Comments
provided by eFloras
Native Americans used Umbellularia californica for medicinal purposes and occasionally as an insecticide (D. E. Moerman 1986).
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Description
provided by eFloras
Trees or shrubs , to 45 m; twigs terete, glabrous or sparsely appressed-pubescent, rarely minutely tomentose. Leaf blade deep yellow-green, shiny, narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, 3-10 × 1.5-3 cm, base acute or obtuse, apex acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous, sparsely appressed-pubescent or minutely tomentose, adaxially glabrous; domatia absent. Inflorescences pubescent. Flowers 5-10; tepals 6-8 mm. Drupe usually solitary, 2 cm or more diam. 2 n =24.
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Synonym
provided by eFloras
Tetranthera californica Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy., 159. 1833
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Geographic distribution
provided by EOL authors
Umbellularia californica occurs broadly in California and in southern Oregon. The California distribution chiefly includes northwestern California, Cascade Range foothills, Sierra Nevada foothills, San Francisco Bay Area, Outer South Coast Ranges, scattered in Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges.
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
shrub,
treeCalifornia laurel
California bay
TAXONOMY:
The scientific name of California laurel is Umbellularia californica
(Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. [
9,
22,
31]. Recognized varieties are [
9]:
Umbellularia californica var. californica
Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis Eastwood.
LIFE FORM:
Tree, Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:
No special status
OTHER STATUS:
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Umbellularia californica
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:
California laurel occurs in the Klamath, Siskiyou, and Coast Ranges from
Douglas County, Oregon south to San Diego County, California, and on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada from Shasta County south to Kern
County. It is found along drainages in the Central Valley, California
[
16,
23,
31,
48]. Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis occurs in
Fresno County, California [
9].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
forestCalifornia laurel occurs in the Klamath, Siskiyou, and Coast Ranges from
Douglas County, Oregon south to San Diego County, California, and on the
western slope of the Sierra Nevada from Shasta County south to Kern
County. It is found along drainages in the Central Valley, California
[
16,
23,
31,
48]. Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis occurs in
Fresno County, California [
9].
Distribution of California laurel. 1971 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [
52].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
prescribed fire,
top-killHardwood timber: Prescribed burning is an effective tool for reclaiming
California laurel in hardwood forests invaded by conifers [
9].
Conifer timber: Prescribed burning alone is not effective in removing
California laurel from clear-cut timber areas. Prescribed fire will
top-kill California laurel, but follow-up mechanical or chemical control of
sprouts will be necessary until conifer seedlings are established [
9].
Other considerations: California laurel was an integral part of a fire
hazard reduction project in the Berkeley Hills, where highly flammable
exotic eucalyptus were removed to release the less flammable understory
of California laurel and coast live oak [
38].
California laurel in riparian areas is not usually threatened because fire
is rare there [
19,
40].
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
forest,
hardwood,
tree,
woodlandCalifornia laurel is sometimes codominant or dominant in various hardwood
forests. Pure stands are rare, but there are a few California laurel
forests in the Coast Ranges and in Tehama County, California [
7,
11,
15].
The tree also occurs in various coniferous forests, where it is a
codominant or dominant in the subcanopy or is an understory associate.
Published classifications listing California laurel as codominant or
dominant in community types (cts), ecoassociation types (eco), plant
associations (pas), or vegetation types (vts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
CA: outer Coast Ranges Ca. laurel forest cts Holland 1986
CA: Coast Ranges Ca. hardwoods eco Allen & others 1991
nCA: Klamath; N.Coast Ranges cismontane woodland cts Holland 1986
nCA: Muir Woods NM redwood forest vts McBride & Jacobs 1980
sCA: S.Coast Ranges riparian pas Paysen & others 1980
sCA: Santa Ana Mts. canyon woodlands cts Vogl 1976
swOR: Siskiyou NF mixed evergreen cts Sawyer & others 1977
swOR: Siskiyou; Klamath tanoak-Ca. laurel pas Atzet & Wheeler 1984
Ranges
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
shrub,
treeTree, Shrub
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
codominant,
fire management,
forest,
hardwood,
root crownHardwood timber: Silviculture of California laurel may become more
important as East Coast hardwood production lessens. Although
California laurel wood is valuable, young trees are not currently planted
for future commercial harvest. A serious management problem of this
species is heart rot. The fungus (Ganoderma applanatum) causing this
disease will infect even young trees. Heart rot can be virtually
eliminated from a stand by cutting down trees to stumps of less than 8
inches (20 cm) in height to promote root crown sprouting. Root crown
sprouts have a very low incidence of heart rot. Slash disposal by
broadcast burning is recommended to increase sprouting and kill fungi
harbored in the slash [
27]. California laurel has no serious insect pests,
although the powderpost beetle (Ptilinus basalis) and various oak bark
beetles (Pseudopithyophthorus spp.) will sometimes attack injured trees
[
9]. California laurel is not windfirm [
27].
Conifer timber: California laurel severely reduces growth of conifer
timber seedlings through allelopathic inhibition. The leaves contain
water-soluble terpenes which retard root elongation [
16]. A study done
in the Siskiyou National Forest of southwestern Oregon showed that root
elongation of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was 16
percent of normal following treatment with California laurel leaf extract.
This was a greater rate of suppression than that shown by 10 other
chaparral species tested for potential conifer growth inhibition [
44].
Unless controlled, the California laurel understory in coniferous forests
often becomes dominant or codominant within a few years following
clear-cutting of mature timber trees [
9].
Control: California laurel can be controlled by aerosol or injection/cut
surface treatment with 2,4-D [
8]. (also see Fire Management
Considerations regarding control by burning)
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
seedThe seasonal development of California laurel varies with latitude and
elevation. The general development is as follows [
9]:
Northern Ca Southern Ca
flowers out: April-Sept year-round
new leaves out: May-June Dec-April
seeds ripe: Sept-Nov Sept-Nov
flora primordia develop: Sept-Nov Sept-Nov
seed disseminated: Nov-Jan Nov-Jan
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seedsurvivor species; on-site surviving root crown
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
secondary colonizer; off-site seed carried to site after year 2
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name of California laurel is Umbellularia californica
(Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. [
9,
22,
31]. Recognized varieties are [
9]:
Umbellularia californica var. californica
Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis Eastwood.
- bibliographic citation
- Howard, Janet L. 1992. Umbellularia californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
California-laurel is more commonly found in mixture with other
species than in pure stands. Choice pure stands were eliminated
when coastal and inland valleys were cleared for agriculture, and
only scattered groves and tracts of large mature trees
remain-many in parks or preserves (40). Pure stands of tall young
growth are also limited, but pure stands of shorter trees,
thickets, or prostrate mats are common on coastal bluffs, in
canyons, and elsewhere in California (19,24,35,61).
California-laurel is listed as an associated species in six forest
cover types: Port Orford-Cedar (Society of American Foresters
Type 231), Redwood (Type 232), Oregon White Oak (Type 233),
Douglas-fir-Tanoak-Pacific Madrone (Type 234), Canyon Live Oak
(Type 249), and California Coast Live Oak (Type 255) (13). Its
prominence in these types, as well as in several others for which
it is not specifically listed, varies widely.
Many trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are associated with
California-laurel in different parts of its extensive range
(table 1). The listing in table 1 is not exhaustive; it indicates
the variety of associated species. Usually, fewer species and
fewer individuals per species are found under the
California-laurel canopy than under the canopy of associated
trees, and the area bare of all vegetation is greater. In the
Coast Ranges south of San Francisco Bay, an average of 36 species
per site, mostly perennials, was found under the
California-laurel canopy, 55 species beneath the canopy of other
trees (61). Distances bare of vegetation along transects ranged
from 9 to 48 percent of the total under California-laurel, 0 to
10 percent under other trees. Where the laurel canopy is
particularly dense and extensive, understory vegetation may
almost be limited to mosses, ferns, and laurel seedlings (7,51).
Table 1- Trees, shrubs, and herbs associated
with California-laurel in different parts of its range¹
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
Abies grandis
Adenostoma
fasiculatum
Actaea rubra
Acer circinatum
Amelanchier
spp.
Adiantum pedatum
Acer macrophyllum
Arctostaphylos
canescens
Antennaria
suffrutescens
Acer negundo
Arctostaphylos
columbiana
Arnica spathulata
Aesculus
californica
Arctostaphylos
hispidula
Aster radulinus
Alnus rhombifolia
Arctostaphylos
mariposa
Balsamorhiza
deltoides
Alnus
rubra
Arctostaphylos
nevadensis
Blechnum
spicant
Arbutus menziesii
Arctostaphylos
patula
Boykinia spp.
