Comments
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Ulmus serotina is infrequent, and few populations are found outside of Tennessee. It reputedly is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease (W. H. Duncan and M. B. Duncan 1988), and it is sometimes cultivated. Ulmus serotina hybridizes with U . crassifolia , and plants have been informally designated U . arkansana , an unpublished name. In Arkansas and Oklahoma where hybrid swarms are common, specimens are often difficult to assign to either taxon.
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Description
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Trees , to 21 m; crowns spreading, broadly rounded. Bark light brown to reddish with shallow fissures. Wood hard. Branches spreading to pendulous, often developing irregular corky wings with maturity; twigs brown to gray, pubescent to glabrous. Buds brown, apex acute, glabrous; scales dark brown, glabrous. Leaves: petiole ca. 6 mm, glabrous to pubescent. Leaf blade oblong-obovate, 7-10 × 3-4.5 cm, base oblique, margins doubly serrate, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially yellow-gold soft-pubescent, pubescence absent from axils of veins, adaxially yellow-green, glabrous. Inflorescences racemes, 8-12-flowered, long, to 5 cm; pedicel 0.5-1 cm. Flowers: calyx lobed almost to base, lobes 5-6; stamens 5-6; anthers yellow-red; stigmas white, pubescent. Samaras light brown, ovoid to elliptic, 1-1.5 cm, narrowly winged, pubescent, margins densely ciliate, tip deeply notched. Seeds thickened, not inflated. 2 n = 28.
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Distribution
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Ala., Ark., Ga., Ill., Miss., Okla., Tenn., Tex.
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Flowering/Fruiting
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Flowering late summer-fall.
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Habitat
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Limestone bluffs, stream sides, rich woods; 0-400m.
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Associated Forest Cover
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September elm is generally very scattered, and there are few
records of stands with this species as a primary component. It is
not a common associate in any of the forest cover types currently
listed by the Society of American Foresters.
September elm often grows on floodplains in mid-to
late-successional communities where common associates are
American elm (Ulmus americana), river birch (Betula
nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and
sometimes silver maple (Acer saccharinum). In coves and
on mesic slopes it may grow with American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana), Florida maple (Acer barbatum), white
ash (Fraxinus americana), blue ash (F.
quadrangulata), sweetgum, northern red oak (Quercus
rubra), white oak (Q. alba), and American elm. Its
common appearance on strearnsides, roadsides, and other openings
may indicate low shade tolerance (13).
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Climate
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The distribution of September elm is in the humid to temperate
zones of the East-Central United States. Average annual
precipitation ranges from about 1020 mm (40 in) to about 1320 mm
(52 in), of which about 50 to 65 percent occurs from April
through September. Average annual snowfall over the region ranges
from about 5 cm (2 in) to 50 cm (20 in). Average annual
temperatures range between 13° C (55° F) and 17° C
(62° F), but the lowest and highest temperatures observed
are -23° C (-10° F) and 46° C (115° F),
respectively. The growing season averages between 180 and 220
days over the species range (15).
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Damaging Agents
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The susceptibility of September elm to
Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi) is probably the
greatest deterrent to its growth and development. All three
mature specimens of September elm at the National Arboretum have
been killed by this fungus since 1965; seedlings of the species
are also very susceptible to Dutch elm disease (9).
September elm has also been reported as a host of American
mistletoe, Phoradendron flavescens (6).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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September elm and cedar elm (Ulmus
crassifolia) are the two species of native elms that flower
and bear fruit in the fall. The hermaphroditic, protogynous
flowers of September elm usually appear in September and are in
small racemes in the leaf axils of the current season (2). The
fruit are light-greenish samaras that turn brown as they ripen in
late October or early November. The winged fruits are 10 to 13 mm
(0.4 to 0.5 in) long, oblong-elliptical in shape, deeply divided
at the apex and fringed along the margins with white hairs (11).
