15 (2): 123–142. doi:10.1016/0144-8617(91)90028-b.
  7. ^ Mellegård, H.; Stalheim, T.; Hormazabal, V.; Granum, P.E.; Hardy, S.P. (July 2009). "Antibacterial activity of sphagnum acid and other phenolic compounds found in Sphagnum papillosum against food-borne bacteria". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 49 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02622.x. PMID 19413769. S2CID 20179079.
  8. ^ Aerts, Rien; Wallen, Bo; Malmer, Nils (March 1992). "Growth-Limiting Nutrients in Sphagnum-Dominated Bogs Subject to Low and High Atmospheric Nitrogen Supply". The Journal of Ecology. 80 (1): 131. doi:10.2307/2261070. JSTOR 2261070.
  9. ^ Vitousek, Peter M.; Aber, John D.; Howarth, Robert W.; Likens, Gene E.; Matson, Pamela A.; Schindler, David W.; Schlesinger, William H.; Tilman, David G. (August 1997). "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Sources and Consequences". Ecological Applications. 7 (3): 737–750. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1813/60830.
  10. ^ Clymo, R. S.; Hayward, P. M. (1982). "The Ecology of Sphagnum". Bryophyte Ecology: 229–289. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5891-3_8. ISBN 978-94-009-5893-7.
  11. ^ Gstoettner, E. M.; Fisher, N. S. (January 1997). "Accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and zinc by the mossSphagnum papillosum Lindle". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 93 (1–4): 321–330. Bibcode:1997WASP...93..321G. doi:10.1007/bf02404764. S2CID 189836857.
  12. ^ a b c Cronberg, N. (1993). "Reproductive biology of Sphagnum". Lindbergia (17): 69–82.
  13. ^ a b Cao, T.; Vitt, D.H. (1986). "Spore surface structure of Sphagnum". Nova Hedwigia. 43 (1–2): 191–220.
  14. ^ Longton, R.E. (2018). "Reproductive biology and life-history strategies". Bryology for the Twenty-First Century: 369. doi:10.1201/9781315138626-26. ISBN 9781315138626.
  15. ^ a b c d e Gaudig, G.; Krebs, M.; Joosten, H. (2017). "Sphagnum farming on cut-over bog in NW Germany: Long-term studies on Sphagnum growth". Mires and Peat. 20 (4): 1–19. doi:10.19189/MaP.2016.OMB.238.
  16. ^ Emmel, M. (January 2008). "Growing Ornamental Plants in Sphagnum Biomass". Acta Horticulturae (779): 173–178. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2008.779.20.
  17. ^ Krebs, M.; Gaudig, G.; Matchutadze, I.; Joosten, H. (2018). "Sphagnum regrowth after cutting". Mires and Peat. 20 (12): 1–20. doi:10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.298.
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Sphagnum papillosum: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Sphagnum papillosum, the papillose peatmoss, is a species of peat moss distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. Although sometimes confused with Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum palustre, it is distinguished by its yellow-green to brown short, blunt branches and papillose chlorophyllose cells.

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