Castanopsis
chrysophylla
Arctostaphylos
tomentosa
Cheilanthes
siliquosa
Ceanothus
thyrsiflorus
Arctostaphylos
viscida
Chimaphila
umbellata
Cercis
occidentalis
Artemisia
californica
Chlorogalum
pomeridianum
Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana
Baccharis
pilularis
Convolvulus
polymorphus
Cornus nuttallii
Berberis spp.
Diplacus
aurantiacus
Corylus cornuta
Ceanothus spp.
Disporum spp.
Eucalyptus
globulus
Cornus californica
Dryopteris arguta
Fraxinus dipetala
Eriodictyon
californicum
Eriophyllum
lanatum
Fraxinus latifolia
Garrya buxifolia
Erythronium
oregonum
Garrya elliptica
Garrya fremontii
Fragaria
californica
Heteromeles
arbutifolia
Gaultheria shallon
Galium spp.
Libocedrus
decurrens
Holodiscus
discolor
Hieracium
cynoglossoides
Lithocarpus
densiflorus
Juniperus communis
Hierochloe
occidentalis
Myrica californica
Juniperus sibirica
Horkelia sericata
Picea sitchensis
Lonicera hispidula
Iris spp.
Pinus attenuata
Lotus scoparius
Juncus spp.
Pinus contorta
Lupinus albifrons
Linnaea borealis
Pinus coulteri
Myrica hartwegii
Lomatium spp.
Pinus jeffreyi
Pickeringia
montana
Lupinus nanus
Pinus lambertiana
Quercus dumosa
Marah fabaceus
Pinus monticola
Quercus durata
Mimulus guttatus
Pinus ponderosa
Quercus sadleriana
Osmorhiza
chilensis
Pinus sabiniana
Quercus
vaccinifolia
Oxalis oregana
Platanus racemosa
Rhamnus
californica
Pellaea mucronata
Populus
trichocarpa
Rhamnus crocea
Pityrogramma
triangularis
Prunus ificifolia
Rhododendron
californicum
Polypodium vulgare
Pseudotsuga
menziesii
Rhododendron
macrophyllum
Polystichum
munitum
Quercus agrifolia
Rhododendron
occidentale
Pteridium
aquilinum
Quercus
chrysolepis
Rhus diversiloba
Pyrola dentata
Quercus douglasii
Ribes spp.
Sanicula
crassicaulis
Quercus garryana
Rosa gymnocarpa
Satureja douglasii
Quercus kelloggii
Rubus laciniatus
Scrophularia
californica
Quercus lobata
Rubus parviflorus
Selaginella
bigelovii
Quercus wislizeni
Rubus procerus
Senecio bolanderi
Robinia
pseudoacacia
Rubus spectabilis
Smilacina stellata
Salix spp.
Rubus ursinus
Stachys rigida
Sambucus spp.
Rubus vitifolius
Synthyris
reniformis
Sequoia
sempervirens
Symphoricarpos
albus
Trientalis
latifolia
Taxus brevifolia
Symphoricarpos
mollis
Trillium ovatum
Thuja Plicata
Symphoricarpos
rivularis
Vicia spp.
Torreya
californica
Vaccinium spp.
Viola spp.
Tsuga heterophylla
Whipplea modesta
Xerophyllum tenax
¹Sources:
2,7,10,14,15,22,32,35,38,47,51,55,61,63
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
California-laurel grows in diverse climates, ranging from the
cool, humid conditions found in dense coastal forests to the hot,
dry atmospheres found inland in open woodlands and chaparral.
Records from 38 climatic observation stations within or bordering
its range indicate that California-laurel has endured temperature
extremes of -25° to 48° C (-13° to 118° F)
(41,46,59). Average annual temperatures range from 8° to 18°
C (46° to 64° F); average temperatures in January, from
-1° to 10° C (31° to 50° F); and in July,
from 13° to 29° C (56° to 84° F).
Average annual precipitation ranges from 338 mm (13.3 in) at Lemon
Cove in the southern Sierra Nevada to 2118 mm (83.4 in) at Gold
Beach by the mouth of the Rogue River in Oregon. Average annual
snowfall ranges from zero at some coastal locations to 742 em
(292 in) at Blue Canyon in Placer County, CA. Average
precipitation in the growing season (April through September)
ranges from 18 to 432 mm (0.7 to 17.0 in). Length of average
frost-free season (above 0° C or 32° F) ranges from 139
to 338 days. Clearly, California-laurel demonstrates broad
ecologic versatility.
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Damaging Agents
provided by Silvics of North America
Wind and snow cause appreciable
destruction and deformation in California-laurel stands. Blowdown
is common during severe wind and rain storms in California and
Oregon (24,51). Wet clinging snow abets windthrow, breaks tops,
and splits forks. Striking examples of crown deformation and
molding by strong winds are numerous near the coast.
Because of its thin bark, the tree is easily top-killed by fire,
but it sprouts rapidly. Dense clumps are often formed on cutover
land, which may prevent the establishment of desired conifers.
Very young California-laurel seedlings have less capacity than
dwarf chaparral broom (Baccharis pilularis) or coast live
oak (Quercus agrifolia) to resprout after complete
destruction by heat at ground level (34).
California-laurel is relatively tolerant to boron. In comparison
tests, it was less tolerant to boron than Digger pine (Pinus
sabiniana) but more tolerant than Pacific madrone (Arbutus
menziesii) or bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) (18).
More than 40 species of fungi have been observed on
California-laurel, and perhaps three (Anthostoma oreodaphnes,
Nectria umbellulariae, and Sphaerella umbellulariae) are
restricted to this species (48). Few fungi cause serious damage
to the living tree. In central coastal California, a severe
outbreak of laurel leaf blight followed abnormally heavy
precipitation in two of three winters. A bacterium, Pseudomonas
lauracearum, and two fungi, Kabatiella phoradendri f.
sp. umbellulariae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,
were isolated from affected leaves (42). No trees were killed
and crowns leafed out anew the following year. Dieback of twigs
and new shoots was substantial, however, and was followed by
scattered dieback of branches up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter
associated with a Botryosphaeria sp., a fungus
that has been blamed for much damage to this species (23).
Incidence of infection by endophytic fungi, primarily Septogloeum
sp., averaged 25 percent for leaf samples of
California-laurel collected from four sites representing an
environmental gradient in southwestern Oregon (44). Several sooty
molds and other diseases are found on laurel leaves; the stem
canker, Nectria galligena, occurs primarily where snow,
ice, or wind cause severe bending and cracks in the bark of stems
and branches; and Ganoderma applanatum fruits readily on
scarred trees.
Wood rot is common in California-laurel. Various fungi cause decay
associated with wounds, and G. applanatum may function as
a heart rot in live wood (23). Even in young stands, dead knots,
stem malformations, and root collars are often decayed. Cull in
one northern California study averaged 7 and 10 percent of the
gross cubic volume in trees of saw log or cordwood size and
quality, respectively (31).
California-laurel has no serious insect enemies. A leafblotch
miner (Lithocolletis umbellulariae), a stag beetle (Dichelonyx
valida), and a thrips (Thrips madronii) cause some
damage to leaves. The cottonycushion scale (Icerya purchasi)
used to be very damaging but is now under control (48).
Several wood borers and beetles attack dead parts of the tree;
but only the powderpost beetle (Ptilinus basalis) that
attacks dead and stored wood and oak bark beetles (Pseudopityophthorus
spp.) that infest injured, felled, and recently dead
trees cause damage of economic consequence (16).
Except for seed consumption, animal damage to California-laurel
appears minor. In some localities and situations, browsing damage
to seedlings and new sprout growth may be of consequence. Young
laurel seedlings are browsed less than some associated species
(34).
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Flowering and Fruiting
provided by Silvics of North America
California-laurel flowers
regularly and often profusely. The pale yellow, perfect flowers,
15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter, grow on short-stemmed umbels that
originate from leaf axils or near the terminal bud. Flower buds
develop early; those for the following year become prominent as
current-year fruits are maturing. Flowering within the long
north-south range of California-laurel has occurred in all months
from November to May, beginning before new leaves appear
(24,25,29,61). The flowering period may stretch into late spring
and summer by the occasional appearance of flowers originating in
axils of developing leaves (48). California-laurel flowers at an
early age; flowers have been observed on short whiplike shrubs
and on 1-year-old sucker growth that originated on a long broken
stub (50). Small insects appear to be the chief pollinators (25).