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Genetics
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Little information is available on genetic characteristics of
September elm. Santamour (7) reported that the chromosome number
of September elm was diploid (2n=28) and he later (8) used this
characteristic to advantage in making crosses of Chinese elm (Ulmus
parvifolia) and September elm with nine spring flowering
species. Fourteen hybrids were developed from these interspecific
crossings, four of which were from U. serotina. Later
crosses of September elm with Siberian elm (U. pumila)
showed that the hybrids were very susceptible to Dutch elm
disease (9).
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Growth and Yield
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September elm grows rapidly on good
sites with low competition. Trees attain a diameter of 60 cm (24
in) to 90 cm (36 in) (4) and may reach a height of 25 m (82 ft).
The tree attains the general form of American elm, but branches
are smaller and somewhat more pendulous. Lower portions of large
trees may provide logs of veneer quality.
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Reaction to Competition
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September elm is classed as
tolerant of shade and probably exists most commonly as an
inconspicuous understory plant during early developmental stages.
Upon release, growth response is rapid, especially on better
sites. If competition is minimal, however, the species will grow
rapidly during all stages of development.
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Rooting Habit
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No information available.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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Most species of elm
produce good seed crops every 2 or 3 years, but seed production
data for September elm are not available. The seeds are dispersed
by gravity and wind. Cleaned seeds are very small, averaging
about 328,500 per kilogram (149,000/lb) (1).
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Seedling Development
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Naturally dispersed seeds overwinter
in the litter or at the soil surface and germinate the following
spring. Germination is epigeal (1). If seeds are to be sown in a
nursery, they should be stratified at 5° C (41° F) for
60 to 90 days (1). Nursery-grown seedlings are usually outplanted
as 1-0 stock.
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Soils and Topography
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September elm grows most frequently on moderately to well-drained,
moist soils varying in texture from clay loams to sandy loams. It
is also common on dry, rocky soils derived from limestone or
other calcarous material. It is less frequent on alluvial soils
along streams in rich bottoms and on the margins of swamps
(4,12). The clay loams and sandy loams are principally in the
order Ultisols and suborder Udults. The Udults are usually moist,
with relatively low amounts of organic matter in the subsurface
horizons. They are formed in humid climates that have relatively
short or no dry periods during the year. September elm is
reported in some localities where Alfisols and Inceptisols are
present. Alfisols are medium to high in bases and have gray to
brown surface horizons and clay accumulations in subsurface
horizons. They are usually moist but may be dry during summer.
Inceptisols have weakly differentiated horizons, with materials
that have been altered or removed, but have not accumulated.
These soils are also moist but may be dry during the warm season
(17).
September elm grows at elevations ranging from about 100 rn (325
ft) in the more southerly part of its range to about 460 m (1,500
ft) in northerly areas. Sites vary from very flat topography to
moderate slopes in some of the upland coves and ravines. It has
been reported, to grow in upland coves and ravines in Arkansas
(14) but is notably absent from the poorly drained lowlands of
the Mississippi alluvial plain (12).
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Special Uses
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The seeds of September and other elms are eaten by a variety of
birds and small mammals, including squirrels. Twigs and buds are
sometimes browsed by deer, and a few game birds eat the buds (3).
The species has been planted as an ornamental tree in Georgia and
Alabama, where it grows abundantly in hilly areas (11). This elm
is also reported to thrive in Massachusetts (10).
The reddish-brown wood of September elm is hard, close grained,
and very strong and can be polished to a high luster. It is one
of four species included as "rock elm" in commercial
lumbering (16). This group has a specific gravity of 0.57 to 0.63
and moisture contents of 44 and 57 percent for the heartwood and
sapwood, respectively. Elm wood also has excellent bending
qualities.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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September elm, like many other
elms, sprouts readily when the stem is severed or badly injured.