The fruits-acrid drupes each containing a single, thin-shelled,
nutlike seed 15 min (0.6 in) in diameter-ripen in the first
autumn after flowering (52). As drupes mature, their thin, fleshy
hull changes from medium green to speckled yellow-green, pale
yellow, or various other hues from yellow-green tinged with dull
red or purple through purplish brown to purple. Ripe drupes may
be yellow-green on one tree, dark purple on an adjacent tree
(11).
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Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
Several racial variations are recognized. Umbellularia
californica forma pendula Rehd. is an uncommon,
broad-spreading tree distinctive for its pendulous branchlets
that contrast strongly with typically ascending branch growth
(24,45). Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis
Eastwood has fine white down on the lower surfaces of leaves
and on branches of the panicle (11). Gregarious, rockpile, dwarf,
and prostrate forms (24) may indicate other varietal differences.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Over much of its range,
California-laurel attains heights of 12 to 24 m (40 to 80 ft) and
diameters of 46 to 76 cm (18 to 30 in). On protected bottom lands
of southwestern Oregon and northern California, mature trees are
91 to 183 cm (36 to 72 in) in d.b.h. and 30 in (100 ft) or more
in height (20,24). A maximum d.b.h. of 404 cm (159 in) (1) and a
maximum height of 53.3 m (175 ft) have been reported (49).
California-laurel occurs as a noncontiguous forest type on about
76 080 ha (188,000 acres), 9 712 ha (24,000 acres) in Oregon and
66 368 ha (164,000 acres) in California (4,17). As a component of
conifer or other hardwood types, it occurs on an additional 437
060 ha (1,080,000 acres) in California and an undetermined
additional acreage in Oregon. Total growing stock volume is
approximately 14.7 million m³ (520 million ft³). In
California, the mean stand growing-stock volume in the type is
117 m³ per ha (1,677 W/acre), with a maximum of about 218 m³
per ha (3,125 W/acre).
The growth rate of California-laurel varies greatly because of the
many climatic, soil, and competitive conditions in which it
occurs. Several observers report its height growth is slow, about
0.3 in (1 ft) per year, but on good sites in southern Oregon,
height growth averages between 0.3 and 0.6 in (1 to 2 ft) per
year (3,12,51). Growth of trees from seed to 38 or 41 cm (15 or
16 in) diameter in 50 years has been reported (57). Total number
of stems 10 cm (4 in) in d.b.h. or larger in California and
Oregon stands with a large component of California-laurel ranged
from 245 to 2,402/ha (99 to 972/acre); reported basal areas
ranged from 34.0 to 167.4 m²/ha (148 to 729 ft²/acre)
(51,61,62).
Multiple trunks frequently develop in both opengrown and closed
stands of California-laurel. Trees in the open often attain a
crown spread greater than their height and may not develop a
well-defined upper trunk. Many forest-grown trees also fork
repeatedly; forking within 3 in (10 ft) of the ground is common.
Generally each fork grows vertically and side branches die.
Adjacent forked and unforked trees make similar height growth.
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Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
California-laurel is generally
classed as shade tolerant, but the tolerance level is not well
defined. A very dense canopy is formed by its thick evergreen
leaves, which persist 2 to 6 years. The presence of many small
seedlings but no saplings under some closed canopies and the
development of long boles clear of live limbs indicate that
laurel is not always tolerant of its own shade. These indicators
are no criteria of tolerance relative to other species, however,
and laurel trees are common among moderately dense conifers.
In some localities, California-laurel appears to be the climax
vegetation (7,24,34,61). It is relatively long lived, reproduces
from both seeds and sprouts, forms dense pure canopies, and
appears to have few serious natural enemies. California-laurel
reproduces itself at natural light intensities of 1 to 5 percent
of full sunlight; the most dry weight in one experiment was
produced at 18 percent of full sunlight, but growth was also
reasonable at 8 percent (34,61).
Allelopathic influences have been suspected as the cause of more
bare ground under canopy of California-laurel than under canopy
of associated trees. Bioassay experiments showed that the leaf
and litter volatiles, leachates, and extracts of laurel are
capable of inhibiting germination and growth of several test
species (56,61).
The distribution of California-laurel in the Coast Ranges south of
San Francisco appears to represent a vegetational continuum (61).
About the same mixture of understory plants was found under
California-laurel canopies as under associated trees, but
California-laurel and some of its associates seemed to have a
greater tendency to spread to other communities than species from
those communities to invade California-laurel woodland.
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Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
The root system of California-laurel has
been described as fleshy, deep, and widespreading (49). Several
exceptions have been noted, however. Root wads of windthrown
trees from alluvial soil in southern Oregon were limited in
extent and without a prominent taproot (50). Root systems of
seedlings and young trees dug near Berkeley, CA, had relatively
shallow root systems, as did some fallen older trees (28). Over
half the roots in representative California-laurel stands in the
Berkeley Hills were distributed in the top 30 cm. (12 in) of Los
Osos adobe clay and all were in the top 90 cm. (36 in) (34). In
contrast to the paucity of information on the shape and extent of
the root system of California-laurel, its root structure has been
thoroughly investigated (26,27).
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
Seed crops are abundant
in most years. Although umbels bear four to nine flowers each,
generally only one to three fruits set (24). The age when a tree
first bears fruit, the age for maximum production, and the
average quantity produced have not been determined. Seeds are
produced in abundance after trees are 30 to 40 years old (20).
Drupes fall stemless to the ground in late autumn or winter and
are dispersed by gravity, wind, animals, and water (34). Fallen
drupes are easily gathered by hand. The drupes are large and
heavy; 454 g (1 lb) of drupes may yield about 300 cleaned seeds
(39).
Under favorable natural conditions, seeds on the ground retain
viability over winter, but, under adverse conditions, viability
may prove very transient. Viability has been maintained for 6
months when seeds were stored at 3° C (37° F) in wet,
fungicide-treated vermiculite (34).
Fresh, untreated seeds germinate indoors or outdoors in peat moss,
sawdust, vermiculite, or light-textured soil but may require 3
months or longer (25,39,60). Germination can be speeded by
scarifying, cracking, or removing the endocarp, or stratifying
the seed, but up to 2 months may still be required (25,34,60). In
comparison tests made in petri dishes, California-laurel
germination was highest in 30 days under a temperature regime of
16° C (61° F) day, 7° C (45° F) night, and
when evaporative stress was minimal (34). Germination did not
appear to be affected by light level but was highest in soil with
moisture tension at 4 to 10 atmospheres.
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Seedling Development
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Germination occurs naturally in
autumn soon after seedfall, or in late winter and spring (52).
Covered seeds germinate best, but the large seeds are not buried
readily without ground disturbance or silt deposition by high
water. Seedling establishment is not common in the drier parts of
California except in protected areas and where ground is
disturbed (24). California-laurel seedlings invade grasslands and
brushlands in the Berkeley Hills; similar capabilities were
observed in the Santa Cruz Mountains (34,61).
Germination is hypogeal, and the fleshy cotyledons remain within
the endocarp and attached to the seedling until midsummer, when
the plant may be 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) tall (25,48). Generally
there are two large cotyledons, sometimes three, and no
endosperm. Seedlings produce leaves of several transitional forms
as they develop and do not branch until they are 2 or 3 years old
unless induced to do so by removal of the terminal bud. They soon
develop a moderately stout taproot and are difficult to
transplant if more than 1 year old unless grown in containers.
Recovery after transplanting is often slow, and height growth may
be limited for several seasons.
Young California-laurel seedlings appear flexible in their growth
requirements. In the first 120 days, seedlings potted in
vermiculite grew well at several levels of temperature,
evaporative stress, soil moisture, and soil nutrients (34).
Seedlings grown at 18 percent or more of full sunlight produced
the most dry weight.
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Special Uses
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Wood of California-laurel compares favorably in machining quality
with the best eastern hardwoods (8) and is used for fancy turned
woodenware, interior trim, cabinets, furniture, paneling, veneer,
and gunstocks. Burls and other growths with unusual grain are
especially prized for making gifts, novelties, and wood carvings,
all marketed as myrtlewood. The wood of mature trees is
moderately heavy, hard, fine grained, rich yellowish brown to
light gray, and often beautifully mottled. The wood of younger
trees generally has less distinctive grain and markings. By rough
estimate, 19 950 to 22 800 m³ (3.5 to 4 million fbm) are
used annually in the myrtlewood industry.
Indians and early settlers used all parts of the tree for food and
medicinal purposes (6,21). Leaves are still collected and dried
for home use and commercial sale as a food seasoning (5,37,61).
The leaves, seeds, and wood have strong chemical properties and
should be used for food, seasoning, or medicinal purposes with
caution (5,9,36,48,61).
California-laurel is used for hedges, windbreaks, and indoor and
outdoor ornamental evergreens (3,29,41,43). It also provides food
and cover for wildlife (53). Silver gray squirrels, dusky-footed
woodrats, California mice, and Steller's jays feed extensively on
the seeds (54,55). Hogs eat both seeds and roots. Young sprouts
are choice browse for deer and goats in spring and summer (33,47)
when volatile components of leaves are at lowest concentrations
(30).
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Vegetative Reproduction
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California-laurel can be
reproduced by cuttings (60), but techniques need further
development. Under natural conditions, it may sprout prolifically
from the root collar, stump, and trunk. Sprouts and suckers
develop wherever a canopy opening admits strong light from the
side or overhead. Stumps ringed with root-collar sprouts and both
fallen and standing live trunks entirely enveloped in new green
sucker growth are common (24). Crowns formed by clumps of sprouts
growing in the open typically assume a distinctive, very dense,
and symmetrically rounded shape (12,50).
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
The range of California-laurel spans more than 11° of
latitude, from below the 44th parallel in the Umpqua River Valley
of Douglas County, OR, south beyond the 33d parallel in San Diego
County, CA. In the Coast Ranges, the southern limit is on eastern
slopes of the Laguna Mountains, a short distance from the Mexican
border (19). In the Sierra Nevada, it extends as far south as the
west slope of Breckenridge Mountain in Kern County (58). Eastward
from the coast, California-laurel extends to the foothills of the
Cascade Range in Oregon and California, into the western Sierra
Nevada for its entire length, and to the inland side of the Coast
Ranges south of San Luis Obispo, CA. Its farthest extent inland,
about 257 km (160 mi), is in the southern Sierra Nevada.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Lauraceae -- Laurel family
William L. Stein
California-laurel (Umbellularia californica) is the most
valued and best publicized hardwood species in the Western United
States. It is a monotypic, broadleaved evergreen with many common
names, including bay, laurel, California-bay, Oregon-myrtle,
myrtlewood, Pacific-myrtle, spice-tree, and pepperwood (50). The
names are derived from leaf, fruit, or wood characteristics and
also from some similarities often mistaken for relationships with
the myrtle and laurel trees of the Mediterranean area (12,25).
Decorative items made from the hard, beautifully grained wood are
widely marketed as myrtlewood.
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Llorer de Califòrnia
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Umbellularia és un gènere monotípic de plantes amb flors, de la família de les Lauràcies. La seva única espècie Umbellularia californica és originària d'Amèrica del Nord. Aquest arbre habita majoritàriament als boscos mixtos de Califòrnia,[1] només a prop de la costa o a l'extrem nord de Califòrnia, on és més humit.
És un arbre perennifoli que creix fins als 30 m d'alçada (excepcionalment 45 m) amb un tronc de fins a 80 cm de diàmetre. Les fulles són fragants amb les vores llises i amb forma de lent, de 3 a 10 cm de longitud i d'1,5 a 3 cm d'amplitud, similar a Laurus nobilis, tot i que generalment més estretes, i sense el marge arrissat d'aquesta espècie. Les flors s'obren des de final de l'hivern i les primeres setmanes de primavera. Les flors són petites, de color groc o verd groguenc, produïdes en una petita umbel·la. El fruit és una baia de 2 a 2,5 cm de longitud i 2 cm d'amplitud, lleugerament tacada de groc, i quan madura és de color porpra.
El gènere va ser descrit per (Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck) Thomas Nuttall i publicada a The North American Sylva 1(2): 87 l'any 1842.[2]
Referències
Bibliografia
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1997. Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Fl. N. Amer. 3: i–xxiii, 1–590.
- Abrams, L. 1944. Buckwheats to Kramerias. Ill. Fl. Pacific States 2: 635 pp.
- Anonymous 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A.
- Hickman, J. C. 1993. Jepson Man.: Higher Pl. Calif. i-xvii, 1-1400.
- Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1-1086.
Enllaços externs
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Llorer de Califòrnia: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Umbellularia és un gènere monotípic de plantes amb flors, de la família de les Lauràcies. La seva única espècie Umbellularia californica és originària d'Amèrica del Nord. Aquest arbre habita majoritàriament als boscos mixtos de Califòrnia, només a prop de la costa o a l'extrem nord de Califòrnia, on és més humit.
És un arbre perennifoli que creix fins als 30 m d'alçada (excepcionalment 45 m) amb un tronc de fins a 80 cm de diàmetre. Les fulles són fragants amb les vores llises i amb forma de lent, de 3 a 10 cm de longitud i d'1,5 a 3 cm d'amplitud, similar a Laurus nobilis, tot i que generalment més estretes, i sense el marge arrissat d'aquesta espècie. Les flors s'obren des de final de l'hivern i les primeres setmanes de primavera. Les flors són petites, de color groc o verd groguenc, produïdes en una petita umbel·la. El fruit és una baia de 2 a 2,5 cm de longitud i 2 cm d'amplitud, lleugerament tacada de groc, i quan madura és de color porpra.
El gènere va ser descrit per (Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck) Thomas Nuttall i publicada a The North American Sylva 1(2): 87 l'any 1842.
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Okoličnatka kalifornská
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Okoličnatka kalifornská (Umbellularia californica), česky též umbelulárie,[1] je druh rostliny z čeledi vavřínovité a jediný druh rodu okoličnatka. Je to stálezelená dřevina s úzkými, tuhými listy a drobnými nažloutlými květy. Plodem je peckovice. Druh se vyskytuje na jihozápadě USA jako složka smíšených lesů. Je vyhledáván pro kvalitní a tvrdé dřevo. Plody slouží jako potravina, listy k aromatizování pokrmů. Má význam i v tradiční medicíně.
Popis
Okoličnatka kalifornská je stálezelený strom nebo keř s tenkou, tmavě hnědou kůrou a střídavými, jednoduchými listy. Dorůstá výšky až 45 metrů. Čepele listů jsou úzce podlouhlé až úzce eliptické, kožovité, sytě žlutozelené, žláznatě tečkované, se zpeřenou žilnatinou. Listy jsou při rozemnutí aromatické. Květy jsou nevelké, asi 15 mm široké, oboupohlavné, se žlutavým okvětím složeným ze 6 nerozlišených okvětních lístků ve 2 kruzích. Jsou uspořádány do úžlabních až téměř vrcholových, krátce stopkatých okolíků. Tyčinek je 9, mimo nich jsou přítomna 3 drobná sterilní staminodia. Semeník je svrchní, vejcovitý. Plodem je zprvu zelená, později tmavě purpurová, asi 2,5 cm dlouhá peckovice spočívající na nevelké číšce.[2][3][4]
Rozšíření
Okoličnatka se vyskytuje v Kalifornii a jz. Oregonu na jihozápadě USA.[2] Roste jako součást smíšených lesů různých typů, od vlhkých lesů při pobřeží až po suché lesy a porosty chaparralu ve vnitrozemí. Vyskytuje se na velmi různorodých stanovištích: v údolích na aluviálních půdách, v hlubokých kaňonech, na svazích a hřbetech hor i na skalních výchozech, v nadmořských výškách od úrovně moře až po 1500 metrů. Nejbujněji ovšem roste na hlubokých, vlhkých, aluviálních, dobře propustných půdách. Snáší teploty až -25°C.[4]
V rámci svého přirozeného areálu roste ve společnosti celé řady druhů jehličnatých i listnatých stromů, mezi něž náleží např. douglaska tisolistá, sekvoj vždyzelená, jedle obrovská, různé druhy borovic, zerav obrovský, jedlovec různolistý, cypřišek Lawsonův aj., z listnáčů např. javor jasanolistý, javor okrouhlolistý, platan Platanus racemosa, četné druhy dubů, topol chlupatoplodý, vrby, planika Menziesova a řada dalších.[4]
Ekologické interakce
Květy okoličnatky jsou opylovány zejména rozličnými druhy drobného hmyzu. Semena ve velkém množství konzumují různí hlodavci, zejména veverka šedá, křeček příbytkový a křeček kalifornský, z ptáků např. sojka Stellerova[4]
Význam
Dřevo okoličnatky je velmi tvrdé a dekorativní. Náleží mezi nejvíce ceněná dřeva západních oblastí USA. Jádrové dřevo starších stromů se vyznačuje žlutohnědou až olivovou barvou, jemnou strukturou a zvlněnou až kořenicovou texturou. Je obchodováno pod názvem oregon myrtle či "myrtlewood".[5][6] Aromatické listy jsou používány k ochucování jídel.[4] Pražená semena jsou jedlá a připomínají lískové oříšky. Indiáni je používali jako potravinu. Plně dozrálé plody lze jíst i syrové, jsou však hořké. Odvar z listů se používá v tradiční medicíně.[7][8]
Pražená semena okoličnatky
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ SKALICKÁ, Anna; VĚTVIČKA, Václav; ZELENÝ, Václav. Botanický slovník rodových jmen cévnatých rostlin. Praha: Aventinum, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7442-031-3.