Damaged young trees sprout more readily than older trees, and
sprouts grow rapidly.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Ulmaceae -- Elm family
Edwin R. Lawson
September elm (Ulmus serotina), also called red elm, is
one of two fall-flowering native elms. This medium-sized,
rapid-growing tree is found most frequently on moist clay or
sandy loam soils, but it also grows on dry, rocky soils of
limestone origin. It is never abundant and in early development
it is an inconspicuous understory component of hardwood stands.
This species may appear more frequently within its range than is
currently documented because it may be confused with other elm
species. The lumber is cut and sold with four other elm species
and marketed as rock elm. Wildlife browse young trees and eat the
seeds and buds. September elm is planted in landscapes but
succumbs to Dutch elm disease.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
September elm grows sporadically from southern Illinois across
Kentucky and Tennessee to northern Georgia, northern Alabama,
northern Mississippi, Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma (5). It is
most abundant in Arkansas and Tennessee.
-The native range of September elm.
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Ulmus serotina
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus serotina Sarg., the September elm, is an autumn-flowering North American species of tree. It is uncommon beyond Tennessee; it is only very locally distributed through Illinois, Kentucky, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Georgia, and disjunct populations into Nuevo León, Mexico.[2] It grows predominantly on limestone bluffs and along streams to elevations of 400 m.[3]
Description
Rarely exceeding 20 m in height, the tree has a rounded crown with spreading to pendulous branches. The glabrous young shoots become progressively corky-winged with age, and bear oblong to obovate leaves <8 cm long. The wind-pollinated apetalous perfect flowers form pendulous racemes, which open in September and serve to distinguish the species from its cogenitor, the cedar elm U. crassifolia, with which it readily hybridizes. The samarae are oblong-elliptical, 10–15 mm in length, deeply divided at the apex, and ripen in November [2] [3].
September elm in October, Elmwood Cemetery, Memphis, Tennessee (2010)
Pests and diseases
The species is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease.
Cultivation
Before the outbreak of Dutch elm disease, U. serotina enjoyed limited popularity as a shade tree in the southern part of its range. The tree grows well on most soils, but is intolerant of anaerobic or saline conditions; it is also frost tolerant to -30°C (-23°F). The September elm is very rare in cultivation in Europe;[4] it was briefly propagated and marketed in the UK by the Hillier and Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1972 to 1977, when 16 were sold.[5][6] It is not known to have been introduced to Australasia. No cultivars of this taxon are known, nor is it known to be in commerce.
Notable trees
The US national champion, measuring 25.5 m high in 2007, grows in Davidson County, Tennessee.[7][4]
Hybrids
Accessions
- North America
- Europe
-
Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. not known.
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Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 20080091, from seed wild collected in USA.[8]
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Acc. no. not known.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. no. 2006-143.
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Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK. Acc. no. 2004.1059, 3 trees, collected in Tennessee, 2004.
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Thenford House arboretum, Banbury, UK. No details available.
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University of Copenhagen, Botanic Garden, Denmark. No details available.
References
-
^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; et al. (BGCI) (2020). "Ulmus serotina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T152858625A152905642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T152858625A152905642.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ Todzia, C. A.; Panero, J. L. (1998), "A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico", Brittonia, 50 (3): 343–347, doi:10.2307/2807778, JSTOR 2807778, S2CID 21320752
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^ Duncan, W. H., & Duncan, M. B. (2000). Trees of the Southeastern United States, 234–238. Athens, Georgia, USA. ISBN 0-8203-2271-7
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^ Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
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^ Hillier & Sons (1977). Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.
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^ Hillier & Sons Sales inventory 1962 to 1977 (unpublished).
-
^ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
-
^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. (2017). List of Living Accessions: Ulmus [1]
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Ulmus serotina: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Ulmus serotina Sarg., the September elm, is an autumn-flowering North American species of tree. It is uncommon beyond Tennessee; it is only very locally distributed through Illinois, Kentucky, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Georgia, and disjunct populations into Nuevo León, Mexico. It grows predominantly on limestone bluffs and along streams to elevations of 400 m.
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