-
↑ a b VAN DER WERFF, Henk. Flora of North America: Umbellularia [online]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ LITTLE, Elbert L. Important forest trees of the United States. [s.l.]: Forest Service USDA, 1978. (anglicky)
-
↑ a b c d e BURNS, Russel M.; HONKALA, Barbara H. Silvics of North America. Volume 2, Hardwoods. Washington, DC: USDA, 1990. (anglicky)
-
↑ WAGERFUHR, R. Dřevo. Obrazový lexikon. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2002. ISBN 80-247-0346-7.
-
↑ MEIER, Eric. The wood database [online]. 2008-2015. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
-
↑ TENAQIYA, Rain. West coast food forestry. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. (anglicky)
-
↑ NYERGES, Christopher. Guide to wild foods and useful plants. [s.l.]: Chicago Review Press Incorporated, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61374-698-1. (anglicky)
Externí odkazy
Okoličnatka kalifornská: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Okoličnatka kalifornská (Umbellularia californica), česky též umbelulárie, je druh rostliny z čeledi vavřínovité a jediný druh rodu okoličnatka. Je to stálezelená dřevina s úzkými, tuhými listy a drobnými nažloutlými květy. Plodem je peckovice. Druh se vyskytuje na jihozápadě USA jako složka smíšených lesů. Je vyhledáván pro kvalitní a tvrdé dřevo. Plody slouží jako potravina, listy k aromatizování pokrmů. Má význam i v tradiční medicíně.
Kalifornischer Lorbeer
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der Kalifornische Lorbeer (Umbellularia californica), auch Berglorbeer oder Kalifornischer Berglorbeer genannt, ist eine im westlichen Nordamerika heimische Laubbaumart aus der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Gattung Umbellularia. In den Vereinigten Staaten wird diese Baumart je nach Standort als Oregon Myrtle(wood) oder als California Bay Laurel sowie als Pepperwood, Myrtlewood bezeichnet.
Beschreibung
![src=]()
Unreife Früchte und Steinkerne
Der Kalifornische Lorbeer wächst als immergrüner Strauch oder Baum und kann Wuchshöhen von bis zu 30 m, in Ausnahmefällen auch bis zu 45 m, und der Stammdurchmesser kann bis 80 cm erreichen. Die Baumkrone ist hochgewölbt mit dicht stehenden, gerade ansteigenden Ästen. Die mehr oder weniger dicke Borke ist gräulich und rissig bis furchig. Die Rinde der jungen Zweige ist dunkelgrün.
Die einfachen, ledrigen und kurz gestielten Laubblätter sind wechselständig und etwa 6 bis 10 cm lang und 3 cm breit. Der kurze Blattstiel ist bis etwa 1 cm lang. Sie sind eiförmig, -lanzettlich bis verkehrt-eilanzettlich sowie kahl, ganzrandig und rundspitzig bis zugespitzt. Die glänzenden Blätter haben eine helle Mittelrippe. Zerriebene Blätter duften intensiv süß-aromatisch und fruchtig; der stechend starke Duft kann bei längerem Einatmen Kopfschmerzen verursachen.
Die Blütezeit fällt in den Winter bis Vorfrühling. Die grünlich-gelben, kleinen und kurz gestielten Blüten stehen zu fünft bis zehnt in kleinen, gestielten, achsel- oder endständigen Pseudodolden die anfänglich von mehreren abfallenden Deckblättern eingehüllt sind. Die Blüten sind dreizählig und zwittrig mit einfacher Blütenhülle. Alle meist sechs Blütenhüllblätter sind gleichgestaltet. Von den drei Kreisen aus je drei kurzen Staubblättern ist beim innersten Kreis an der Basis jedes Staubblatts ein Paar Drüsen ausgebildet. Die Staubfäden sind länger als die Staubbeutel. Diese sind vierkammerig, die Pollensäcke sind in zwei Paaren übereinander angeordnet. Die Staubbeutel der äußeren zwei Kreise sind nach innen, die des inneren Kreises nach außen gewendet. Ein vierter Kreis mit minimalen, sterilen Staubblättern (Staminodien) ist ausgebildet. Der einkammerige Fruchtknoten ist mittelständig mit kurzem Griffel.
Die olivenähnlichen und glatten Steinfrüchte sind etwa 2,5 cm groß und eiförmig. Sie sind zunächst grün, im Reifezustand purpurrot. Das Fruchtfleisch umgibt einen einzelnen harten und dünnschaligen, rundlichen, braunen, glatten Steinkern. Der Blütenboden ist klein und flach, die Frucht wird von einem kleinen, leicht gelappten „Fruchtbecher“ getragen, der an einem verdickten Stiel steht.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.
Verbreitung
Die Heimat des Kalifornischen Lorbeer liegt im Küstengebiet der US-Bundesstaaten Oregon und Kalifornien. Die Vorkommen reichen vom Douglas County in Oregon südwärts entlang der Pazifikküste bis ins kalifornische San Diego County. Landeinwärts werden westliche Berghänge der Sierra Nevada ebenso besiedelt. Der Kalifornische Lorbeer kommt in Höhenlagen vom Meeresspiegel bis zu 1600 m vor.
In Mitteleuropa ist der Baum für die Kultur im Freien nur in milden Gegenden (Rhein) mit Schutz in der Jugend geeignet, da er nicht sehr winterhart ist. Nach Frostschäden wie im Februar 2012 treiben die Büsche jedoch im Sommer wieder stark aus. Auf den Britischen Inseln und im Mittelmeerraum wird er vereinzelt in Gärten gepflanzt. Die Vermehrung aus Samen ist einfach.
Nutzung
Die Pflanze enthält ungesunde bis giftige Bestandteile; keine Pflanzenteile sollen als Nahrung genutzt werden.[1] Nach anderen Quellen wird die Pflanze jedoch in der Küche verwendet. Die Blätter werden ähnlich Lorbeerblättern zum Kochen verwendet; sie schmecken jedoch wesentlich strenger als Lorbeerblätter und müssen deshalb sparsamer dosiert werden.
Die Nüsse sind essbar, wenn sie geröstet werden.
Das Holz ist sehr hart, es wird zur Herstellung von Holzschüsseln, Holzlöffeln und anderen kleineren Gegenständen verwendet. Seit einiger Zeit wird es auch zum Bau von akustischen Gitarren im gehobenen Preissegment genutzt. Boden und Zargen (Seitenwände) der Gitarren können aus dem sogenannten Oregon Myrtlewood bestehen.[2][3]
Auch gibt es Myrte(n)-Maser aus den Maserknollen.
Der Baum wird entlang der pazifischen Küste bis nach Vancouver in Kanada als Zierbaum gepflanzt, ebenso in klimatisch begünstigten Gegenden Europas mit milden Wintern.
Systematik
Manche Autoren unterscheiden innerhalb der Art folgende zwei Varietäten:
-
Umbellularia californica var. californica
-
Umbellularia californica var. fresnensis Eastwood
Literatur
- Alan Mitchell: Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Dendrologen und Naturfreunde. Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-490-05918-2 (übers. u. bearb. von Gerd Krüssmann).
- C. Frank Brockman: Trees of North America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-58238-092-6, S. 118 (englisch).
-
J. G. Rohwer: Lauraceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki et al. (Hrsg.): The Families and genera of vascular plants. Band 2: Flowering Plants – Dicotyledons – Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families, Springer, 1990, ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4.
- Howard McMinn: An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs. Univ. of California Press, 1939, ISBN 0-520-00847-2 (Reprint), S. 119.
- Thomas H. Everett: The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Band 10: Ste–Zy, Garland, 1982, ISBN 0-8240-7240-5, S. 3446.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ John Wiseman: SAS Survival Guide. Collins Gem, ISBN 978-0-00-470167-7.
-
↑ Archivierte Kopie (Memento des Originals vom 10. Juni 2015 im Internet Archive)
![src=]( "i")
Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.breedlove-guitars.de Beispiel einer Gitarre aus Oregon Myrtlewood. -
↑ Weiteres Beispiel eines deutschen Herstellers bei Lakewood Guitars.
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Kalifornischer Lorbeer: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Dieser Artikel behandelt eine Pflanze aus der Gattung der
Lorbeergewächse, zu anderen Bedeutungen siehe
Kalmia latifolia.
![src=]()
Blätter und Blütenstände
Der Kalifornische Lorbeer (Umbellularia californica), auch Berglorbeer oder Kalifornischer Berglorbeer genannt, ist eine im westlichen Nordamerika heimische Laubbaumart aus der Familie der Lorbeergewächse (Lauraceae). Sie ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Gattung Umbellularia. In den Vereinigten Staaten wird diese Baumart je nach Standort als Oregon Myrtle(wood) oder als California Bay Laurel sowie als Pepperwood, Myrtlewood bezeichnet.
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Umbellularia
(
Occitan (post 1500)
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Umbellularia californica, apelat laurièr de Califòrnia en Califòrnia e nèrta (o mirta) d'Oregon en Oregon, es un grand arbre de fusta dura originari dels bòsques costièrs de Califòrnia, aital coma de bòsques costièrs s'espargent fins a Oregon. Es endemic de la Província Floristica de Califòrnia. Es la sola espècia del genre Umbellularia.
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(en) Aqueste article es parcialament o en totalitat eissit d’una traduccion de l’article de Wikipèdia en anglés intitolat « ».
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Umbellularia: Brief Summary
(
Occitan (post 1500)
)
provided by wikipedia emerging languages
Umbellularia californica, apelat laurièr de Califòrnia en Califòrnia e nèrta (o mirta) d'Oregon en Oregon, es un grand arbre de fusta dura originari dels bòsques costièrs de Califòrnia, aital coma de bòsques costièrs s'espargent fins a Oregon. Es endemic de la Província Floristica de Califòrnia. Es la sola espècia del genre Umbellularia.
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Umbellularia
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Umbellularia es un género monotípico de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae. Su única especie: Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt., llamada en español laurel de California,[2] es originaria de Norteamérica. El género fue descrito por (Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck) Thomas Nuttall y publicado en The North American Sylva 1(2): 87 en el año 1842.[3]
Descripción
Es un árbol perennifolio monoico, que crece hasta los 30 m de altura (excepcionalmente 45 m) con un tronco de hasta 80 cm de diámetro. Las hojas son fragantes hojas con los bordes lisos y con forma de lente, de 3-10 cm de largo y 1.5-3 cm de ancho, similar a Laurus nobilis aunque por lo general más estrechas, y sin el margen de rizado de esa especie. Las flores se abren a finales del invierno y principios de primavera, son hermafroditas, pequeñas, de color amarillo o verde amarillento, produciendo una pequeña umbela. El fruto es una baya de 2-2.5 cm de largo y 2 cm de ancho, ligeramente manchado de amarillo que una vez maduro se torna de color púrpura.
![src=]()
'Umbellularia' entre otras plantas de California
Usos
La fruta entera es técnicamente comestible (aunque la pulpa se pudre muy rápidamente, dejando una nuez con cáscara).
Las nueces se consumen tostadas. Antes de tostar, las nueces de laurel tienen un sabor fuertemente astringente y amargo, como el de las aceitunas o bellotas crudas, y no deben consumirse crudas.
Las "nueces" del fruto tostadas y sin cáscara, llamadas en inglés "Bay nuts", tradicionalmente se comen enteras (como Fruto seco, o molidas en polvo y preparadas como una bebida que se asemeja al chocolate sin azúcar. El sabor, según el nivel de tueste, se ha descrito de diversas formas, que van desde "café tostado", "chocolate negro" o "palomitas de maíz quemadas".
El polvo también puede usarse para cocinar o prensarse en pasteles y secarse para su almacenamiento en invierno.
Las nueces del laurel californiano tienen compuestos estimulantes similares a la cafeína y, si se consumen en grandes cantidades, pueden causar problemas digestivos en algunas personas.
Distribución y hábitat
Este árbol en su mayoría habita los bosques mixtos de California.,[4] sólo cerca de la costa o en el extremo norte de California, donde es más húmedo.
Fotos
Las flores se abren a fines del invierno y principios de la primavera
Nueces de laurel casi maduras se preparan para asar
Nueces de laurel tostadas listas para comer o para moler en una pasta en polvo para bebidas y cocinar
Sinonimia
Referencias
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Umbellularia: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Umbellularia es un género monotípico de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae. Su única especie: Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt., llamada en español laurel de California, es originaria de Norteamérica. El género fue descrito por (Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck) Thomas Nuttall y publicado en The North American Sylva 1(2): 87 en el año 1842.
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Laurier de Californie
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Umbellularia californica
Le laurier de Californie ou myrte de l’Oregon (Umbellularia californica) est une espèce d'arbre aromatique au feuillage persistant de la famille des Lauraceae qui est originaire de la côte Pacifique des États-Unis (Californie et sud de l'Oregon) et du Mexique (nord de la Basse-Californie). C'est la seule espèce actuellement acceptée du genre Umbellularia.
Liste d'espèces
Umbellularia
Umbellularia californica
![src=]()
Lauriers de Californie âgés de 90 ans dans la forêt de Umpqua
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Laurier de Californie: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Umbellularia californica
Le laurier de Californie ou myrte de l’Oregon (Umbellularia californica) est une espèce d'arbre aromatique au feuillage persistant de la famille des Lauraceae qui est originaire de la côte Pacifique des États-Unis (Californie et sud de l'Oregon) et du Mexique (nord de la Basse-Californie). C'est la seule espèce actuellement acceptée du genre Umbellularia.
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Brdski lovor
(
Croatian
)
provided by wikipedia hr Croatian
Brdski lovor (kalifornijski lovor, lat. Umbellularia), brdski lovor je rod korisnog zimzelenog drveća iz porodice lovorovki, čija je jedina vrsta kalifornijski lovor, raširen uz pacifičku obalu Sjeverne Amerike, od Oregona do Sinaloe i poluotoka Baja California
Drvo naraste do 30 metara visine. U prošlosti su ga u mnoge svrhe koristili kalifornijski Indijanci Salinan, Konkow, Chumash, Yuki, Pomo, Miwok i drugi[1]
Izvori
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Brdski lovor Wikivrste imaju podatke o:
Umbellularia
Brdski lovor: Brief Summary
(
Croatian
)
provided by wikipedia hr Croatian
Brdski lovor (kalifornijski lovor, lat. Umbellularia), brdski lovor je rod korisnog zimzelenog drveća iz porodice lovorovki, čija je jedina vrsta kalifornijski lovor, raširen uz pacifičku obalu Sjeverne Amerike, od Oregona do Sinaloe i poluotoka Baja California
Drvo naraste do 30 metara visine. U prošlosti su ga u mnoge svrhe koristili kalifornijski Indijanci Salinan, Konkow, Chumash, Yuki, Pomo, Miwok i drugi
Californialaurbær
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Californialaurbær (Umbellularia californica) er et eviggrønt løvtre i laurbærfamilien som vokser i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Den er den eneste arten i slekta Umbellularia.
Beskrivelse
I det meste av utbredelsesområdet blir den 12–24 m høy med en stammediameter på 46–76 cm. På gode steder i nord blir den opptil 30 m høy med en stammediameter på 91–183 cm. Rekorden er en høyde på 53,3 m og stammediameter 404 cm. Hvis vekstforholdene er dårlige, for eksempel i chaparral, vokser californialaurbær som en busk, og nært havet kan den ha krypende vekst.[1]
Krona er høyt kuppelformet med mange vertikale greiner. Barken er mørkegrå, glatt på unge trær og oppsprukket på eldre. Bladene er lansettformede, hele og lysegrønne på begge sider. Ved gnidning lukter bladene sterkt, og lukten kan gi hodepine. Blomstene sitter 5–10 sammen. Frukten er steinfrukt, som er 2 cm eller mer i diameter.[2][3]
Økologi
Californialaurbær vokser i flere ulike klimatyper, men er avhengig av noe fuktighet i jorda. Den forekommer sjelden i rene bestander. De vanligste trærne den vokser sammen med er lawsonsypress, redwood, douglasgran, Notholithocarpus densiflorus, madrona, oregoneik, Quercus chrysolepis og Quercus agrifolia. Vanlige busker er søtmispel, Arctostaphylos, Berberis, einer, Morella californica, Myrica hartwegii, eik, Rhamnus, Rhododendron, Ribes, Rubus, Toxicodendron diversilobum, snøbær og Vaccinium.[1]
Arten er utbredt fra Douglas County i Oregon til San Diego County lengst sør i California. I Oregon og det meste av California finnes californialaurbær fra havets nivå opp til 1220 moh. I Sør-California finnes den ikke lavere enn 610 moh. og her går den opp til 1520 moh.[1]
Regelmessige naturlige skogbranner forekommer i de fleste økosystemer med californialaurbær. Den tynne barken gir liten beskyttelse mot ilden, som dreper frøplanter og ødelegger toppen på unge og fullvoksne trær. Rothalsen er fortykket og kalles en lignotuber. Fire til seks uker etter brann om senvinteren og våren spretter nye skudd fra lignotuberen. Reproduksjonsevnen kommer raskt tilbake, og blomster er funnet på skuddene det første året etter brann.[4]
Anvendelse
Trevirket betegnes myrtlewood og brukes til finere snekkerarbeider. Det har ofte et vakkert mønster. Rirkulene brukes til treskjæring. Bladene brukes av og til som krydder, men har en adskillig sterkere smak enn blad fra laurbærtreet som vokser i middelhavslandene.[1]
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Californialaurbær: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Californialaurbær (Umbellularia californica) er et eviggrønt løvtre i laurbærfamilien som vokser i vestlige Nord-Amerika. Den er den eneste arten i slekta Umbellularia.
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Umbellularia
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
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Umbellularia: Brief Summary
(
Portuguese
)
provided by wikipedia PT
Umbellularia é um género botânico pertencente à família Lauraceae.
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Умбелюларія каліфорнійська
(
Ukrainian
)
provided by wikipedia UK
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Umbellularia californica
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Umbellularia californica là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1842.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Umbellularia californica: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Umbellularia californica là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Nguyệt quế. Loài này được (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1842.
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Умбеллюлярия
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Род: Умбеллюлярия
Международное научное название
Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt., 1842, nom. cons.
Единственный вид
Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt., 1842 — Умбеллюлярия калифорнийская
Ареал
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 18208NCBI 3438EOL 596841GRIN g:12550IPNI 30189264-2TPL tro-17804222 Умбеллюля́рия, также умбеллулария (лат. Umbellularia) — монотипный род цветковых растений, входящий в семейство Лавровые (Lauraceae). Единственный вид — вечнозелёное североамериканское растение умбеллюлярия калифорнийская (Umbellularia californica), или калифорнийский лавр.
Название и история описания
Родовое название происходит от лат. umbellula — «неполный зонтик», видовой эпитет дан по его ареалу.
Вид был впервые описан в 1833 году Джорджем Арноттом и Уильямом Гукером в составе рода Tetranthera Jacq., 1797, позднее включённого в синонимику Litsea Lam., 1792, nom. cons. В 1836 году он включён К. Несом в монотипную секцию внутри рода Oreodaphne Nees & Mart., 1833 (впоследствии — синоним Ocotea Aubl., 1775). В 1841—1842 Людвиг Райхенбах и Томас Наттолл независимо выделили этот вид в монотипные роды Sciadiodaphne и Umbellularia.
В 1986 году немецкий ботаник Йенс Гюнтер Ровер предложил отвергнуть обладающее приоритетом название Sciadiodaphne в пользу более часто употребляемого Umbellularia. В 1994 году этот пункт был добавлен в дополнение в Международному кодексу ботанической номенклатуры.
Ботаническое описание
Вечнозелёное сильно ветвистое дерево, реже кустарник, достигающее 12—24 м в высоту (самый высокий экземпляр высотой 33 м). Фанерофит по Раункиеру. Веточки цилиндрические, голые или мелкоопушённые. Кора сначала гладкая, затем шелушащаяся, тонкая.
Листья жёлто-зелёные, блестящие, с очертании узко-продолговатые или узко-эллиптические, до 10 см длиной и до 3 см шириной, с заострённым концом и ровным или клиновидным основанием. Верхняя поверхность листовой пластинки голая, нижняя — голая (у типовой разновидности) или опушённая (у var. fresnensis).
Цветки собраны в соцветия с опушёнными осями по 5—10. Впервые появляются у деревьев в возрасте от 30 до 40 лет. Доли околоцветника 6—8 мм длиной.
Плод — костянка, обычно одиночная, около 2 см в диаметре.
Диплоидный набор хромосом — 2n = 24.
Ареал
Умбеллюлярия калифорнийская известна только из двух штатов запада США — Калифорнии и Орегона. Северная граница ареала — округ Дуглас на юго-западе Орегона, южная — округ Сан-Диего на юго-западе Калифорнии. Большая часть ареала располагается к западу от Калифорнийской долины, в горах Кламат, Сискию и Береговых хребтах Калифорнии. Восточнее умбеллюлярия произрастает от округа Шаста до округа Керн.
Значение
Ценная древесина умбеллюлярии используется для изготовления шкатулок, мебели, фанеры, оружейных прикладов, для облицовки домов. В настоящее время растение на древесину промышленно не выращивается. Даже молодые растения поражаются трутовиком плоским, что является одним из недостатков этого дерева. Насекомыми практически не повреждается, исключение составляют больные деревья, в которых иногда поселяются жуки Ptilinus basalis.
Обладает сильными аллелопатическими свойствами, содержит терпены, препятствующие нормальному развитию корней молодых хвойных растений.
Листья и веточки умбеллюлярии часто поедаются чернохвостыми оленями. Семенами питаются птицы, мелкие грызуны, кабаны. Кабаны также поедают корни растения. Заросли умбеллюлярии пригодны для гнездования птиц.
Индейцы запада использовали кору калифорнийского лавра для заваривания в чай. Листья использовались в качестве инсектицида от кровососущих насекомых, а также применялись в медицине от головной боли и ревматизма.
В настоящее время листья дерева используются в качестве приправы к пище, листья следует использовать в малом количестве, продаются на рынках в Калифорнии. Само дерево нередко выращивается для озеленения.
Классификация
ещё 6 семейств
(согласно
Системе APG III)
вид Умбеллюлярия калифорнийская порядок
Лавроцветные род
Умбеллюлярия отдел
Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство
Лавровые ещё 58 порядков цветковых растений
(согласно
Системе APG III) ещё более 60 родов, в том числе
Лавр и
Персея
Внутривидовое деление
-
Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. var. californica с голыми или мелко- и прижатоопушёнными снизу листьями.
-
Unbellularia californica var. fresnensis Eastw., 1945 с заметно волосистой нижней поверхностью листьев.
Синонимы
Охранный статус NatureServe
Находящиеся в надёжном состоянии
Secure: Umbellularia californica
- Рода
- Вида
- ≡ Oreodaphne californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nees, 1836
- ≡ Tetranthera californica Hook. & Arn., 1833basionym
Примечания
Умбеллюлярия: Brief Summary
(
Russian
)
provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Умбеллюля́рия, также умбеллулария (лат. Umbellularia) — монотипный род цветковых растений, входящий в семейство Лавровые (Lauraceae). Единственный вид — вечнозелёное североамериканское растение умбеллюлярия калифорнийская (Umbellularia californica), или калифорнийский лавр.
加州月桂
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
本条目的引用需要进行清理，使其符合格式。（2017年7月4日）
参考文献应符合正确的引用、脚注及外部链接格式。 二名法 Umbellularia californica(Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. 加州月桂，又名傘桂，是屬於樟科加州月桂屬的一種大喬木。原產於美國加利福尼亞州的海岸森林，小部分延伸至俄勒岡州內[1]，在俄勒岡州稱它為俄勒岡香桃木（Oregon Myrtle）。
加州月桂屬，又名傘桂屬，是一個單種屬，屬內只有加州月桂一個種。
加州月桂的葉子有類似月桂葉的刺鼻味道，有時會被誤認為是月桂，不過它的氣味比月桂葉更濃烈。
分佈
加州月桂只分佈在美國俄勒岡州南部至加州北部，從俄勒岡州道格拉斯郡往南至加州聖地牙哥郡的沿海地帶，另外在內華達山脈的西部丘陵地帶也有分佈，生長在平地至海拔1600公尺的地方。
形態特徵
常綠喬木，樹高可達30公尺，最高可以長到45公尺左右。樹幹80公分粗。
葉為全緣葉，葉緣光滑。葉長3－10公分，寬1.5－3公分。葉子和月桂葉類似，可由葉子大小及葉緣是否為波浪狀來區分二者，加州月桂的葉子比較狹窄（葉寬1.5－3公分），葉緣平整沒有波狀緣；月桂的葉子比較寬闊（葉寬2－4公分），葉緣波浪狀。
花小，黃色或黃綠色。花序小型，繖形花序，屬名Umbellularia是「小的繖形花序」的意思，就是以花序的這種特徵而命名的。
果實圓形，長2－2.5公分，寬2公分，未成熟時是綠色的，表面點綴著一些黃色斑點，成熟後果皮轉變成紫色。在原產地，果實於十月至十一月間成熟。中果皮肉質，包覆在種子外面。果實內有一顆種子，種子堅硬，外覆有一層薄殻。
用途
傳統的用法
居住在加州月桂原生地的美國原住民，包括卡惠拉族（Cahuilla）、丘馬什族（Chumash）、波莫族（Pomo）、米沃克族（Miwok）、尤基族（Yuki）、庫斯族（Coos）及蕯利南族（Salinan），長久以來就非常重視這種有許用途的植物。[2]
葉子可以用來治療頭痛、牙痛及耳痛，不過如果使用量過多時，葉子內所含的揮發油也可能會導致頭痛[3]。葉子搗成糊狀，將藥泥貼在患處，可以緩解風濕痛和神經痛[4]。以葉子製成的茶葉泡茶，可以緩解胃痛、感冒、喉嚨痛及清除肺部的粘液[5]。將葉子浸泡在熱水中做成浸泡液，可以用來清洗潰瘍傷口[4]。美國加州門多西諾郡的波莫族及尤基族，頭痛時會在鼻孔內放一片葉子，或是用葉子的浸泡液洗頭，可以緩解頭痛[5]。
美國的原住民會食用加州月桂的種子及果肉，果肉（中果皮）含有脂肪，只有在果實成熟時的一小段期間內才適合生吃，果實成熟之前，它所含的揮發性芳香油實在是太濃烈了並不適合生吃，而果實成熟後，果肉會很快變的軟爛和熟透的酪梨一樣，也不適合生吃[6]。果乾可以食用，將果實放在陽光下曬，曬乾後再拿來吃，吃的時𠉀只吃果肉最底層三分之一的部份，這一部份的果肉比較沒有刺鼻的味道[5]。
種子具有薄殻，殼裂開時很容易就可以剝開成二片。傳統的做法都會先將種子烘焙至暗巧克力褐色，這樣做可以除去大部分刺激性的味道，只留下香辣的味道[4]。烘烤過且去掉殼的種子，可以整粒直接拿來吃，或是磨成粉末，粉末可以泡成飲料，口味像是不加糖的巧克力。飲料的口味取決於種子烘焙的程度，因而有「烘焙咖啡」、「黑巧克力」或「烤焦的爆米花」等不同風味的說法[7]。粉末也可以壓成餅，餅曬乾後做為冬季的儲糧，或烹調做成食物[4]。
果實據推測含有一種興奮劑[8][9][10]，不過只有少數的生物學家有記錄過這種可能的作用。
現代的用法
葉子可用於烹調，味道比地中海產的月桂葉更辛辣濃烈，使用時，用量要比月桂葉少一點。加州月桂葉子帶有樟腦及肉桂的味道，氣味比月桂葉更濃烈[11]。
一些現代的採集者及野生食品愛好者，恢復了美國原住民食用烘焙果實的一些習俗。[6][12][13]
加州月桂的木材也可以用來製造木製品。木材被認為是一種良好的樂器木材，可用於製造吉他的背板及側板。木材細緻且非常堅硬，稱為「香桃木」（Myrtlewood），可以用來製做木碗、木杓及其他小物品。木材偶爾也當做薪柴使用。
加州月桂可以做為觀賞樹木，由原生地沿著太平洋向北至加拿大卑詩省的溫哥華，及歐洲西部都有栽培供觀賞。
一種比較流行的用法，是將加州月桂的葉子放在床墊之間，用來清除跳蚤或防止跳蚤叮咬。
在美國經濟大蕭條時期，俄勒岡州諾斯班市（North Bend）曾經以加州月桂的木材做成錢幣在市內流通，這種代幣稱為香桃木錢（myrtlewood money）。[14]
病蟲害
加州月桂是櫟樹猝死病（Sudden oak death）病菌的第一寄主植物，密花石櫟（Lithocarpus densiflorus）在森林中常與加州月桂生長在一起，這也使得密花石櫟很容易受到櫟樹猝死病的侵襲。
參見
參考資料
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^ Umbellularia californica. CalFlora. [12 January 2010].
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^ USDA Plant Guide, Umbellularia Californica, pdf.
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^ Barrett, Samuel Alfred; Edward Winslow Gifford. Miwok Material Culture (PDF). Board of Trustees of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 1933: 360. ISBN 978-1428661684.
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^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Goodrich, Jennie S.; Claudia Lawson; Vana Parrish Lawson. Kashaya Pomo Plants. Heyday Books. 1980: 176. ISBN 978-0930588861.
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^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Chesnut, Victor King. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium Vol. VII. Reprinted 1974 by Mendocino County Historical Society. 190: 114 （英语）. 已忽略未知参数
|aisn= (帮助) -
^ 6.0 6.1 FeralKevin: Foraging, Bushcraft, Permaculture, and Rewilding blog.
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^ William C Sturtevant. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution. 1978: 108. ISBN 0-16-004574-6 （英语）.
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^ Wilder, Steven Edholm & Tamara. The California Bay Laurel, Umbellularia californica. www.paleotechnics.com.
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^ Moerman, Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press. 1998: 927. ISBN 978-0881924534.
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^ "Native American Ethnobotany Database
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^ Vizgirdas, Ray S.; Edna M. Rey-Vizgirdas. Wild Plants of the Sierra Nevada. University of Nevada Press. 2006: 108. ISBN 9780874175356.
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^ Wild Food Plants blog.
-
^ Paleotechnics, Arts & Technologies of Early Peoples.
-
^ The Real Oregon News - News Around The Northwest. The Real Oregon News. （原始内容存档于2013-12-18）.
加州月桂: Brief Summary
(
Chinese
)
provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
加州月桂，又名傘桂，是屬於樟科加州月桂屬的一種大喬木。原產於美國加利福尼亞州的海岸森林，小部分延伸至俄勒岡州內，在俄勒岡州稱它為俄勒岡香桃木（Oregon Myrtle）。
加州月桂屬，又名傘桂屬，是一個單種屬，屬內只有加州月桂一個種。
加州月桂的葉子有類似月桂葉的刺鼻味道，有時會被誤認為是月桂，不過它的氣味比月桂葉更濃烈。
움벨룰라리아
(
Korean
)
provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
움벨룰라리아: Brief Summary
(
Korean
)
provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
움벨룰라리아(학명: Umbellularia californica 움벨룰라리아 칼리포르니카[*])는 녹나무과의 단형 속인 움벨룰라리아속(Umbellularia屬)에 속하는 유일한 종이다. 미국 캘리포니아주와 오리건주의 해안선을 따라 분포하며, 멕시코 바하칼리포르니아주 북부에도 자생한다. "캘리포니아월계수(California bay laurel)"나 "오리건은매화(Oregon myrtle)" 등으로도 불린다. 잎이 월계수 잎과 비슷하며, 향이 더 강하다.
나무 자생지에 거주하는 미국 원주민들이 움벨룰라리아를 오래 이용해왔으며, 잎이 두통이나 치통, 귀 통증 등을 치료하는 데 쓰여 왔다. 잎으로 만든 차는 배앓이이나 감기, 목앓이를 다스리는 데 쓰이기도 했다.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu okoličnatka kalifornská ve Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nguyệt quế (Lauraceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
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